...many of which strived to achieve the title of the Isaac Newton of the social sciences. John Locke, Voltaire, Adam Smith, and Mary Wollstonecraft all believed that there...
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...An Ethical Look at the Way Pork is Being Produced By J.B.Nelson I believe that something is ethically wrong with the new trend in pork production. It is creating excess waste, degrading the value of the land it utilizes, as well as polluting water and air miles away from its plant locations, causing unjust costs to the public and environment. The big problem is that the new method of producing pork in factory rather than farm settings creates a buildup of waste material. Each pig produces two to four times as much fecal matter as a person, and the factory setting allows this waste to seep into rivers, lakes, and oceans – killing wildlife and creating pollution (Foer 13). On the other hand, an appropriate number of animals raised through traditional farming methods allow manure to go back into the soil as fertilizer for the crops that will become the pigs’ feed (Foer 11). In addition the factory farms have caused an estimated $26 billion dollars in degradation to American land (Foer 12). Pork companies, lead by the Smithfield company which has had sales of $12 billion in 2007 (Foer 14), would say that there is not a problem with the way they produce pork, because it is what people want. The entire food industry is ultimately driven and determined by the decisions people make about what to eat and unless we make new choices the industry will have no reason to stop the growing trend away from traditional farming into the mass-production which has been encouraged by American’s...
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...The pure state of nature or "the natural condition of mankind" was deduced by the 17th century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, in Leviathan. Hobbes argued that all humans are by nature equal in faculties of body and mind. From this equality and other causes in human nature, everyone is naturally willing to fight one another: so that "during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war as is of every man against every man". In this state every person has a natural right or liberty to do anything one thinks necessary for preserving one's own life; and life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" (Leviathan, Chapters XIII-XIV). In short Hobbes believes is self-preservation, even if something was someonelse's, if you felt the need for it you had the right to fight for it and claim it as your own. Hobbes described this natural condition with the Latin phrase bellum omnium contra omnes (meaning war of all against all), in his work De Cive. Within the state of nature there is neither private property nor injustice since there is no law, except for certain natural precepts discovered by reason ("laws of nature"): the first of which is "that every man ought to endeavor peace, as far as he has hope of obtaining it" (Leviathan, Ch. XIV); and the second is "that a man be willing, when others are so too, as far forth as for peace and defense of himself he shall think it necessary, to lay down this...
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...Essay Title: Is Global Civil Society an answer to War? Introduction War is not a modern phenomenon but as old as human existence itself. Wars are not like natural calamities or phenomenon but are very much part of human existential dynamics that seeks both peace and ability to survive acknowledging its natural competitive behaviour which unlike realist assumptions is conditioned and not natural. However, realism has dominated the field of international relations since the end of World War 11. It dominates political thinking, with exclusive emphasis on the state as the primary actor in world politics. Realists display a very overt pessimistic view of human nature, advocating with religious conviction that selfish human nature drives international relations into conflicts subjugating state to resort to organized violence and wars in order to gain upper hand and to always resort to wars to resolve international conflicts. Thus resulting in a system framed to maximize state’s military power in a predominantly anarchical environment. As a distinct school of thought, Realism emphasizes separation from domestic to international with little or no democratic structures within its sphere. Consequently, warfare has remained an institutionalized social order against the predatory behavior of others and consequently a legitimate instrument of survival. Moreover, growth in the size of armies and the development of weapons technology has led to an increase in the frequency of wars resulting...
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...There are many beliefs on if man is born evil or if society is corrupts man. The belief that man is born evil is a monstrosity. The belief that man is born good and is corrupted by society though, is not. Two famous philosophers will agree. They are Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke. "Rousseau believed that through a society people become evil"(Mr. Hughes). "Locke believed that everyone was born with a blank slate and that what you experience determines [if] you're good or evil"(John Locke). Man is born good, with a clean slate and society is what corrupts man to evil, through the media, social groups, and peer pressure. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke, I believe are correct "Rousseau believed that through a society people become evil. A society corrupts individuals by bringing out their inclination toward aggression and selfishness"(Mr. Hughes). The second philosopher is John Locke. "Locke believed that everyone was born with a blank slate and that what you experience determines your good or evil"("John Locke"). Both philosophers are correct in what they believe. Experience does determine good or evil and society does play a role in corrupting people. There are some good examples in the world. On November 2nd 2004 Dr. Phillipe Cunningham caught his 16 year old son smoking pot and the very next day his son was expelled from his school for stabbing a fellow classmate with a knife. "Ryan was a good boy, but just started hanging out with the wrong...
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...1784. Kant's essay addressed the causes of a lack of enlightenment and the conditions that were necessary to make it possible for people to enlighten themselves. Kant held it necessary that all church and state to be abolished and people be given the freedom to use their own intellect. Hobbesian social control theory was a ideological invention that came about during the pre 1750s. The social control theory is a view that a person’s moral and political obligations are dependent upon a ‘contract’ or an agreement among that to form a society in which they live in. However, social contract theory is rightly associated with modern moral and political theory and is given its first full exposition and defence by Thomas Hobbes. After Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are the best known proponents of this enormously influential theory, which has been one of the most dominant theories within moral and political theory throughout the history of the modern West. More recently, philosophers from different perspectives have offered new criticisms of social contract theory. In particular, feminist’s philosophers have argued that the social control theory is an incomplete picture of people’s moral and political lives and may camouflage some on the ways that people live and their classes. Hobbes manages to create an argument that makes civil society. Naturalism is a theory that has developed from the ideas of Spinoza that holds that all phenomena can be explained mechanistically...
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...there needed to be some sort of government to help enforce those rules. He just wasn’t sure how to go about getting that government set up. He thought that a government should in place basically to help us keep our promises to each other. A government wouldn’t really had out punishment but just enforce the rules that we had already set. Those rules I believe were set by each individual. What I might think is the right thing to do, may not be the right thing for someone else. It depends I think on how you are raised and what you morals are. Therefore it was hard to enforce rules that are different for everybody. Locke was nicknamed “the father of empiricism”. His theory on the state of nature has three forms. A state in which there is no government. A time when there is a partial government. Lastly the there was an illegitimate government. Locke...
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...TEORÍA Y COMPORTAMIENTO ORGANIZACIONAL DILEMA ÉTICO: IS GOAL-SETTING MANIPULATION? Introducción Este dilema habla sobre como los gerentes, están interesados en el tema de la motivación porque quieren aprender a sacar el máximo esfuerzo por parte de sus empleados. Se cuestiona si en el proceso de motivación se lleva acabo manipulación de parte de la gerencia. Preguntas El libro define manipulación como (1) manejar, administrar o utilizar, especialmente con habilidad, en algún proceso de tratamiento o de rendimiento, (2) controlar o influir con habilidad artística, (3) adaptar o cambiar para ajustarse a un propósito o una ventaja. Luego nos pregunta que con esto en mente contestemos las siguientes preguntas: 1. ¿Será la fijación de metas (goal setting) ético? La fijación de metas es ético siempre y cuando se cumpla con los derechos laborables. 2. ¿Cuándo los gerentes establecen metas difíciles y específicas para los empleados, no los están manipulando? Cuando los gerentes le establecen metas difíciles y especificas a los empleados no significa manipulación de parte de la gerencia. La gerencia hace esto (goal-setting theory) para que el empleado ponga más esfuerzo y desempeño en el trabajo. Las metas que son difíciles de lograr y específica tienden a incrementar el rendimiento del empleado. 3. ¿ Las definiciones de manipulación, son compatibles con la noción hábil de los gerentes buscando influenciar en la productividad del empleado, para el beneficio...
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...There are many different viewpoints on how this theoretical contract originated and how it should be upheld. New enlightened thinkers Thomas Hobbes, John Lock, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau publically shared their views on the Social Contract. The Leviathan, published in 1651, was the first written work to argue certain interpretations of a social contract. Thomas Hobbes used this publication to explain to the world why an absolute government was necessary for the advancement of civilization and individualism. According to Hobbes, before laws and government were established, men existed in a “state of nature”. The hypothetical state of nature describes the condition in which people lived before a civil society. Hobbes believed that this state was full of chaos, fear, and self-reliance. Men were free to do as they pleased and there was no order to ensure their protection. In order to maintain a beneficial society, men would have to surrender their rights and freedoms to an authority in exchange for protection of life and freedom. One individual, a monarch, would have absolute power over the community and his rule is not to be questioned. Hobbes knew that monarchy rule did not always offer the best results but he did believe that it was better than returning to a war-bound state of nature. In Two Treatises of Government, John Locke expresses his disagreement...
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...What was the Columbian Exchange? According to the Gettysburg website, the Columbian Exchange was the interchange of crops, animals, diseases, technology, plants, architecture, and ideas that were formed between America (New World) and the European countries (Old World) after Christopher Columbus’s expedition to America way back in 1492. Because of Christopher Columbus’s expedition to the new world, the old world received crops from they've never had like sweet potatoes, potatoes, tomatoes, chili peppers, cacao, peanuts, cassava and pineapples were introduced to the old world countries like Italy, Greece, and other Mediterranean countries. The exchange between the two worlds acquired both some wins and also some losses. Because of the contact they had with each other, diseases were able to transfer between the two worlds which caused a lot of people to take ill and die. Some of the diseases that were spread to the new world from the old world were bubonic plague, smallpox, measles, chicken pox, whooping cough typhus, and also malaria. But the new world was far from perfect. The new world managed to transfer syphilis back to the old world and back then they didn’t have a cure causing the disease to be very fatal and more severe than it is now. Now we can just go to the doctor, get a penicillin shot, and were done. They experienced genital ulcers, large tumors, rashes, dementia, severe pain and eventually death. Over time, the disease evolved and its symptoms changed, causing it...
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...Absolutism and Constitutionalism What are the merits of Absolutism and what are the merits of Constitutionalism? The word merit is relative, however in this case, it relates to how the people can benefit from either form of government. According to John Locke, Constitutionalism is “…to be directed to no other end but the peace, safety, and public good of the people” (82). Generally speaking, Constitutionalism has a more positive connotation than Absolutism because people associate constitutionalism with the idea of free will. However, there can never be total free will in a collective effort. Locke actually does not approve of the idea of total free will, “…the enjoyment of it is very uncertain…very unsafe, very insecure” (80). Locke addresses the states of Nature and why they are and can be destructive. “…passion and revenge is very apt to carry them too far…negligence and unconcernedness, makes them too remiss in other men’s…They who by an injustice offended will seldom fail where they are able by force to make good their injustice” (80-81). In addition, Locke does not view men coalescing to make a constitutionalist government as giving up one’s rights, but rather the opposite, proclaiming that it indirectly preserves them instead, “…give up equality, liberty, and executive power they had in the state of Nature…the power of the…legislative constituted by them can never be supposed to extend farther than the common good…obliged to secure every one’s property by providing...
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...John Locke And His Writing Research Paper By: Brianna Lewis Honors English III Ms. Laroche March 28-2015 John Locke was an influential English philosopher during the enlightenment age. John Locke was born August 29 1632 in wrington Somerset England. His parents were puritan which lead him to grown up in a puritan household. His father was a country lawyer who also served in the military, which lead him to have the best of education. He attended Westminster school in London in 1647 then he attended Christ church in Oxford. He had trouble following the curriculum that was being taught to him which lead him to wonder off and stray into modern philosophy instead of the original curriculum he was suppose to learn. One of his friends that were taking medicine introduced him to it then he found his newfound passion. He begins living though just his mind. He was the very first person back then to identify them though consciousness. He then went to university of Oxford and study medicine and lectured on Greek, moral and rhetoric, which lead to a lot of his writing and his outlook on political disputes. Locke became friends with English statesman Anthony Cooper, Shaftesbury who was his adviser and physician. He became a very influential English philosopher with his writing topics being political philosophy, epistemology and also education. He founded the school of empiricism. Locke's Theory of empiricism emphasized the importance of experience...
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...p.222, Distributive Justice, Rawls Theories of distributive justice seek to specify what is meant by a just distribution of goods among members of society. All liberal theories (in the sense specified below) may be seen as expressions of laissez-faire with compensations for factors that they consider to be morally arbitrary. More specifically, such theories may be interpreted as specifying that the outcome of individuals acting independently, without the intervention of any central authority, is just, provided that those who fare ill (for reasons that the theories deem to be arbitrary, for example, because they have fewer talents than others) receive compensation from those who fare well. Liberal theories of justice consider the process, or outcome, of individuals’ free actions to be just except insofar as this depends on factors, in the form of personal characteristics, which are considered to be morally arbitrary. In the present context these factors may be individuals’ preferences, their abilities, and their holdings of land. Such theories may, then, be categorized according to which of these factors each theory deems to be morally arbitrary. The strength of Dworkin’s equality of resources theory of justice is that it seeks to introduce ambition-sensitivity without allowing endowment-sensitivity. To the extent to which it succeeds in this it thus, in Cohen’s words, incorporates within egalitarianism “the most powerful idea in the arsenal of the anti-egalitarian right: the idea...
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...| John Locke | The father of modern liberalism | | Cole Davis | 5/20/2012 | | Liberalism, a political ideology based on the belief that constant progress is achievable, the human race is composed of intrinsically good beings, and that these intrinsically good beings are and should be autonomous in nature, is an idea that made an incredible resurgence during the English enlightenment. As the belief of Liberalism gained popularity with the public it also developed an enormous following among European philosophers. John Locke, the individual responsible for the idea of natural rights as well as the social compact, helped mold this idea of Liberalism into its own unique philosophical tradition. Because of these great contributions, John Locke is considered as father of modern liberalism. Born August 29, 1632 at Wrington in Somerset, John Locke was the son of a lawyer and the oldest child of his Puritan household (Locke, Berkeley, Hume). While Locke was a child, his father closely monitored and guided his education. An incredibly educated individual, Locke first received a formal education at Westminster School eventually graduating to Christ Church, Oxford (Collinson). After receiving his bachelors of arts in 1656, Locke stayed at Oxford to earn his master’s degree. Locke became the censor of moral philosophy in 1664 and in 1675 when the Earl of Shaftesbury fell from power; Locke exiled himself to France to restore his health (Locke, Berkeley, Hume). After four...
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...Bryan Savage HY 102-016 Essay #1 The Age of Enlightenment refers to the sprawling intellectual, philosophical, cultural and social movement that spread through England, France, Germany, and other parts of Europe during the 18th century. The Enlightenment is often thought of as a time of change but also of tradition. Toward the middle of the eighteenth century, Enlightenment thinkers began to apply the ideas of Bacon, Locke, and Newton, to their newfound perspective of life. Locke argued that human nature was mutable and that knowledge was gained through accumulated experience rather than by accessing some sort of outside truth. Newton's calculus and optical theories provided the powerful Enlightenment metaphors for precisely measured change and illumination. Scientific rationalism, exemplified by the scientific method, was the hallmark of everything related to the Enlightenment. Near the end of the Renaissance, thinkers believed that the advances of science and industry foreshowed a new age of egalitarianism and progress for humankind. The intellectuals, also known as the philosophes, hoped they could create a new society in the belief that education could create better human beings and a better human society. Such philosophes as Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, Hume, Quesnay, Smith, Beccaria, Condorcet, and Rousseau attacked traditional religion as the enemy, advocated religious toleration and freedom of thought creating a new science of man. In doing so, the philosophes...
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