...1 The Official Language Movement Your Name ETH/125 Date Instructor 2 The Official Language Movement When it comes to the constant debate over bilingual education there are many sources that can be reflected on . Part of all this is society personal attitudes when it comes to immigrants. (Rolf Kjolseth 2000). Many American, although not always conscious of their actions, often show a hypocritical double standard when it comes to bilingualism. On one side, they show pride and encourage a natural born American citizen that studies abroad learning a foreign language and becoming bilingual, at the same time they expect that all immigrants stop using their native languages and use only the English language to communicate. (Porter 1998) Much of the debate over bilingual education stems from an unrealistic expectation of immediate results. (Jim Cummins 2002). The public automatically believe that students should immerse themselves into the American culture and learn English and forget about their previous cultural background. Although many studies have shown that bilingual education provides a positive environment during the learning and social growth of many language-minority students, the opposition while mostly politically motivated has shown to have the upper hand when it come to most states debates. Many believe that being able to speak multiple languages in politics produces confusion among the citizens of a country. Any individual living in the United...
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...The official language movement has created a lot of controversy in both education and politics. Even former Speaker of the House, Newt Gingrich, said "Citizenship requires passing a test on American History in English. If that’s true, we do not have to create ballots in any other language except English," (2007). Mr. Gingrich also stated that to allow bilingualism will pose long term dangers to our nation and that bilingual education should be replaced with immersion in English. There is even debate as to whether legislation should be passed requiring that all drivers’ license test be given in English only. The argument is that with some road signs going digital, you need to be able to read what is being said and not just recognize the symbol. Advocates say that this is a matter of safety (Crist, 2011). While many non-Hispanic white Americans are opposed to bilingualism in schools - teaching a second language to students who already speak English, there are many organizations that favor it. According to The Preschool English Learners (2005) website, many children throughout the world learn to speak two languages and research indicates there are distinct cognitive, communicative, and cultural advantages to being bilingual. It also states that a key factor to mastering a second language is the age and extent of exposure to each language. The biggest debate in education is over whether non-English speaking students should be put into English immersion classes or bilingual...
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...The Official Language Movement Name Axia College of University of Phoenix ETH125 Professor April 8, 2010 The Official Language Movement Impact of English Language Movement is a website geared toward the political and Civil rights of bilingual citizens or lack thereof. It focuses on the author’s opinion of political correctness of the enforcement of English as the one and only language spoken in all local and governmental facilities. The author does not think that any other language should be spoken other than English (Steven W. Bender, 1996). Two Opposing Views of Bilingualism is a publication that was composed in 1999 and it reflects on both points of view, political, and educational. This article is how ever geared more toward the Educational side of the argument. The author comments on an experiment that took place in Europe in 1996, which the Spanish Ministry of Education and the British Council are allowing individual cities to enroll students into a program that enforces bilingual learning within the mandated public education grades (Francisco Ramos, 1996). This publication is voicing the opinions of multiple educators which believe in bilingual education and instruction...
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...The official Language Movement One of the main reasons that many immigrants come to the United States is to provide their children an education that they would not have received in their country or origin (Destination Casa Blanca, 2009). Children who struggle with language barriers would benefit from bilingual and early education programs to detect in what areas students are in need of help as they start their learning development. Yet others state that many immigrants and other students have achieved their goals without such programs and they would therefore be a waste of tax money and resources that could be better spent elsewhere. The issue is strong in education. Many immigrants and Americans that have children attending public schools have different views and organizations to support those feeling and beliefs. Schaefer (2006) states that “until the last 20 or 30 years there was a conscious effort to devalue the Spanish language and to discourage Hispanics from using it in schools (p. 242). In the 1960s, the school boards in the Southwest, Florida, and New York City enforced a “No Spanish” rule and up until 1968 it was illegal to teach in any language other than English in California. English as a second language (ESL) programs tend to emphasize bilingual but not bicultural education (Schaefer, 2006). Some Hispanics strongly oppose bilingualism, believing that English-only education, even for very young children, is the key to success. The growth of the Hispanic population...
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...become proficient in the English Language” is agreed upon by opponents and proponents of bilingual education. The proponents state “that bilingual education is simply the most effective method for fostering the acquisition of English.” In describing many bilingual programs the Center for Equal Opportunity states that “students who don’t speak English are locked away in special programs that try to maintain native languages rather that teach English, often without their parents consent.” 2) This article discusses the public policy questions and the history of bilingualism in education in America. Most people do not realize the complexity and the history of bilingualism in America. The use of more than one language by a community has been part of the American social and political landscape for more than two centuries (Kloss, 1977). According to the wishes of parents in Ohio in 1839, the law allowed for instruction in German, English, or both in the public schools. There are probably less students receiving Spanish-English instruction than at the turn of the century when six hundred thousand elementary students were receiving all or part of their education in German, according to Kloss, 1977. The article proceeds to further discuss the political issues surrounding bilingual education. 3) From an NBC correspondent Miguel Almaguer is an article discussing bilingual education in a school district in Charlotte, N.C. In the Collinswood Language Academy students learn subjects like...
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...National Language Proposal As reported by Carl Hulse in the New York Times, the United States Senate voted to make English the national language. The proposed amendment was passed with a 63-to-34 vote, with backers claiming it established that it would simply affirm the pre-eminence of English without overturning laws or rules on bilingualism. The proposal declares that no one has "a right, entitlement or claim to have the government of the United States or any of its officials or representatives act, communicate, perform or provide services or provide materials in any language other than English" (2006). Politics of Bilingualism in Education In an article from Social Justice, James Crawford describes the politics of bilingualism in education by offering a detailed history and the political debate that has ensued since the Bilingual Education Act was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Johnson in 1968. The latest movements to make English a national language are mentioned, and the attempt is then made to answer the many questions that the bill inspires, including its impact, significance and true purpose (1998). Bilingual Education An article in the Bilingual Research Journal by Carlos J. Ovando of Arizona State University argues that changing political, social, and economic forces, rather than any consistent ideology, have shaped the nation’s responses to bilingual education. He concludes that language ideology in the United States has...
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...Body Language Body Language: Body language is the movement or position of your body that shows other people how you are feeling, even though you do not tell them in words. It includes both gestures and postures. Gesture: Gesture is a movement of the hands, arms or head, etc. to express an idea or feeling. Posture: Posture is the way in which someone usually holds their shoulders, neck and back, or a particular position in which someone stands, sits, etc. Important gestures: Gestures are components of speech, not accompaniments or ‘add-ons’ (Adam Kendon’s 2008 term), but actually integral parts of it. If you look around and watch someone talking face to face or through mobile in informal terms, you are likely to see the hands and arms in motion. Gestures are considered as the most evocative form of nonverbal communication the speakers can employ. No other kind of physical action can enhance your speeches in as many ways as gestures. They clarify and support your words, dramatize your ideas, lend emphasis and vitality, help dissipate nervous tension, function as visual aids and stimulate audience participation. So gestures should be purposeful, meaningful and visible. "I am the most spontaneous speaker in the world because every word, every gesture, and every retort has been carefully rehearsed." George Bernard Shaw Types of gestures: There are four major types of gestures: 1) Descriptive gestures 2) Emphatic gestures 3) Suggestive gestures and 4) Prompting gestures ...
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...the test successful and distribute quality watches that will pass the SOCC investigation and gain profits for the organization. The importance is to remember that the watches were failing three tests on a constant basis. It is important as stakeholders within the organization to make sure the machinery is not the responsible for the failures of the three industry test. The budget for upgrade is $500,000. Listening to the views of the head of departments the important machinery to work with is upgrading the timing machine, upgrading the poising machine, and buying movement holders. The posing machine is important because it is used to poise the balancing wheel. Poising determines the accuracy of the movement in different positions. Upgrading this machine will help ensure the accuracy of the watches in different positions. Movement holders hold the base plate of the movement keeping the base flat and secure with no movement that makes it easier to assemble the...
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...Brand association: It means what resides in the customer’s deepest mind. Brand association is anything which is deep seated in customer’s mind about the brand. Brand should be associated with something positive so that the customers relate your brand to being positive. Brand associations are the attributes of brand which come into consumers mind when the brand is talked about. It is related with the implicit and explicit meanings which a consumer relates/associates with a specific brand name. About Rolex, if we consider the upper portion then the brand association will be: 1. Watch. 2. People. 3. Sports. 4. Successful. 5. Highest quality. 6. Reliability. 7. Durability. 8. Serviceability. 9. Convenient. 10. Unique. 11. Prestige. 12. Word of mouth publicity. 13. Price. 14. Luxury. 1. Watch: If any customer think about the brand Rolex, the picture will be spotted in his or her mind is watch, which represents aristocracy. It is being fixed in their brain or even soul, because the brand Rolex is representing themselves as a brand of watch for many year. 2. People: Different types of people use it to reflect their strength. Top athletes are wearing it to show their toughness, robustness and skill. Rich and high class people wear it to show their wealth and class. Man also use it to show their manliness. 3. Sports: Rolex are associated with different kind of sports like Golf, Sailing etc. So, customers also think...
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...the Environmental Movement can be brought to an end by doing something new. Insanity: Doing the same thing over and over again expecting different results. --Albert Einstein. Since there is doubt to the severity of or even the existence of the environmental crisis, this paper will operate under the presupposition that the environment is indeed in dire straits, and that the ultimate solution should produce a utopian society where man and environment are judged equally. This paper is written from the contentious perspective. Through this perspective it is implicit; by the environment's current state, coupled with the assumption of human responsibility, and the obligation human morality, the notion that something must be done by humans in regards of addressing the environment's plight. That something; must be different from what is currently, and has historically been done. The justification for this statement comes from Albert Einstein’s Epitaph. We need to strike out. Enacting positive drastic changes in the state in the environment will require drastic changes in our collective ethos. It is the task of the environmental movement to; not only figure out what these changes are, and which ones will work best, but to also integrate the changes in to the mainstream. Obviously there must be division of labor within the movement, but ideally this subject should be tackled under consensus. Unfortunately, however, in reality the environmental movement approaches the task...
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...Ascertain the beautiful land, people, values, and government of Ethiopia. Deicide if the Rastafarian movement is where you belong. Voyage to a place in which Haile Selassie is the emperor who deserves the upmost praise from his people for his revolutionary ideas of government. Gain a sense of pride to be not only African but a part of the Ethiopian dynasty of royalty. Let's go... Ethiopia is divided into fourteen administrative units, or provinces: Shoa, Harar, Bale, Sidamo, Gamu-Gofa, Kaffa, Illubabor, Wollega, Gojam, Beghemder, Wello, Arussi, Tigre, and Eritrea. Ethiopia's economy is severely underdeveloped. It has a per-capita income of approximately US$64 a year; about ninety percent of the population earns a living from farming or livestock. Ethiopia's major money crop coffee accounts for nearly sixty percent of the nation’s exports. Ethiopia is also Africa's fourth largest producer of coffee. Skin, hides, and meat are also exported, as are oil seed, oil cakes, fruits, vegetables, and spices. Ethiopia's major trading partners are the U.S, West Germany, Britain, Italy, and Japan. The population of Ethiopia is estimated at between twenty-two and twenty- seven million. Throughout much of its history, the county has been ruled by the Amhara and Tigri tribes . The two tribes make up about one third of the population and live in the Northern provinces. Amharic, the major and official language of Ethiopia, is spoken by the Amhara, who with the Tigrai, domi ate the social, economic and...
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...New Social Movements In Nepal Introduction Nepal has undergone three major movements during and after the end of the hundred years of Rana Oligarchy in 1950, 1990 and 2006. These movements did not only change the political power, but also substantively affected the structure of the prevalent Nepalese society. Hereupon, ethnic, Dalit, women and Madesh movement with the demand of identity and inclusion have been reaching their peak in these recent years. We can analyze all these movements of Nepal under the important and essential theory of New Social Movement. The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) fought twelve years People's war under the doctrine developed by Mao Tse-tung of China, but raised many issues highly influenced by the New Social Movement such as ethnic, gender, Dalit and Madesh related to the identity and human rights, not based on socialism or communism. The article 'New Social Movements: of the Early Nineteenth Century' written by Craig Calhoun is important to make our perception on the various social movements of Nepal. It is new concept in the sociological theory which was developed after only 1968, different than old social movements like the Marxism, socialism and labour movement of the past. Most of the contemporary social movements are emerged outside the mainstream political system, political parties and formal institutional life and inspired by the non-hierarchical, participatory form of democracy, human rights, social justice, environmental preservation...
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...this was the SDS. The New Left can be defined as a loosely organized, mostly white student movement that advocated for democracy, civil rights and various types of university reforms and protested against the Vietnam war. A radical leftists political movement was active especially during the 1960s and 70s, composed largely of college students and young intellecuals whose goals included equality, de-escalation of the arms race nonintervention in foreign affairs, and other big changes in the political, economic, social, and educational systems. The 1960s was a time of people around the world struggling for more of a say in the decisions of their society. The emergence of the personal computer in the late 70s and early 80s and the longer gestation of the new forms of people-controlled communication facilitated by the Internet and Usenet in the late 80s and today are the direct descendents of 1960s.The era of the 1960s was a special time in America. Masses of people realized their own potential to affect how the world around them worked. People rose up to protest the ways of society which were out of their control, whether to fight against racial segregation, or to gain more power for students in the university setting. The "Port Huron Statement" created by the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was a document which helped set the mood for the decade. The antiwar movement actually consisted of a number of independent interests, often only vaguely allied and contesting...
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...specific cause or being given a task to achieve in a business atmosphere, leadership is developing strategy taking action, and motivating others to see the importance of the goal or goals. In social movements, people come together often for emotional reasons seeking to change the way society responds to certain actions. They are often a direct response to the need for reform and are brought about to make change to current established norms bringing awareness to how society morally and ethically responds to social issues. Social movements seek to implement, redefine and change the rules for the betterment of society and people. Because social movements are mainly interested in change, they are generally not for profit and require leadership that rallies the collective and influences participants to forge the path of change voluntarily with commitment to the cause rather than the outcome of getting some form of compensation. Differences between social movements and profit making businesses are that social movements “celebrate collective identity, and assert public voice” rather than focusing on the production of “goods or services. Social movements “interact with their constituents, not customers or clients” (Ganz, 2010, p. 2). True leadership on all levels whether in social movements, non- profits or other profitable business ventures, takes a person who possesses drive, focus and sees the overall picture. Leadership is a person who has vision, and the ability to bring people together...
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...Introduction “Up, you mighty race, accomplish what you will.” Marcus Garvey Rastafarianism is a religious movement born out of black slums of Jamaica which harnessed the teachings of the Jamaican born black nationalists, Marcus Garvey and conditionally uses selective Old Testament Christian writings to support its teachings and practices. Among Jamaican society, members of the Rastafarian movement were commonly perceived as social outcasts because of their anti-establishment way of life and their pride in identifying themselves as people of African ancestry. The inspiration which led to its genesis in the 1930’s was Messianic or millenarian in nature has been sustained and pervaded by a sense of African triumphalism. Although physical repatriation to Africa has not been fulfilled as Garvey or the founding Rastafarianism originally hoped, followers learned the “idea of Africa as home” can be a psychologically, culturally and spiritually empowering experience- all of which are important ingredients for creating positive ethno-racial self- conceptions of self and community. (Singh 2001) To participate in a form of active engagement towards liberation, Rastafarianism practice “reasonings”. The purpose is to heighten awareness by discussing local and worldly issues in an open communal environment and also emulating what theologian and educator Paulo Freire called conscientization. Conscientization arouse people’s consciousness and sense of self-redemption from the bottom up...
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