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The Psychodynamic Approach

This essay will discuss the Psychodynamic approach. It will address the psyche, unconscious and conscious, psychosexual stages of development, defense mechanisms and finally the strengths and limitations of the approach.

The psychodynamic approach is about the unconscious processes which underpin our thoughts, feelings and behaviors. It is important in early childhood experiences (conscious and unconscious) in determining our later development because aspects of early relationships are transferred onto relationships in the present, which is known as transference.

Psyche
The psychodynamic approach is also about the ID, ego and super ego. The ID is like a little devil on your shoulder, which may include thoughts like sex, aggression, drinking and eating. The Ego is the conscious and is rational trying to balance things out between the ID and the super ego. The Super ego is like the angel on your shoulder it has a moral conscious and prevents us acting out ID’s wishes.

Conscious and unconscious
Freud’s ideas about the mind (as suggested in Cardwell psychology p886) have been used like an iceberg .
The iceberg above the water is the conscious mind and the part underneath the water being the unconscious mind.

Looking at the image, the ID is below the surface of consciousness, it cannot be controlled. The ego and super ego is partially conscious and partially unconscious. Nobody is aware of the unconscious influences.

There are five stages of psychosexual development.
Oral – This is anything that involves the mouth, such as sucking, chewing, swallowing or biting. It was influenced by breast feeding and being weaned onto solid foods which results in a fixation of smoking, nail biting, dependency or aggression.
Anal – This is from withholding, expelling or playing with faeces, it was influenced by potty training which has resulted in a fixation of messiness and generosity or obsessiveness, tidiness and meaningless.
Phallic – This is from masturbation. The key influences are the Oedipus and Elektra complexes, as a result of this, it results in a fixation of vanity.
Latent – This is from little sexual motivation, the influences are acquiring knowledge and understanding of our world.
Genital – This is from heterosexual intercourse, which is looked as it being normal.

Defense Mechanisms
Two commonly used defense mechanisms are denial, where somebody refuses to accept something and acts like it doesn’t exist. Many people use this in every day life to avoid dealing with things they don’t want to admit. Example, An alcoholic will deny they have a drinking problem and come up with reasons to support their claim like ‘I am not an alcoholic, I don’t drink much and I am good at my job and haven’t touched a drop’. Also, projection is very common where somebody may feel something which maybe unacceptable and they will project it onto somebody else. For example in a relationship you may have cheated but will blame your partner instead to take the heat off of you.

Key strengths * Has a strong explanatory power * Individual differences (case studies) * In depth * Psychoanalysis * Subjective

Key Limitations * Unscientific in its analysis of human behavior because many of Freud’s theories are subjective and are scientifically impossible to test eg, cannot test the unconscious mind.

* Most studies are based on one person and mostly middle aged women from Vienna so seems bias

* Individual case studies are not generalisable

* Only in depth to one person

* Experiments are Freud’s own interpretation and bias

This essay has outlined the strengths and limitations of the Psychodynamic Approach. However it seems to be as many strengths as there is limitations. However, this approach is useful because of the psychoanalysis.

This essay has discussed the Psychodynamic Approach. It has outlined the key areas of the Psychodynamic Approach, it has highlighted the strengths and limitations, some of which are psychoanalysis as a strength and unscientific as a limitation.
This essay concludes that whilst the psychodynamic approach is particularly useful as shown by the continued use of psychoanalysis, there have been others that have come to light since then that may be more useful.

References
Grohol, J. (2007). 15 Common Defense Mechanisms. Psych Central
Cardwell, M, Clark, L, & Meldrum, C. 2004 psychology. 3rd edition. London: Harper Collins

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