...towards observable behaviors instead of focusing on the mind (Galotti, 2014). Since this was occurring cognitive psychology was born. This aspect of psychology began emphasizing on how the mind thinks and functions (Galotti, 2014). For instance, cognitive psychology encompasses areas of learning, memory, attention, perception, reasoning, language, conceptual development, and decision making (Galotti, 2014). It is defined as the scientific study of mental processing (Galotti, 2014). Cognitive psychology concentrates on how an individual stores, processes, acquires, and interprets the world around them. And it also tries to classify certain behaviors that are presented through different characteristics (Willingham, 2007). Once this area of psychology was introduced it brought back the importance of studying the mind. In the next following sections they will cover the key milestones in the development of cognitive psychology and the importance of behavioral observation in this field. Key milestones in the development of cognitive psychology There were four key milestones that had a hand in developing cognitive psychology. The milestones were: neuroscience, information processing model, artificial intelligence, and the criticism of behaviorism (Carley, 2012). The criticism that behaviorism received was a key milestone for the development of cognitive psychology because behaviorism could not explain the reasoning behind the different thinking processes that occurred...
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...first book, Cognitive Psychology (1967). Cognitive psychology is the study of the mind and the way it works. It is the study of the mental processes, such as problem solving, perception, speaking, thinking, and remembering. It includes mental representations and the use of abstract hypotheses to find relationships between brain structures and their functions. To help us understand how cognitive theories grew into a psychological science, it is essential to understand what milestones assisted in the development of its establishment. One key milestone for the development of cognitive psychology is neuroscience. It can examine how the brain and nervous system regulates behaviors, it can also account for intelligent behavior through the use of abstract constructs, hypothetical representations, and processes (Whitaker, 2013). Neuroscientist also established absolute links between structures of the brain and functioning. Through neuroscience, cognitive psychologist use methods of localization in identifying brain areas that enable functioning. The research of neuroscientists enables the understanding of states of consciousness, emotion, sensory experiences, development through life spans, motivation, and physical and psychological health. Information processing model is another key milestone. It is a method for studying the human mind....
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...The discipline of cross-cultural psychology is a means for identifying and comprehending what is similar and different as far as individual’s behavior, thoughts, emotions, and motivations across cultures (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Cross-cultural psychology extends the ability of connecting with other individuals through a vast admiration and knowledge. To have a clear understanding of cross-cultural psychology, one must possess knowledge and a definition of cultural and cross-cultural psychology and examine their relationship. Also, in cross-cultural psychology it is of importance is to understand critical thinking’s role and the methodology of cross-cultural research. Definitions of Cultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology Cultural Psychology To understand cultural psychology, one must understand its definition. Therefore, it pursues discovering consequential links among the psychology of individuals and their culture. This is a systematic relationship between psychological and cultural variables (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Cultural psychology’s key message is that the behavior of humans only has meaning in a sociocultural context where such behavior takes place. Its key focus is studying how, whether, and when individuals have the tendency of internalizing the qualities of his or her culture (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Cultural psychology also takes a stand as for advocating the notion that an individual’s mental processes, which are the result of an individual’s interaction...
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...of thinking, knowing, remembering, reasoning, judging, learning, perceiving, speaking, believing, speaking, decision making and problem solving. These are more complex functions of the brain and include language, imagination, perception and planning. It uses scientific research methods in studying the mental processes. In other words, cognitive psychology is a scientific approach to studying the mind. The main focus of cognitive psychology is on how an individual acquires, processes, and stores information, and it studies how individuals view and comprehend the world around him or her. Cognitive psychology also focuses on trying to identify behavior through characteristics other than its obvious properties (Willingham, 2007). Cognitive psychology rose to the top due to top in response to the flaws in other methods of studying the mind. Key Milestones in the Development of Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology developed primarily from the inability of the behaviorist approach to fully explain every form of behavior. While there were many things that drove its development, there were four main milestones in the development of cognitive psychology: the inadequacies of behaviorism, the information processing model and computer metaphor, artificial intelligence, and neuroscience. Each of these four milestones contributed significantly to the search for a better model and the development of the cognitive approach, which is currently used today. Neuroscience One key milestone...
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...Aspects of Adolescent egocentrism Development in teen years includes high increase of hormones, brain development that’s imbalanced, sexual maturation (puberty) and most importantly great self awareness. Adolescent egocentrism starts to become more apparent in the tween and teen years. With the increase of hormone production and onset of puberty there is another imbalance to this development, the brain development. The limbic system matures before the pre frontal cortex leaving the imbalance of more emotion and less logical thinking. With an influx of self absorbed thoughts, high awareness of details, and great concern of others opinions, this egocentric stage can possibly cause even more imbalance stress and anxiety in adolescent years. The need to be accepted grows stronger and the invincibility personality starts to take over. Acceptance of peers is important for positive outcome in self assurance and confidence. Teen peer pressure of being involved in a group or “click” of peers and trying to “fit in” can lead to mal-adaptive behaviors, i.e. Drug use, smoking, sex, breaking laws. These mal adaptive behaviors also can be distorted in way of thinking by the invincibility stage. This is also a stage where self body image also becomes so important and concern of someone elses opinion is increased. Body image and sexuality are keys to feeling acceptance, love and nurturing. Invincibility in an adolescents perception are feelins that there is nothing that can harm...
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...Social Psychology Human social behavior has been studied for the last 100 years, giving social scientists insight into the influence of thought on behavior. In this endeavor, scientists have also provided theories on the human need to obtain and maintain close attachments as well as the influence of human interaction. The development of social psychology as a discipline has provided insight into the precarious nature of human behavior and social interaction. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the conceptual foundations of social psychology. Within this analysis will be the definition of social psychology, an analysis of its four key characteristics, an explanation of the concept of situationism, and identification of the five core social motives and how these concepts affect the field of social psychology. Social Psychology Social psychology can be defined as the study of how an individual’s situations influence his or her behavior, emotions, thoughts, etc., with particular focus on how individuals perceive as well as affect on another (Myers, 2008). Furthermore, social psychology primarily focuses on social relations, social influence, and social thinking. According to Myers (2008), social relations refers to certain attributes such as aggression, helping others, prejudice, and attraction and intimacy. Social influence comprises factors such as pressure to conform, biology and culture, groups of people, and persuasion. Finally, social thinking refers to individuals’ beliefs...
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...4-5 pages of analysis described above. Organizational behavior focuses on 3 levels of analysis: the individual, the group, and the organization. Module 1 focuses on the individual level of analysis. OB topics that are studies under this category include: diversity, employees’ motivation, job attitudes including job satisfaction, emotions and moods, personality and values. In this Module we focus on job attitudes and job satisfaction and on motivation. Employees have attitudes about various aspects of their jobs, their peers, their supervisors and their organizations. Job satisfaction is considered the most focal employee attitude. The most-used research definition of job satisfaction is by Locke (1976), who defined it as “. . . a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experiences” (p. 1304). Implicit in Locke’s definition is the importance of both feeling and thinking. According to Saari and Judge (2004): “when we think, we have feelings about what we think. Conversely, when we have feelings, we think about what we feel. Cognition and affect are thus inextricably linked, in our psychology and even in our biology. Thus, when evaluating our jobs, as when we assess most anything important to us, both thinking and feeling are involved”. Work motivation refers to the driving force by which employees achieve their goals. Different motivation theories focus on different aspects of the motivation construct. Some theories distinguish...
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...facilitating strategic thinking and strategic thinkers during the cold war? The original organizational direction of RAND corporations was to allow a small select group of intellectuals who were successful in collaborating with scientific work for the military during and after the World War II. The formation of RAND was initially placed under the guidance of the Air Force, however, the sentiment of senior leaders in the military, government, and intellectuals participating felt that continuing under the umbrella of one of the branches of the military might stagnate the benefit of having a group of “free thinkers” from achieving great results. RAND was given independence to conduct research and this freedom of thought was “guarded” within this group of researchers. RAND attracted creative talent and individuals who were free thinkers who found comfort in not being held to a deadline or driven towards an A or B outcome choice. RAND fostered strategic thinking based on all of the intellectuals from various disciplines like economics, mathematics, research analysis, were placed in an environment with colleagues from the most influential intellectual institutions of the day as well as the federal sector, military and civilians branches of government. RAND received a grant from Henry Ford II ($1,000,000) which allowed the organization to become a non-profit organization with no direct oversight and agenda handed to the early key minds. These...
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...Psychology is a psychological perspective that addresses mental processes such as thinking, problem solving, remembering, believing, and speaking, and seeks to identify behavior by characteristics other than its obvious properties (Defining Cognitive Psychology 2011). It includes mental representation and the use of abstract constructs to find relationships between brain structure and their functions (Willingham, 2007).This area of psychology is important in order to acquire knowledge and gain an understanding on how a person’s mental process works. Four Key Milestones in Cognitive Psychology There are at least four key milestones in the development of cognitive psychology as a discipline and they are as follows: the failure of behaviorism, the computer metaphor and information processing, abstract constructs of artificial intelligence and neuroscience. Behaviorism was similar to cognitive psychology but it failed to identify mental processes. Freud’s psychoanalysis required that mental processes be identified in the study of cognitive psychology but behaviorism failed to meet this need. All aspects of the human psyche needed to be accommodated especially in the area of language and memory. This lead psychologists to really rethink behaviorism and gave support for the development of another area of science that would focus attention on the processes that could be observed in a person’s behavior thus giving birth to cognitive psychology. The human mind was seen as a processor...
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...structuralism and functionalism. Describe the focus of each of the six contemporary approaches to psychology. Describe the positive psychology movement, and discuss why this movement recently emerged in psychology. Discuss career opportunities in psychology. Profile the main areas of specialization in psychology. Say how studying habits may be optimized. Understand how to be a critical thinker. CHAPTER 1: OUTLINE Psychology is a science dedicated to the study of behavior and mental processes. In this chapter you are introduced to the history of this science, a variety of contemporary perspectives in psychology, the positive psychology movement, and an overview of psychology-related careers. At the end of the chapter, the reader learns about the most effective methods of studying and learning. There are three concepts important to the definition of psychology: science, behavior, and mental processes. Psychologists use scientific methods to observe, describe, predict, and explain behaviors and mental processes. Behaviors are actions that can be directly observed, while mental processes are experiences that cannot be observed directly, such as thoughts and feelings. The history of psychology is rooted in philosophy, biology, and physiology. Rene Descartes and Charles Darwin...
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...and functionalism. Describe the focus of each of the six contemporary approaches to psychology. Describe the positive psychology movement, and discuss why this movement recently emerged in psychology. Discuss career opportunities in psychology. Profile the main areas of specialization in psychology. Say how studying habits may be optimized. Understand how to be a critical thinker. CHAPTER 1: OUTLINE Psychology is a science dedicated to the study of behavior and mental processes. In this chapter you are introduced to the history of this science, a variety of contemporary perspectives in psychology, the positive psychology movement, and an overview of psychology-related careers. At the end of the chapter, the reader learns about the most effective methods of studying and learning. There are three concepts important to the definition of psychology: science, behavior, and mental processes. Psychologists use scientific methods to observe, describe, predict, and explain behaviors and mental processes. Behaviors are actions that can be directly observed, while mental processes are experiences that cannot be observed directly, such as thoughts and feelings. The history of psychology is rooted in philosophy, biology, and physiology. Rene...
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...pattern of characteristics, qualities, and traits that are associated with a person and who they are as an individual. Our personalities represent who we are as a person and play an indispensable role in our day to day lives because it plays a vital part in how we think, feel, and behave. Our personalities help to motivate or deter our behaviors, thoughts, and emotions just as it can depict our wants, desires, beliefs, attitudes, aspirations, goals, and areas of growth. Personality plays a significant role through our professional and personal lives. The personality of a person is one of the most dynamic aspects within psychology because it is the contribution of the person we are today, and provides clarification through pinpointing and isolating the origin of behaviors, thoughts, or feelings. A person’s personality is unique and varies from person to person. The most common factors that are taken into consideration when evaluating a persons’ personality is his or her genetics and hereditary factors, and overall life experiences and the environment that the person was brought up in. 2. What are some key personality features that define you? Key personality features that define me as a person and can be easily associated with who I am as a person is that I am high organized and structured in my personal, academic, and professional life. I am the type of person who will most often go above and beyond in everything that I do because I enjoy taking the time to apply my full efforts...
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...Articles Building a Culture That Encourages Strategic Thinking Ellen F. Goldman1 and Andrea Casey1 Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 17(2) 119–128 © Baker College 2010 Reprints and permission: http://www. sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1548051810369677 http://jlos.sagepub.com Abstract The ability to think strategically is critical for leaders and managers at multiple organizational levels. Specific work experiences can contribute to the development of an individual’s strategic thinking ability. Culture, among other organizational factors, can either encourage or limit those contributions. Leaders, as culture constructors and transformers, can act to maximize the relationship between organizational culture and the process of learning to think strategically. A cadre of formal training, developmental activities, and self-directed learning initiatives can provide leaders with the skills to enhance the strategic thinking of those they lead. Keywords strategic thinking, management learning, leadership development, organizational culture “Culture eats strategy for lunch.” This management truism is linked to examples of how strategy failed, acknowledging that actions attempted were inconsistent with the organization’s values, beliefs, and assumptions (Weeks, 2006). The strategy-eating potential of culture has been used as the basis for recommending that leaders initiate large-scale change efforts to align culture with strategy. However, it has...
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...And it’s just not celebrities; it is people in all walks of life. I am going to put all judgment aside and really try to understand this behavior from a biological, psychological, and sociological aspect. Biological Aspect When we first meet someone our body undergoes many chemical changes. Our palms began to sweat, our hearts race, and an excitement fills our bodies. “Endorphins, biochemical compounds that are responsible for making us feel pleasure, are released into the body. This creates a thrilling and dizzying feeling almost like a high. As time goes by and the relationship continues, the biochemical environment in the brain slowly changes” (Cheating and Narcissism Support, 2010). Some people begin needing that high, like a drug, just to feel normal and will go to any lengths to get it, even if it cost them everything. This can create a sexual addiction. “Just like drug addiction, sex addicts have a compulsion towards fulfilling their sexual desires. Sex and the thought of sex tend to dominate the sex’s addicts thinking, making it difficult to work or engage in healthy personal relationships. Sex addicts engage in distorted thinking, often rationalizing and justifying their behavior and blaming others for problems” (Medicine Net, 2010). Heredity, although there is no scientific evidence, could also play key role in this behavior. If their mother or father were unable to control their sexual impulses, maybe that can be passed on in their genes. Like animals, our bodies...
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...clinical studies, through science and technology is Psychology. Psychology is often known as “the scientific investigation of mental processes (thinking, remembering, feeling, etc.) and behavior. Understanding a person requires attention to the individual’s biology, psychological experiences, and cultural context.” (Kowalski & Westen, 2009, p.3) This paper will indulge into the foundation of psychology and the assumptions attributed with it. The two major schools of thought in psychology are known as structuralism and functionalism. Other schools of thought are also behaviorism, psychodynamic, and cognitive. Now in regard to the two major schools, structuralism is known as the first school of psychology and can be attributed to Edward Titchener and Wilhelm Wundt. They were interested in studying the structure of consciousness and wanted to compose a chart similar to the periodic table to illustrate the elements of human consciousness. Structuralism is supposed to break down the mental process in its simplest of forms and also through introspection. Titchener believed that experimentation was the only way to develop a method of psychology that did not apply too much “free will.” There are a few underlying assumptions that can be associated with the structuralism, and one of them would be that some aspects of thinking would be too complex and innate to study. Another would be that thought’s are seen as images and not in a textual form. The second...
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