...during the 1980s. On the other hand, this sector also attributed significant portions of the total poor in the country for decades. Thus, in June 1988, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) was signed into law, paving the way for extensive land distribution and reforms which communist insurgencies urged during the Marcos regime. Consequently, the initial stages of the implementation process of CARP was met with apparent complications, expectedly so given that such a policy entailed a wide scope, whilst rural landlords provided staunch opposition in seizing their ownership to government. However, as the years passed and administrations would change, the promises of sweeping agrarian reform have remained unfinished, otherwise, significantly watered down. Such arbitration would be considered a detrimental factor to the current pitfalls that have hindered the development of Philippine political economy. In that, this paper questions what led to this failure of comprehensive agrarian reform and in pronouncing these mistakes, did other countries experience who also employed land reforms if they experienced similar dilemmas. We argue that deeply seated class structures have inevitably played a role in this development policy outcome, particularly elite groups and landlords who have established themselves in the political arena. The...
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...Iodization Nationwide (ASIN) | It is hereby declared the policy of the State to protect and promote the health of the people, to maintain an effective food regulatory system, and to provide the entire population especially women and children with proper nutrition. For this purpose, the State shall promote the nutritional fortification of food to combat micronutrient malnutrition as a priority health program for the nation. | Republic Act No. 8048 | Coconut Preservation Act of 1995 | Considering the importance of the coconut industry in nation building being one of the principal industries and one of the largest income earners of the country, it becomes mandatory for the Government to step-in and regulate the unabated and indiscriminate cutting of the coconut trees. For reasons of national interest, it is hereby declared the policy of the State to provide for the growth of the industry by embarking on a sustainable and efficient replanting program. | Republic Act No. 8041 | National Water Crisis Act of 1995 | It is hereby declared the policy of the State to adopt urgent and effective measures to address the nationwide water crisis which adversely allocate the health and well-being of the population, food production and industrialization process. | Republic Act No. 7942 | Philippine Mining Act of 1995 | All mineral resources in public and private lands within the territory and exclusive economic zone of the Republic of the Philippines are owned by the State. It shall be the responsibility...
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...Background Digging deep into history, mining in the Philippines is one of the oldest industries in the country. Gold mining in Luzon started even in the 3rd century as reported by the Chinese merchants. Before the advent of the Spanish rule, metals—primarily gold—played an important role in shaping traditions and rituals, in indigenizing certain features of Filipino beliefs, and in developing patterns of wealth, power and authority during the period. The spirit of Spanish expansionism was at its crest when it reached the Philippines in the second half of the sixteenth century. The archipelago became the base of further efforts to conquer and evangelize new areas and design new trade routes in search primarily of spices but also of gold and other precious merchandise. The Spaniards failed to develop mining in the country, but left behind one of the basic building blocks of the present-day mining laws–the Regalian Doctrine. In essence, the Regalian Doctrine stipulates that all minerals and substances underneath all lands, public or private belong to the state. In effect, the law rests on the principle of eminent domain which reserves to the state the right to develop the mines on its own initiative or through private concessions. With the Americans, mining industries accelerated as the country’s economy strengthened its links to the needs of the industrialized countries like the US. The growth of the mining industry in the Philippines under the Americans may be said to have undergone...
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...Conservation, Protection & Rehabilitation of the Environment & Natural Resources The country is widely acknowledged as having an outstanding endowment of natural resources, which could provide essential ecosystem services to the population. Demands arising from development and utilization activities, population expansion, poor environmental protection, and external factors such as climate change, however, have placed the country’s environment and natural resources under grave threat. For the medium-term, an environment that is healthy, ecologically balanced, sustainably productive, climate change resilient, and one that provides for present and future generations of Filipinos is envisioned. This vision will be pursued through an integrated and community-based ecosystems approach to environment and natural resources management, precautionary approach to environment and natural resources, sound environmental impact assessment (EIA) and cost-benefit analysis (CBA). These, then, are all anchored on the principles of shared responsibility, good governance, participation, social and environmental justice, intergenerational space and gender equity, with people at the core of conservation, protection and rehabilitation, and developmental initiatives. Assessment State of the Environment and Natural Resources The degraded state of the country’s environment and natural resources is felt most intensely by the poor, especially the rural communities given that they depend...
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...BACKGROUND OF AGRARIAN REFORM * Historically, agrarian-related remedies extended by past regimes and administrators proved to be totally unable to fulfill the promise of alleviating the quality of life of the landless peasants. * The land laws have invariably contained provisions that enabled powerful landowners to circumvent the law, or even use the law to sustain and further strengthen their positions in power. 1. Pre-Spanish Era - Land was not unequally distributed before the Spaniards came to the Philippines. - The notion of private property was unknown then. - The community (barangay) owned the land. 2. Spanish Period (1521-1898) - One of the major initial policies of the governorship of Legazpi was to recognize all lands in the Philippines as part of public domain regardless of local customs. - As such, the crown was at liberty to parcel out huge tracts of Philippine lands as rewards to loyal civilian and military as rewards. * In effect, communal ownership of land gradually and slowly took the backseat. * Private ownership of land was introduced. * With this arrangement, every municipal resident was given his choice of the land for cultivation, free from tax. * Large tracts of uncultivated lands not circumscribed within a given municipality were granted by the Spanish monarch to deserving Spaniards. * This kind of ownership became known as the encomienda. * The encomienda system in the Spanish colonies began as a result...
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...Failed In The Philippines Submitted by Manuel Ortega Abis Student No. 11-71-003, BPA Special Program Batch 8-A CAPA, Universidad de Manila Professor Ronaldo J. Navata PREFACE The research materials and references used in this research paper were managed to be gathered through unlimited internet hours and limited library hours, but the pages on the web and the pages of the book offered equal enlightenment and enjoyment. The premises and conclusions built and reached in this paper are products of the researcher’s serious analysis of the Philippine economic situation. The researcher, however, is praying that his objectivity and the sincerity of his language shall not fail him in his own humble attempt to bring this mini-thesis to its just and proper course and closure. The twin causes formulated in this paper are generally subdivided into two: the concept of economic will (policy system of governance) and the concept of economic ownership (property system of the governed). Further reading is advised on critical and related topics of this paper. For the economy, these words: there is no such thing as the co-existence of freedom and equality. God bless the Philippines! ______________________________________________________________________________ I. INTRODUCTION DROPPING THE TORCH AND BURNING OUT THE FIRE: The Mismanagement Of Philippine Capitalism ...
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...Why Philippine agriculture fails Despite accounting for more than a third of the country’s workforce the sector contributes less than 15 percent of the total economic output. Poverty incidence among agricultural families is, as a result, much higher than the national average; not only does this impose significant social costs, it reduces productivity. This, in turn, makes agriculture an unattractive sector to invest in for both agribusiness investors and individuals; because of the rather poor existence farming offers, many potential second- or third-generation farmers instead look for income in urban areas or overseas. An example of why the Philippines fails in agriculture is the most recent installment of the long-running feud between the government and coconut farmers over the handling of the bloated, Marcos-era Coconut Levy Fund, now worth some P71 billion. In the latest drama, the Confederation of Coconut Farmers Organizations of the Philippines (CCFOP) last week filed a petition at the Supreme Court to block implementation of two executive orders issued by President B.S. Aquino 3rd. One (EO 179) orders an inventory of the coco levy deposits and assets as preparation for privatizing them, while the second (EO 180) authorizes the use of the funds for the benefit of coconut farmers. The CCFOP would certainly disagree, but the details of their complaint with this pair of directives are not really important; not when wrangling over the coco levy funds has been going on...
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...THE EC-PHILIPPINES STRATEGY PAPER 2007-2013 i TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................... iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................... 7 1. COUNTRY ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 9 1.1. Analysis of the political situation...................................................................... 9 1.2. Analysis of the economic situation.................................................................. 11 1.3. Trade structure ................................................................................................ 13 1.4. Analysis of social developments...................................................................... 14 1.5. Analysis of the environmental situation......................................................... 16 2. THE PHILIPPINES’ POLICY AGENDA ............................................................ 17 2.1. The Medium Term Philippine Development Plan ........................................ 17 2.2. Assessing the reform process .......................................................................... 17 2.3. Cross-cutting issues: human rights, gender, governance ............................. 19 3. OVERVIEW OF PAST AND ONGOING EC COOPERATION, COORDINATION AND COHERENCE ........................................
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...Republic of the Philippines SUPREME COURT Manila EN BANC G.R. No. 101083 July 30, 1993 JUAN ANTONIO, ANNA ROSARIO and JOSE ALFONSO, all surnamed OPOSA, minors, and represented by their parents ANTONIO and RIZALINA OPOSA, ROBERTA NICOLE SADIUA, minor, represented by her parents CALVIN and ROBERTA SADIUA, CARLO, AMANDA SALUD and PATRISHA, all surnamed FLORES, minors and represented by their parents ENRICO and NIDA FLORES, GIANINA DITA R. FORTUN, minor, represented by her parents SIGRID and DOLORES FORTUN, GEORGE II and MA. CONCEPCION, all surnamed MISA, minors and represented by their parents GEORGE and MYRA MISA, BENJAMIN ALAN V. PESIGAN, minor, represented by his parents ANTONIO and ALICE PESIGAN, JOVIE MARIE ALFARO, minor, represented by her parents JOSE and MARIA VIOLETA ALFARO, MARIA CONCEPCION T. CASTRO, minor, represented by her parents FREDENIL and JANE CASTRO, JOHANNA DESAMPARADO, minor, represented by her parents JOSE and ANGELA DESAMPRADO, CARLO JOAQUIN T. NARVASA, minor, represented by his parents GREGORIO II and CRISTINE CHARITY NARVASA, MA. MARGARITA, JESUS IGNACIO, MA. ANGELA and MARIE GABRIELLE, all surnamed SAENZ, minors, represented by their parents ROBERTO and AURORA SAENZ, KRISTINE, MARY ELLEN, MAY, GOLDA MARTHE and DAVID IAN, all surnamed KING, minors, represented by their parents MARIO and HAYDEE KING, DAVID, FRANCISCO and THERESE VICTORIA, all surnamed ENDRIGA, minors, represented by their parents BALTAZAR and TERESITA ENDRIGA, JOSE MA. and REGINA...
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...PLANNING 1 Topic 1: Ecological Consideration of Site Analysis 1. Choose a Wetland area in the Philippines and do the following: a. Provide a background discussion of the wetland Laguna De Bay -Laguna de Bay is the most important freshwater wetland in the Philippines in terms of support to local communities. However, it is now threatened with inappropriate various development projects and over-exploitation of its resources. -The lake has an average depth of 2.8 metres (9 ft 2 in) and its excess water is discharged through the Pasig River. - Laguna de Bay is the Philippines' largest inland water body covering 98,000 hectares and situated at the heart of the CALABARZON (includes the provinces of Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal And Quezon) area - the region's highly urbanized and developed center. The lake is bounded by six (6) provinces, twelve (12) cities, and forty-nine (49) municipalities, of which are lakeshore towns. A total of twenty-four (24) sub-basins drain directly to the lake, with the Pagsanjan-Lumban Rivers System contributing to as much as 35% of the total inflow to the lake. (http://www.psdn.org.ph/wetlands/philwetlands.htm#philwet) (http://www.psdn.org.ph/clear/lagunadebay.htm) (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/56646/Laguna-de-Bay) b. List down issues and concerns about the wetland. Discuss each issues and concerns. -Shore land encroachment -water pollution - Deforestation and resource extraction - Open dumpsite / Illegal garbage...
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...Back in the 19th and 20th centuries, America wasn’t as big as it is today because most of the land it claimed was either sold to them or unclaimed. Then, Imperialism started, and would inevitably influence the role of how America would treat foreign nations, or foreign policy. Everyone that was on the side of Imperialism convinced others that it was a good thing; who else would save these poor defenceless people? This created a response from the people, and an unhappy one that didn’t want to be seized, or “saved”. However while moral disputes were going on, trading routes and the grip on land was being secured. There’s no telling how the world would be without imperialism, or if it’s even a good thing, but the effects are undeniable. When imperialism started, specifically during and after the Spanish-American War, most US politicians/officials said that they needed to “help” the other nations. William McKinley said after extensive thinking, that the only option...
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...PHILIPPINE REAL ESTATE BUBBLE A Demand and Supply Analysis _______________________________ By ANTONETTE ANGELINE ALBAN WILFRED JEROME LEJANO KENNETH RAY QUINTANA ARA LAIZA ROLDAN In partial fulfilment of the requirements for BA201 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS First Trimester 2015 - 2016 Submitted to JOEL C. YU, Ph.D. University of the Philippines Cesar E.A. Virata School of Management OUTLINE I. Introduction a. Statement of the Problem ............................................................. b. Background of the Study and Market Trends ................................ 1. 1997 Asian Financial Crisis 2. The Late 2000 US Property Bubble 3. Real Estate Market Trends II. Analysis of the Philippine Real Estate Industry………………………………….. III. Conclusion ............................................................................................ IV. References………………………………………………………………………………………… Annex A. Major Industry Players Annex B. Further Developments by the Major Industry Players Annex C. Present Global Situation 2 I. INTRODUCTION A. Statement of the Problem The purpose of the study is to determine if there is an impending property bubble in the Philippines, citing current indications similar to the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis and the US Property Bubble in the late 2000, as well as comparisons with the general real estate market trend. B. Background of the Study and Market Trends 1. 1997 Asian Financial Crisis...
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...An Analysis of the Government's Role in the Mining Industry in the Philippines Steven B. Baria Kim Edbonn C. Castillo Maridy D. Nuyda Economics 151 Prof. Teresa J Ho March 13, 2013 The stance of the government in recapturing the essence of the mining industry in the country has been reiterated time and again. The industry has been tapped as one of the most viable provider of revenues and employment through local and foreign investments. Past administrations had stressed the importance of favorable investment conditions that is supposed to promote the economic growth and progress, particularly in the mining industry. However, various issues has haunted the implementation of a holistic mining industry in the nation. This paper aims to provide a view of the efficiency and equity issues that plagues the whole of the mining sector and what the government can do in order to cater to these considerations. The Philippine case would be the vantage point of the study. The paper starts by defining some terms that is helpful in understanding the entire paper. A discussion of the externalities emanating from the mining industry and equity and efficiency arguments follows suit. Lastly an analysis of the government’s role in the Philippines and some recommendations are given. Mining: Some Definitions Mining is the useful extraction of minerals and other geological materials from the surface of the earth. This involves complicated and expensive processes and is accompanied by externalities...
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...Social Impact Specialist Contract No. BPPS/2014/IC/0012 Project Name: Scaling Inclusive Business Models leveraging a partnership ecosystem at the nexus of poverty and environment 1st phase Report Developing an inclusive and green eco-system framework 2nd phase Report Initial case studies and eco-system in the Philippines 3rd phase Report Final Draft Authors Markus Dietrich, Director, ASEI Sahba Sobhani - Programme Advisor Private Sector BPPS, UNDP ASEI Project Team: Mary Grace Santos, Lead Consultant Lorenzo Cordova, Jr., Environmental Impact Specialist Marcos Perez, Jr. Social Impact Specialist Version 1: 21 March 2015 Version 2: 13 April 2015 Version 3: 02 June 2015 Version 4: 30 July 2015 Version 5: 25 August 2015 Content 1 Introduction to inclusive and green growth policy approaches 5 2 Business Ecosystems 6 3 Inclusive Business Ecosystems 7 4 Environmental Business Ecosystems 17 4.1 Assessing Business Impacts to Ecosystems 18 4.2 Ecosystem Inputs as Capitals 22 5 Integrating Green and Inclusive Business Ecosystems 25 6 Sustainable Agriculture and Agroforestry 26 7 Aiming for Inclusive and Green Growth – The Philippines Case 29 7.1...
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...pineapple A Commodity system analysis Overview of the Commodity Photo from www.markmaranga.com/camp-phillips-del-monte-pineapple-plantation-in-bukidnon/ A. Technical Description Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a perennial crop grown for its fruits and used as a fresh and processed product. World production is about 13.7 million tons fresh fruit.(FAOSTAT, 2001). The origin of the pineapple is still uncertain but the Parana-Paraguay Basin has been considered as a possible area. For good growth pineapple requires mean daily temperatures of 22 to 26°C with an optimum of 23 to 24°C. Mean daily maximum and minimum temperatures of 30 and 20°C respectively for the whole growing period are considered optimum. Temperatures below or above this range affect fruit quality or the acid and sugar content. The crop is grown between 31°N and 34°S, primarily in regions with high relative humidity. A combination of optimum temperature and high humidity results in soft, large leaves and juicy fruits, low in acid content. Fruits ripening in periods with cool temperatures and low radiation levels, e.g. in winter or at high altitudes, are of inferior quality because of poor shape for canning. Requirements for canning are: a cylindrical shape, fruit eyes of a relatively shallow surface and a small fruit core in relation to the fruit. Pineapple can grow on a wide range of soils but a sandy loam texture is preferred. Optimum soil pH is 4.5 to 6.5. The soil should have a low lime content. The...
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