...are arguably the backbone of Mesoamerican economic development, they remain in a subordinate position in society and suffer considerably from the lack of education, inadequate health care, malnutrition and repeated human right violations. This essay discusses the disproportionate social, economic and political circumstances of the Mexican indigenous population throughout the last 500 years, and the institutions, ideas and attitudes that have persisted in terms of three major stages: the colonial period, post independence and the post revolution era. First, through the ecomienda system, Spanish political sovereignty, and social reorganization, the colonial period established the foundation for most of the oppressive institutions in Mexico today. Second, the post independence era did not bring sovereignty, equality and freedoms to the indigenous as it did to other sectors of Mexican society, but rather served to propel them even further into the depths of subordination under the rule of an elitist and repressive Criollo class. Lastly, following the Mexican revolution the indigenous did receive some concessions early on in the form of education, healthcare and land redistribution, however those considerations soon ended and toward the latter part of the 20th century revisions to the Constitution of...
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...to a set of factors that contain an agricultural surplus, urban settlements, specialized labor and trade, government, a stratified society, and sophisticated ritual traditions. Ever since the beginning of time, humans formed through generations and generations of species. It took quite a while for humans to fully develop their brains to start thinking out of the box and creating new ideas for their own. Nevertheless, complex societies arose independently during the centuries 3500 to 500 B.C.E. in several regions of the world. Out of all the other complex societies, the Olmec and Maya societies have some comparisons and differences that meet within the lines of the complex societies set of factors. The Olmec society appeared near the Gulf of Mexico during 1200 to 100 B.C.E., located near the modern Mexican City of Veracruz. When people refer to the first complex society of the Americas, they refer to them as the “Rubber People” because of the rubber trees that flourish in the region they inhabited. Their proper name is still unknown, so people labeled them Olmec, which means rubber people. There were many mysteries concerning the downfall of the Olmec’s around 400 B.C.E. when archaeologists studying the area found statues broken and buried. Although the Olmec’s declined, they influenced many other societies with astronomical observations, which helped create the first calendar to help keep track of the seasons. They also invented another system of writing, but only...
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...ANTH265 Final Exam 12/12/11 PART I: Inca and Maya Cultural Systems To one who is not familiar with the ancient peoples of the Americas, the Maya and the Inca could be misjudged as two similar civilizations. Although links do exist between all the civilizations, the Maya and the Inca are not as parallel as say the Maya and Aztec. The Maya civilization occupied what are now Guatemala, Belize, and the Mexican states of Tabasco, Chiapas and the entire Yucatan Peninsula. The earliest records of the Maya civilization show that they were already growing crops around 1,800 BC with the "golden era" of the Maya civilization occurring between 250 and 900 AD. More than 40 cities, some of which had populations of more than 50,000 existed in this time. The Incas reigned along the west coast of South America with the empire’s center in present day Peru from approximately 1476 to 1534 AD. According to M. Moseley’s book, The Incas and their Ancestors, The Inca’s population is estimated to be over 10 million at the height of the empire; however, these people were not technically Incas, but Inca subjects. Interestingly, the term ‘Inca’ only encompasses a small group of kindred, less than 40,000 individuals who built their great Andean empire by force. The ‘subjects’ were not Incas because the Incas were a closed ethnic body. Nonetheless, the differences between the Inca and Maya go much further than just regional and time differences. Each society’s religion, ideological, and cosmological...
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...the immense size and diversity of the North American continent, the text is written so that each chapter covers a geographical region of the continent. The regions covered range from the rich lands of Mexico, through the eastern and western United States, through the forests of Canada, and concluding at the Arctic Circle. Each chapter covers the region’s history, people, culture, ways of life, and the circumstance that caused its cultural identity to collapse. The book culminates with chapters on the trials and tribulations that the Native American nations will face as they enter into the twenty-first century and a chapter on how anthropologists view American Indians. The author emphasizes several key points and occurrences in the history of the natives of North America and their impact on the Indian populations. While her book discusses the heritages, languages, knowledge, technology, arts, and values that have been passed down through generations; it seems that Ms. Kehoe’s intention is to point out the injustices that have been perpetrated on the Native American population by the Europeans and Euro-Americans over the last five centuries. She also describes the devastation that was brought upon the Indian populations by the early European settlers of American and Mexico. She lists several examples of diseases decimating tribes, and over hunting by the Europeans and Euro-Americans causing a shortage of available game, resulting in famine....
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...the immense size and diversity of the North American continent, the text is written so that each chapter covers a geographical region of the continent. The regions covered range from the rich lands of Mexico, through the eastern and western United States, through the forests of Canada, and concluding at the Arctic Circle. Each chapter covers the region’s history, people, culture, ways of life, and the circumstance that caused its cultural identity to collapse. The book culminates with chapters on the trials and tribulations that the Native American nations will face as they enter into the twenty-first century and a chapter on how anthropologists view American Indians. The author emphasizes several key points and occurrences in the history of the natives of North America and their impact on the Indian populations. While her book discusses the heritages, languages, knowledge, technology, arts, and values that have been passed down through generations; it seems that Ms. Kehoe’s intention is to point out the injustices that have been perpetrated on the Native American population by the Europeans and Euro-Americans over the last five centuries. She also describes the devastation that was brought upon the Indian populations by the early European settlers of American and Mexico. She lists several examples of diseases decimating tribes, and over hunting by the Europeans and Euro-Americans causing a...
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...the immense size and diversity of the North American continent, the text is written so that each chapter covers a geographical region of the continent. The regions covered range from the rich lands of Mexico, through the eastern and western United States, through the forests of Canada, and concluding at the Arctic Circle. Each chapter covers the region’s history, people, culture, ways of life, and the circumstance that caused its cultural identity to collapse. The book culminates with chapters on the trials and tribulations that the Native American nations will face as they enter into the twenty-first century and a chapter on how anthropologists view American Indians. The author emphasizes several key points and occurrences in the history of the natives of North America and their impact on the Indian populations. While her book discusses the heritages, languages, knowledge, technology, arts, and values that have been passed down through generations; it seems that Ms. Kehoe’s intention is to point out the injustices that have been perpetrated on the Native American population by the Europeans and Euro-Americans over the last five centuries. She also describes the devastation that was brought upon the Indian populations by the early European settlers of American and Mexico. She lists several examples of diseases decimating tribes, and over hunting by the Europeans and Euro-Americans causing a...
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...the populations were the belief in gods, agriculture, architecture that was huge, mathematics, astronomy regarding calendars, the use of their environments and the conquest of populations. The Aztecs and Incas differ in many respects, both cultural and social as religious and economic. “The Aztecs were a people Nahuatl origin that happened and beat other people of the same origin; they dominated almost the entire territory of Mexico ”. One of the important features that should be mentioned is the religion; “The Aztecs were polytheistic, rendered cult the sun and the other stars the sun being the most important. The sacrifices, human and animal, were an integral part of Aztec religion. For warriors the highest honor was to fall in battle or to volunteer for sacrifice in important ceremonies. They were convinced that they should feed their gods with human blood so they performed human sacrifices ”. In the economic side, agriculture was the basis of life of the Aztecs, “the number of cultivated species was abundant. In the other hand, Livestock was very poor, since the number of domesticated animals was very low: the most important were the turkey and several species of dogs, one of which was to consume meat” . One of the techniques developed by the Aztecs were the “chinampas. This was a way Aztec’s demonstrate their ability to organize large amount of labor ”. Unlike the Aztecs, the Incas founded a “massive empire in the Andes in the 15th century, before the conquest...
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...The Inca, Maya,and Aztecs are three of the most important groups. The Inca were located in Andes Mountains in South America. Their range stretched from Southern Chile through Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and into Southern Columbia. Their capital was Cuzco. The Inca civilization was in the highlands of Peru. The Aztecs were located in Mexico. The Aztec Empire was based in the Valley of Mexico, a high elevated valley in the mountains of Central Mexico. Tenochtitlan was the Aztec city and the capital. It had canals and causeways that supplied hundreds of thousands of people who lived there. The Mayans lived in Mexico and Central America. The Palenque was once known as the red city, because the buildings were all painted red. The Maya capital...
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...The Origins of the Chinese Empire, to 220 C.E. these cities, built by rulers to move troops and supplies, were traveled by traders transporting such items as metal tools and utensils, lacquered wood plates and boxes, silk, pottery, gems, salt, and lumber. A money economy emerged, using copper coins called cash, with center holes for stringing them together for counting and carrying. China's towns and cities were likewise linked into a large economic system . Trade between China and distant lands A metal bell from the Zhou era. was difficult and dangerous, but by the era's end commerce was conducted by sea with Southeast Asia and by land routes crossing Central Asia. The Central Asian Connection Central Asia, a vast expanse to China's north and west where the climate was too dry for farming (Map 2), was home mainly to pastoral nomads who grazed herds on its plateaus and plains. Skilled on horseback, the nomads occasionally attacked Chinese settlements to carry off goods and supplies, but they also spread commerce and useful knowledge. Some nomads, for example, exchanged their Central Asian nomads connect China with other cultures Nomads and Chinese adopt horse riding and crossbows from each other Iron tools and weapons spread to China, enhancing farming and warfare hides, wool, and horses for Chinese silk, pottery, metalware, and wood products and then traded these items with other societies across Central Asia. Over time, connections with the...
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...opportunities for the Europeans, but not the Indians, for them it was mainly a disaster as was mentioned in the book Born in Blood and Fire, written by John Charles Chasteen, “Neither the Europeans’ “Old World” nor the “New World,” as they called the Americas would ever be the same afterward.” (Chasteen, pg. 29) They had somehow managed to live peacefully and resourcefully before the white man came. Life in Central and South America was socially and religiously quite simple compared to the European civilizations. Basically people were divided into three groups, the non-sedentary, semi-sedentary, and the fully sedentary. The non-sedentary people were ones who lived in areas that were really difficult to adapt to, such as the desert areas in Mexico. They usually lived in small groups and were mainly hunters and gatherers. They would constantly move to new grounds to hunt....
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...immigration and an increase in crime or is this just a way for the media, politicians, and anti-immigration groups to spread their opinions and fears on immigration? If there is a correlation between crime and immigration how will this play a role in today’s prison system? An overwhelming amount of native born Americans believe that the influx of immigrants, especially illegal immigrants, will have a negative effect on the crime rate in the United States. Of course, in an absolute sense, it probably does. Immigration brings more people into the country, and unless this process is counterbalanced by emigration, the absolute volume of crime will very likely increase. In addition, immigrants are often disproportionately male and at early ages of labor market entry and advancement. Because young males are disproportionately likely to be involved in crime in all parts of the world that we know about (Hirschi and Gottfredson, 1983), this may also contribute to increases in crime. In this sense we will probably want to know whether immigrants who enter the country contribute to crime beyond what we could otherwise expect of citizens of similar numbers, ages, gender, and so on. Recent research suggests that the claims that immigration cuases crime are false, and that in reality immigrants may have dramatically lower crime rates thatn Unites States born citizens. A 2007 study by Dr. ruben rumbaut and Dr. Walter Ewing connected higher rates of immigration in the 1990s and...
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...working-condition change that might establish a legal case for a constructive discharge claim, particularly if the employee willfully made or allowed the change as a form of illegal discrimination.” (Unknown 2013) To support this claim, the following conditions must apply * Recent and intolerable change * Decision must be deliberate and unjustifiable for business purposes * The employee must have a cause and effect claim that was presented in a timely manner to the change This is relevant because the employee claims that the policy change affects her/his religious beliefs and for this reason he/she had no other choice but to resign. The schedule change is mandatory has now been extended to include Sundays on a rotating calendar, which it is assumed that this conflicts with the religious belief in question which prohibits work on a holy day. According to the Society for Human Resource Management Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 “protects individuals against employment discrimination.” The discrimination categories that are covered under this act are as follows but not limited to * Race/ discrimination based on factors inherent to immutable characteristics *...
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...Farming's Impact on the Rise and Fall of the Mayan Empire History is an ever-changing concept. The world as we know it has not always been the way we know it to be, and with each new discovery a different connection/story line is revealed. One of the greatest mysteries of ancient history is the fall of the Mayan Civilization. The Mayan's are thought to be one of the most technologically advanced and successful civilizations of our world's early and most primitive times, but as quick as they conquered they vanished. There are many different theories as to what caused the Mayan's to fall and disappear however, the theory that seems to have the most support is that the one thing that allowed them to be most successful also doomed them in their final days... farming. The Mayan Civilization grew so rapidly due to their advanced agricultural techniques, their ability to develop and perfect these techniques based on their need to produce more food for their growing needs, however ultimately these farming methods failed them leaving their enormous civilization dependant on food THEY farmed hungry and forced to move on or die out. To start, the Mayan's weren't a very large nation nor did they have very usable land to be able to farm on. They were located in Mesoamerica in the center of many wetlands and hills/mountains, however they did not let these hindrances stop them, instead, they used their unique habitat, and developed new ways of farming that proved to be VERY successful...
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...No life for a child: The grim reality of Nepal's child laborers -... http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/14/world/asia/nepal-child-labor/ You've selected the U.S. Edition. Would you like to make this your default edition? SET EDITION: U.S. TV: CNN CNNi INTERNATIONAL CNN en Español MÉXICO HLN ARABIC Yes | No Sign up Close Log in Home TV & Video CNN Trends U.S. World Politics Justice Entertainment Tech Health Living Travel Opinion iReport Money Sports No life for a child: The grim reality of Nepal's child laborers By Bibek Bhandari, for CNN updated 1:17 AM EDT, Thu August 15, 2013 SHARE THIS Print Email Recommend More sharing 1.4k Part of complete coverage on CNN Recommends Nepal's vulnerable child laborers >> STORY HIGHLIGHTS Though child labor is illegal in Nepal, an estimated 1.6 million aged between five and 17 work About three-quarters of child laborers are under the age of 14, and most are girls Many are employed in the carpet, brick and garment industries The country hopes to eliminate the practice by 2020, but former child laborers are skeptical Kathmandu, Nepal (CNN) -- To see her playing with her friends, Maya Lama seems much like any other child. But until last year, the 12-year-old Nepalese girl led a very different existence, forced to work grueling 16-hour shifts in a carpet factory in Nepal's capital, Kathmandu. Maya's ordeal began in 2011 when, as a 10 year old, she came to the city...
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...OPERATIONAL STRATEGY OF RESEARCH IN MOTION (RIM) BY ABIN MATHEW MBA B B112 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 HISTORY ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 VISION ………………………………………………………………………………………………… MISION …………………………………………………………………………………………………. OPERATIONAL STRATEGY………………………………………………………………………………………5 CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………………………………….8 INTRODUCTION Research In Motion (RIM) is a leading designer, manufacturer and marketer of wireless solutions. The company provides platforms and solutions allowing access to time-sensitive information, including email, phone, SMS, internet and intranet-based applications. Its technology also enables a broad array of third-party developers and manufacturers to enhance their products and services with wireless connectivity to data. RIM’s portfolio of products, services and embedded technologies include the BlackBerry wireless solution, and other software and hardware.The company operates offices in North America, Europe and Asia Pacific. The company is organized and managed as a single reportable business segment, which includes the research...
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