...Experimental music in the English –language literature refers to a compositional tradition which started in the mid 20th century, particularly used in North America to music composed in such a way that the outcome is unforeseeable. Famously known for the exposure of this genre was John Cage (1912-1992), an American composer, philosopher, poet and music theorist. According to Cage’s definition “an experimental action is one the outcome of which is not foreseen”. He had a great interest in completing works that performed an unpredictable action. “Experimental music” has also been used in music journalism as a general term of condemned or disapproved music departing from traditional norms. From the “experimental music” there came the following concepts of Aleatoric Music, Indeterminate Music, Graphic notation and Microtones. Aleatoric Music, a form for which Cage was known to be the pioneer of is referred to as a strictly limited form of indeterminacy, also called “controlled chance”. Indeterminate music, “chance music”, is one in which composers introduce the elements of chance or unpredictability with regard to either the composition or its performance. Graphic notation is music written in the form of diagrams or drawings rather than using “conventional” notation (staves, clefs, notes, etc). Microtone refers to a pitch interval that is smaller than a semitone, it includes quarter tones and intervals even smaller. At the end of the 1960’s rock groups like the Beatles and the...
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...Joshua Kelly 205496 Joshua Michael Kelly – 205496 AUD207 Music Production Analysis “Genre History – Experimental/Electronic” Word Count: 1,650 Submission Date: 30 August 2012 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of ‘Bachelor of Creative Technology’ JMC Academy, 2012. 1|Page Joshua Kelly 205496 Once stated by a pioneer of the genre itself, “an experimental action is one the outcome of which is not foreseen” (Experimental Music, 2010). Arising in the mid-20th century, Experimental/Electronic Music refers to an electronically produced sound recorded on tape and arranged by the composer to form a musical composition. ‘The journey of this genre has been a long, boundary pushing and often negatively characterized one. Crossing multiple continents and facing cultural alienation, it has formed into a well-established but still sometimes undefined genre at the crux of technological advances’ (Kembrew McLeod, 2001). It is well placed in this day and time, and like all music nowadays, the inclusion of the internet has seen the genre become more and more popular across the globe. The term “Experimental/Electronic Music” is an umbrella term used in this report to label an idiosyncrasies list of subgenres made with the use of any combination of computers and electronic or acoustic instruments. ‘In no way is the use of this term an attempt to ignore the concrete differences between the way these subgenres are consumed and produced. Although...
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...June 2011 John Cage John Cage was an American composer born in Los Angeles on September 5, 1912. As a child he took piano lessons and then studied composition with American composer Adolph Weiss. Cage studied for a short time at Pamona College, and later at UCLA with classical composer Arthur Schoenberg. There he realized that the music he wanted to make was different from the music of his time. Cage dropped out of college in his second year and head to Europe, during the early 1930s; he lives there for just eighteen months. According to the (Biography Base) it stated that it was there in Europe that he wrote his first pieces of music, but upon hearing them he didn't like them, and he left them behind on his return to America. Upon returning to the U.S., he studied in New York with Henry Cowell, finally traveling back to the West Coast in 1934 to study under Arnold Schoenburg. He began writing in his own musical system, often using techniques similar to those of Schoenberg. In 1937 he moved to Seattle and took a job accompanying a dance company. Cage parents didn’t attend college his father earned a living being an inventor. Cage credits his father, being an inventor, and that influent is way in which he wrote music. “Cage described his mother as a woman with "a sense of society" who was "never happy." And as someone who “never enjoyed having a good time” (Nicholls 9). John Cage was a great classical composer he was articulate and original in what he does. Cage would make...
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...three artists walking with aluminum bins under their feet. They give rise to a really intense rhythms stomping and drumming on them in a thoroughly coordinated order. It has both a strong visual-impact and a great sound effect. I found it well-related with the performance which I have been working on. We decided to not have music as a background because we wanted to create our own melody through our movements. Each props in our performance has been created in order make noise. Walking on thick pieces of wood, hitting each other’s shields and pretending to chop down trees we generated a succession of noises which made our representation stronger and more dramatic. This concept has been develop since the times of Dadaism, when the composer John Cage...
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...JOHN CAGE LIFE OVERVIEW John Cage was the son of an inventor. As a child he took piano lessons and then studied composition with American composer Adolph Weiss. Cage studied for a short time at Pamona College, and later at UCLA with classical composer Arthur Schoenberg. He began writing in his own musical system, often using techniques similar to those of Schoenberg. In 1937 he moved to Seattle and took a job accompanying a dance company. During the late '30s, Cage also began experimenting with musique concrète, composing the landmark Imaginary Landscape No. 1, which employed variable-speed phonographs and frequency tone recordings alongside muted piano and a large Chinese cymbal (Steinem 1964). He also invented the "prepared piano," in which he placed a variety of household objects between the strings of a grand piano to create sounds suggesting a one-man percussion orchestra. It was at this time that Cage fell under the sway of Eastern philosophies, the influence of Zen Buddhism informing the random compositional techniques of his later work; obsessed with removing forethought and choice from the creative model, he set out to make music in line with the principles of the I Ching, predictable only by its very unpredictability. TYPE OF MUSIC COMPOSED Cage organized an orchestra in Seattle in 1938. In 1940 he moved to San Francisco, where he and Lou Harrison gave concerts of performance based music, and in 1941 he went to Chicago to give a course...
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...I do not consider John Cage's 4’33” is music. I think music needs to take time to create and incorporate feelings. Music is not just walking on stage and sitting at piano.There no skill or effort involved in just sitting at a piano. In my opinion music involves putting sounds together in a inspiring way. In fact according to dictionary.com the definition of music is “an art of sound in the time that expresses ideas and emotions in significant forms through the elements of rhythm, melody, harmony, and color.” According to Cynthia Collins in John Cage 4’33”: Music or Silence , “Cage created this work to to encourage people to listen to the sounds around them.” Clearly the intent of his performance was not to emphasize the silence but the sounds...
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...Looking for the music in John Cage’s “4.33” John Milton Cage born in 1915 is one of the best known experimental composers of our time. Cage began to create music that broke the boundaries of form and structure. He had a strong belief that every sound should be considered as a form of music. By combining his theories of invention with his compositional techniques he led music into the modern world. Many music critics have suggested that Cage was more of an inventor rather than a composer. Speaking on Cage, Arnold Schoenberg (1994) states “Of course he's not a composer, but he's an inventor -- of genius” (Perloff & Junkerman, P 157). Whether an inventor or composer, there is no denying that Cage’s composition “4.33” also known as “four and a half minutes of silence” has led to considerable controversy. It has also forced us to look closely at the definition of music. The 1952 piece, in which performer David Tudor sat at the piano for four minutes and thirty-three seconds marking off the time in three movements but did not play a single note, tested the idea that there is no such thing as silence. Cage (1988) claims that “Everything we do is music" and “try as we may to make a silence, we cannot.”(Kostelanetz, 1988, P69-70). I intend to examine “4.33” and determine whether it is possible for us to appreciate Cage’s ideology and hear the music in his favourite composition. Cage was heavily influenced by the eastern philosophy and it taught him to perceive music in a whole...
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...Perspectives Paper December 17, 2012 Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a perspective that became dominant during the early half of the 20th century thanks to prominent thinkers such as B.F. Skinner, and John B. Watson. The basis of behavioral psychology suggests that all behaviors are learned. Conditioning is the process of learning to react to the environment. Many theorists contributed to the theories of classical and operant conditioning, some theorists being Skinner, Watson, and Tolman. Each theorist contributed their own theories proven to impact a part of psychology. Many behaviors have been previously conditioned in the human species by the environment. Skinner, Watson, and Tolman all made their contributions to psychology with theories and proven statistics. John B. Watson John Watson proposed the idea of an objective psychology of behavior called "behaviorism." He saw psychology as the study of people's actions with the ability to predict and control those actions. His idea became known as “the behaviorists” theory (Goodwin. 2008). Theorists such as Skinner, Watson, and Tolman all had one common idea; that psychology was defined as the natural science of behavior, objective in its study, and was a pattern of adjustment functionally dependent upon stimulus conditions in the environment, and was emphasized in theory and research. Watson also used animal subjects...
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...break was when they signed to a record label for $287,000 and knocked major artists such as Garth Brooks and U2 off the charts (Raz). One impact that Nirvana had on America was that they showed that non-commercial bands could be successful. They started the grunge movement and inspired a generation of teens (and practically every generation there after) to rebel. Sadly, Nirvana also brought drug culture to the forefront of America. The band had always used drugs, including heroin, but the issue was brought to light when Kurt Cobain’s wife, Courtney Love admitted to using heroin during her pregnancy. This caused the public to scrutinize their drug use, but it was still glamorized by the media. The band also inspired many bands such as Weezer, Cage the Elephant, Fall Out Boy, and numerous other artists (Linder). When Kurt Cobain commited suicide on April 8, 1993 the legacy of Nirvana was forever cemented as the symbol of teen rebellion and the grunge...
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...DEFINITION -Installation art sits right on that curious border between architecture, art and interior design – part physical experiment, part personal expression and part designed space. These works of installation artists show the untapped potential of spatial experience not often seen in more purely functional (or purely artistic) works of design. -Installation art describes an artistic genre of three-dimensional works that are often site-specific and designed to transform the perception of a space. Generally, the term is applied to interior spaces, whereas exterior interventions are often called Land art; however, the boundaries between these terms overlap. - Type of modern art in which the artist uses, as part of the composition, the specific setting (such as walls, floor, lights, and fittings) along with various materials. Typically the chosen materials more or less fill the space, and the viewer is often able to move around or otherwise interact with the work, so that they become part of that work in that specific moment in time. BRIEF AND HISTORY Installation art can be either temporary or permanent. Installation artworks have been constructed in exhibition spaces such as museums and galleries, as well as public and private spaces. The genre incorporates a broad range of everyday and natural materials, which are often chosen for their "evocative" qualities, as well as new media such as video, sound, performance, immersive virtual reality and the internet. Many...
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...HISTORY The forerunner of Omega was founded at La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland in 1848 by 23-year-old Louis Brandt, who assembled key-wound precision pocket watches from parts supplied by local craftsmen. He sold his watches from Italy to Scandinavia by way of England, his chief market. After Louis Brandt's death in 1879, his two sons Louis-Paul and César, troubled by irregular deliveries of questionable quality, abandoned the unsatisfactory assembly workshop system in favour of in-house manufacturing and total production control. Relocation Due to the greater supply of manpower, communications and energy in Biel/Bienne, the enterprise moved into a small factory in January 1880, then bought the entire building in December. Two years later the company moved into a converted spinning-factory in the Gurzelen area of Biel/Bienne, where its headquarters are still situated today. Their first series-produced calibres, Labrador and Gurzelen, as well as the famous Omega calibre of 1894, would ensure the brand's marketing success. Merger Louis-Paul and César Brandt both died in 1903, leaving one of Switzerland's largest watch companies — with 240,000 watches produced annually and employing 800 people — in the hands of four young people, the oldest of whom, Paul-Emile Brandt, was not yet 24. Brandt was the great architect and builder of Omega.[5] His influence would be felt over the next half-century. The economic difficulties brought on by the First World War would lead him to work...
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...In 2002, the Timken Company was considering acquiring the Torrington Company from Ingersoll-Rand. The acquisition would make a clear statement to the market about Timken’s commitment to remain a worldwide leader in the bearing industry by combining more than 100 years of bearing manufacturing and development experience. Because the two companies shared many of the same customers but had few products in common, customers would surely appreciate that Timken’s sales representatives could meet more of their needs. Timken’s potential annual cost savings from consolidating manufacturing facilities and processes were estimated to be more than $80 million. If the price paid for Torrington were too high, Ingersoll-Rand, rather than Timken, would capture the value of the synergies. In addition, given the large size of the acquisition, Timken was concerned about the impact on its balance sheet. If Ingersoll-Rand demanded a cash deal and if Timken raised the money with new debt, the increased leverage would almost certainly prompt credit agencies to downgrade Timken’s investment-grade rating. The Bearing Industry Bearings of various sizes and specifications found their way into everything from space shuttles to household appliances, automobiles, dentist drills, roller skates, and computer disk drives. In 2001, U.S. establishments involved in ball- and roller-bearing manufacturing employed more than 33,000 workers. The bearing industry was facing a variety of complex problems. Policies...
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...------------------------------------------------- LEARNING Submitted to: Prof. Ma. Corazon Cabigao Constantino PSYC1013 Th 10:30am-1:30pm Submitted by: Apiladas, Jessa Marie Bestal, Vanesa Billones, Joanne Camangian, Mae-Ann Cortez, Shayna Dela Cruz, Carlo BSA I-1, GROUP 2 What is “learning”? In ordinary language, this term is applied to many different cases—the development of new skills, the acquisition of new knowledge, and more. Although most people think of learning as “studying”, a lot of situations nonetheless take place outside a classroom. Psychologists define it more broadly as the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors. It is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. Notice that this definition excludes temporary changes caused by motivation, fatigue, maturation, disease, injury, or drugs. Each of these can alter our behavior, but none qualifies as learning. Merely repeating a response will not necessarily produce learning. You could close your eyes and swing a tennis racket hundreds of times without learning anything about tennis. Merely repeating a response will not necessarily produce learning. You could close your eyes and swing a tennis racket hundreds of times without learning anything about tennis. For one to learn something, one must experience it first, whether directly from the person’s own experience or indirectly through the experiences of others. Learning must also be able to produce...
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...Can the Bacteria in Your Gut Explain Your Mood? The rich array of microbiota in our intestines can tell us more than you might think. By PETER ANDREY SMITHJUNE 23, 2015 Eighteen vials were rocking back and forth on a squeaky mechanical device the shape of a butcher scale, and Mark Lyte was beside himself with excitement. ‘‘We actually got some fresh yesterday — freshly frozen,’’ Lyte said to a lab technician. Each vial contained a tiny nugget of monkey feces that were collected at the Harlow primate lab near Madison, Wis., the day before and shipped to Lyte’s lab on the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center campus in Abilene, Tex. Lyte’s interest was not in the feces per se but in the hidden form of life they harbor. The digestive tube of a monkey, like that of all vertebrates, contains vast quantities of what biologists call gut microbiota. The genetic material of these trillions of microbes, as well as others living elsewhere in and on the body, is collectively known as the microbiome. Taken together, these bacteria can weigh as much as six pounds, and they make up a sort of organ whose functions have only begun to reveal themselves to science. Lyte has spent his career trying to prove that gut microbes communicate with the nervous system using some of the same neurochemicals that relay messages in the brain. Inside a closet-size room at his lab that afternoon, Lyte hunched over to inspect the vials, whose samples had been spun down in a centrifuge to a radiant...
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...APC - PRESENT TRENDS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION The fundamental problem of managing military research and development is that uncertainty about the enemy and the costs and benefits on new technologies make it impossible to identify the single best route to innovation. Stephen P Rosen 1. Stephen Rosen’s statement identifies one of the most challenging problems facing political and military leaders today. In an era of uncertainty, which includes a diversity of potential threats and military operations, what is the “best route” in the area of military innovation to translate limited research and development resources into capabilities to deal with current or potential threats and its allies? By the time World War I ended military theorists around the world had learned from several rude surprises. First of all, horse-drawn and foot transport really wasn't good enough in the modern world. They didn't exactly get rid of the horse but horses were extremely vulnerable to fire, and the mud characteristic of trench warfare slowed them down a bit. Men were better in mud, but not much, and could not march quickly enough. The imperatives of battle were such that soldiers had to be able to move in almost all conditions, and if breakthroughs were to be exploited, they had to move fast. 2. The realities of trench warfare came as a rude shock to officers in World War I. Machine guns, barbed wire and trenches...
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