...Semiotics, a concept developed by Ferdinand de Saussaure is a useful tool for analysing advertisements. However, Hodge and Kress (year and page number) recommended that semiotic analysis could also be used as a manner of understanding communication, including media texts. The essence of semiotics is ‘the science of signs, or the study of signs and sign systems’ (O’Shaughnessy and Stadler, 2009:133). Media images often emphasize hegemonic representations of gender, race and class in the South African context, and in this specific advertisement BIC reinforced an ideology regarding the manner woman should portray themselves. Using semiotics, I will be deconstructing the advertisement and will argue, through drawing on xy’s concept of racial hegemony, that BIC created an advertisement that reinforces gemonic notions of race, class and gender. . ‘The denotative meaning of an advertisement is the most basic component. This is the most obvious meaning of a sign which can be expressed by describing what is directly seen.’ (Gottdiener, 1995:15) In the BIC advertisement, there is a woman that looks approximately 30 years old. Regarding racial classification, this woman is considered black. She is neatly dressed in business/ formal attire consisting of a white-collared shirt and grey blazer. She is looking directly into the camera while smiling broadly. Her body is not facing directly toward the viewer, but rather slightly slanted, drawing more attention to her face. The background is...
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...inimical to the national interest. The state is the most important actor under realism. It is unitary and autonomous because it speaks and acts with one voice. The power of the state is understood in terms of its military capabilities. A key concept under realism is the international distribution of power referred to as system polarity. Polarity refers to the number of blocs of states that exert power in an international system. A multipolar system is composed of three or more blocs, a bipolar system is composed of two blocs, and a unipolar system is dominated by a single power or hegemon. Under unipolarity realism predicts that states will band together to oppose the hegemon and restore a balance of power. Although all states seek hegemony under realism as...
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...LET 1 Task 3 Thomas Pepper 195297 Introduction: Corporation A was founded in 1989 and focuses on creating marketing programs for the real estate industry. The corporate mission of Corporation A is to help clients improve their real estate sales. The Corporation A team is comprised of professionals with varied backgrounds and experience levels. The company prides itself on fostering a team environment throughout the organization. Given: Employee 1 has worked in the marketing department at Corporation A for 12 years. In the marketing department, employees who earn a superior rating on their yearly performance evaluation receive a large bonus at the end of the year. Employee 1 often comes into the office on weekends or stays late to ensure the work is complete and accurate. The marketing manager encourages employees to work beyond the requisite 40 hours a week by reminding them of the yearly bonus for receiving a superior rating on their next evaluation. Employee 1 is planning to use the bonus for a well-deserved vacation that would be unaffordable without the bonus. Employee 2 is the only certified public accountant (CPA) in the accounting department at Corporation A. Employee 2 has negotiated with the accounting manager to work a four-day work week and is the only person in that department allowed to work a compressed work week. The accounting manager agreed to the shortened work week because Employee 2 is the only employee who can prepare the company’s financial...
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... Essay Topic: Sharing Power? Prospects for a U.S. Concert-Balance Strategy Date: 12 January 2015 Name: Angela Butts, LTC, USAR Dr. Patrick Porter is an Australian academic at the University of Reading in the United Kingdom. Dr. Porter published a monograph entailing a well reasoned argument on a power-sharing grand strategy based upon concert of power and balance of power systems. According Dr. Porter, these are the strategies that will cause the U.S. to no longer be hegemonic and maintain its powerful influence and status in the global system. I agree with Dr. Porter that the United States (U.S.) should employ these strategies in the future decades. However, I disagree that this is due to losing America’s global hegemony. The lost of hegemony would cause instability within the global system. In the future, I think the U.S. will move towards these strategies in order to produce stability while trying to maintain global leadership. Contrary, the focus could shift for the U.S. to build a “multi-partner” system for governments and nongovernment groups to work together on global issues. This is the goal of the Obama Administration in an effort to reduce competition and have closer ties to the major global powers. There are limited options for other countries to take over as a global hegemon. Unlike other countries, India may be the closest to becoming the next hegemon of the global system; however, it is not ready based on its structural problems and military capabilities...
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...Thomas Green Paper It has been basic to acknowledge in what way singular attributes are premise of force inside an association and in what way those qualities might be connected to outline a real control base. A lot has been composed around particular attributes of people and all the forces connected with the individual. There remain sure credits, which permit people to acquire and hold control in an association. Individuals that hold compelling statuses in an association can convey societal underwriting and fabricate partnerships. Moreover, various individual qualities have been recognized for people practicing control in associations, and assessing the attributes will be indispensable in assembling one's personal particular force. For this situation investigation, we wish talk about the desires of Frank Davis and Thomas Green, arrangements of Shannon McDonald and Frank Davis, just how every individual needed to be dealt with, which control sources every individual utilized and which control sources of Christine Raven and French might have been utilized all the beyond adequately. In any case, forthcoming Davis anticipated that would pick the senior business sector expert and Green would not must remained his primarily decision. Davis and Green convene for one week subsequently Green needed begun his recent title to survey the year-to-date deals. Toward the conclusion of the conference, Davis arranged his desires. Davis expressed to Green, “we had some great gatherings this...
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...Emma Wareus International Relations Theories 3/13/2016 Marxist theory: War on Terror Marxist theories of international politics are commonly dismissed out of hand as being outdated, preoccupied with economics rather than politics, and concerning itself more with domestic rather than international social relations. Viewed from the perspective of Marxism however, both liberalism and realism are profoundly limited, for each takes as its premise a world of pre-constituted social actors (whether self-interested individuals or security-seeking states). These theories are therefore unable to consider the social processes through which these kinds of actors have been historically constructed. Thus in analyzing the so-called war on terror, Marxism forces us to understand the development of the structures of global capitalism and the ideologies and agents situated within these structures. This essay therefore evaluates whether Marxist theories of international politics offer convincing explanations of the war on terror. I start with the Marxist understanding of capitalism as a historically particular way of organizing social life that entails political, cultural and economic aspects that need to be understood as a dynamic ensemble of social relations not necessarily contained within the territorial boundaries of nation states. I then apply this understanding to frame the war on terror through the context of economic security which has animated US policy-makers from the Second World...
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...Introduction This book introduces two characters Frank Davis and Thomas Green. Frank Davis is the marketing director at D7 Display Company. Thomas Green is a newly promoted senior marketing specialist in this company. Tom as a person believes that his ideologies are the ones to be implemented while he is not the director. He also feel that the director doesn’t have enough knowledge in the field of marketing that why he tries to turn him down when he comes up with his plans of growing the company from 10% to 15%. He says” “There’s no way we can achieve double-digit growth this year.”” How actions of Green differ from Davis’s expectation From the email that Frank Davis, marketing director, sends to Thomas Green, senior marketing specialist, it’s evident what Davis expects Tom to do at all the times. Tom, this week’s client meetings went well, but they would have gone better if you had been on top of the market data,” it read. “When you’re on your own, I expect you to be better prepared. It’s essential for your new responsibilities in developing market strategies for your region.” This shows that the actions that had been taken by Green previously were not satisfactory to Davis. Davis also expects Thomas Green to follow all the instructions and job assignments he gives to him. This is illustrated by the phrase he uses to remind him that he has 20 years of experience. Davis said “Yes, I’m aware of web competition, Tom. I’ve been doing this for 20 years”. Tom, a senior marketing...
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...Nikolas Does the USA still remain a global hegemon? Hegemony is the political, economic, or military predominance or control of one state over others. This power is based on the countries structural position which enables the hegemon to shape the actions and influence other states by using soft power (Soft power is the ability to shape the preferences of others through appeal and attraction via politics, culture and foreign policies) more often than not rather than hard power (Hard power is the use of military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies aggressively) and use of force. The US is commonly known as a superpower or ‘hegemon’ though this idea has been challenged by both external and internal factors like the economic prowess of other countries like China who’s rise has been astonishing and are projected to overtake the USA by 2030 as the greatest financial power. If judged in military terms then the USA appears to remain dominant, their lead over the rest of the world is huge. In 2011, the US accounted for 42% of the world’s military spending and had a x5 fold lead over China, the second largest military spender. The US has around 700 military bases around the world as well as an unequivocal lead in high tech weaponry that can intervene militarily in any part of the world and sustain multiple operations like in Afghanistan and Iraq. Though, their power in military terms could be rendered redundant due to their lack...
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...Kyuwon Kyung A97020738 Professor Magana Poli 113A Date Explain magnetic hegemony When a civilization depicts to extend its cultural, social, economic, and political influence over other nations within the international community, Hegemony is formed. Between the periods of 600 to 1450 CE, one nation to entirely dominate the globe was impossible for due to the distance issues, and they did not have the resources and the ability to communicate to support empires to maintain their conquered lands and people. Such empires like, Mongol Empire and Islamic caliphates' inability to control their large territories caused the empires to fall. Therefore, due to the obstacles the empires faced, an empire with great power could best occupy a strong regional hegemony during this time period. China was the nation with the most powerful and wealthy empire of them all which this nation extended its regime over most of Asia. As Professor Magana mentioned during his lecture, magnetic hegemony “is the East Asian theory’s underlying idea of practice of International Relations” (Professor...
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...In 1960, social psychologists John French and Bertam Raven identified what has become known as the five bases of power. These bases of power were the foundation for many of the discussions involving power and authority in the late half of the 20th century. The five bases of power are coercive, legitimate, reward, referent, and expert. The bases can be utilized by themselves or combined with another base when demonstrating power in any situation. This article will explore each of the five bases and describe them more in depth, including formality and informality of the bases. Coercive power, one of the first bases of power, carries with it a manifestation of fear based on the possible negative outcomes of this power and if the subject did not comply with the orders given. Coercive power is the power that comes from a person's authority to punish. This formal base of power is effective in the short term only; and in contrast more often leads to rebellion against authority rather than respect and compliance based on respect. A manager could use coercive power in an instance where an employee was failing to perform his job correctly or efficiently, by threatening the employee with disciplinary action if the issue is not rectified. This base of power creates a general feeling of fear and uneasiness among employees and can be detrimental to the morale of the employees and the company. When employees share a general consensus that a manager or supervisor has a right to give out...
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...Influencing Group Communication Erika Schmidt BCOM/230 January 28, 2013 Dr Ed Influencing Group Communication The five bases of power are coercive power, reward power, legitimate power, expert power, and referent power (Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge, 2009). The three types of formal power are coercive, reward, and legitimate. Coercive power, this source of power is also problematic and can be subject to abuse, cause unhealthy behavior, and dissatisfaction in the workplace. Reward power this source of power often give rewards for doing what they want with a highly probability they will do it. Legitimate power this source of power that provides social hierarchies, cultural norms, and organizational structure like the CEO, a minister, a president, people holding official positions. The two types of Personal power are expert power, and referent power. Expert power happened when demonstrate expertise and people tend to trust and respect what is say. Referent power this source of power is referent to a charisma, charm, admiration, or appeal, and one person respect another, and strongly identifying with that person in some way. (French and Raven's Five Forms of Power, copy) These bases of power affect communication at ADT in different ways. My department FSC (field support services) holds 15 teams and each team has between 14 to 16 team members, some of the supervisors use different bases of power to accomplish the work. The most effective power is the reward power...
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...capability and are thus capable of using force against other states 3) no state can be certain another state will not use force against it 4) survival, territorial integrity, and domestic autonomy are the primal goals of all states and 5) great powers are rational actors (Mearsheimer 2001, pp. 30-31). It is difficult to definitively discern what conclusions Mearsheimer thinks follow from these premises (Wagner 2007, pg. 14). He argues for perhaps three conclusions: 1) great powers have powerful incentives to “think and act offensively with regard to each other…In particular, three general patterns of behavior result: fear, self-help, and power maximization (Mearsheimer 2001, pg.32)” 2) even states that want only to survive end up pursuing hegemony as the ultimate insurance for survival 3) even states that care only about their survival may end up in war. These conclusions constitute what Mearsheimer calls the tragedy of international politics (Mearsheimer 2001, pp. 1-3). This tragedy is embodied in what Mearsheimer describes as the “security dilemma.” The security dilemma stipulates that “the measures a state takes to increase its own security usually decreases the security of other states. Thus, it is difficult for a state to...
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...Five Bases of Power Student Name LET1 (Task 3) WGU August 25, 2013 Course Mentor Name Abstract Power can be defined in many ways from various people. Some people may think power means success, some people may think power means corruption, and unfortunately some people may think power means nothing. Basically power pertains to the possession of influence and authority over others. The five bases of power are coercive, referent, legitimate, expert, and reward power (Abudi, 2011). To understand these five bases of power better in an organization a description with examples for each will be discussed. Five Bases of Power In 1960 John French and Bertram Raven conducted a study in leadership roles on bases of power Coercive, referent, legitimate, expert, and reward power were identified as the five bases of power. Through one or more of these bases, power can be manifested. Most interactions in an organization are established with trust and are constructed through some form of power. Depending on how power is used can result in negative or positive outcomes in an organization. The proper use of power among managers and employees can result in excellent social and interpersonal relationships (Abudi, 2011). In the given scenario, Corporation A is a business that creates marketing programs for the real estate industry. The employees with different job roles that work at Corporation...
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...Communication and Bases of Power Student Name BCOM/230 Date: September 9, 2013 Instructor Name Communication and Bases of Power Power influences our behavior and the way we communicate in the workplace. Power is defined as the affected behavior of one person from the influence of another person with higher authority. Depending on how the power is used, it may have a positive or negative effect in an organization. According to Robbins and Judge (2009), there are five bases of power that can influence individuals or groups in the workplace; they are coercive power, reward power, legitimate power, expert power, and referent power (p. 452). Coercive power is a formal kind of power that I believe is the most negative among the other forms of power. The person who uses this kind of power places fears to subordinates; therefore, I believe communication from group members to leaders is limited by electronic means, like email, because members are intimidated by the coercive power of the leader. If the individual does not comply with the company’s policies, norms or does not reach a goal desired by management, then the fear of being fired, demoted, or punished is in place. The person is intimidated by threads from management. I find that threads of been fired due to lack of compliance is a delicate approach to change the behaviors of others. In these cases, members may be displeased of the thread and may start looking for other positions outside of the company; hence the...
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...INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, BUSINESS, AND ADMINISTRATION VOLUME 15, NUMBER 1, 2012 Power and Leadership: An Influence Process Fred C. Lunenburg Sam Houston State University ABSTRACT Power is the ability to influence others. One of the most influential theories of power comes from the work of French and Raven, who attempted to determine the sources of power leaders use to influence others. French and Raven identified five sources of power that can be grouped into two categories: organizational power (legitimate, reward, coercive) and personal power (expert and referent). Generally, the personal sources of power are more strongly related to employees’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and job performance than are the organizational power sources. One source of organizational power—coercive power—is negatively related to work outcomes. However, the various sources of power should not be thought of as completely separate from each other. Sometimes leaders use the sources of power together in varying combinations depending on the situation. A new concept of power, referred to as “empowerment,” has become a major strategy for improving work outcomes. What comes to mind when you think of the term “power”? Does it elicit positive or negative feelings? In both research and practice, power has been described as a dirty word. Consider the Enron scandal (McLean & Elkind, 2003). Certainly it is easy to think of leaders who have used power for...
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