...Uniform Crime Reports and the Major Components In 1930 the United States Department of Justice instituted the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) program since that time the UCR has become an important source of crime information for law enforcement, scholars, the media and policy makers. The UCR is comprised of two major components these components are “the summary-based data (often referred to as UCR data or simply summary) which has been collected since 1930 and the incident based data of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)” (Manning, 2011). This paper will attempt to address the following questions: 1. What are the Uniform Crime Reports and its major components? 2. What are the major components of the crime index? 3. What are the differences of the major components? What are the Uniform Crime Reports and its major components? The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) is official data on crime in the United States, which is published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The UCR is a national, cooperative statistical effort of voluntary reporting data provided by city, university and college, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies (Scott). The statistical data received from these agencies are compiled and published annually by the FBI in Crime in the United States. The offenses included in the UCR are divided into two categories which are violent crime and property crime. The offenses listed with the violent crime index are murder...
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...In the article Victims and Offenders in Two Crime Statistics Programs: A Comparison of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), (herein after NCVS and NIBRS will be called “systems” when referencing the statistics of the nature of the crimes), the comparison of the two reporting systems for crimes are similar. These two reporting systems are a visual representation of the crimes that are reported. They do not account for crimes that are not reporting or crimes that are reported after the date. They report crime only when there is an official report, such as one by the officer that comes to the scene of the crime to take statements from the individuals. NCVS and NIBRS are only report burglary, larceny, aggravated assault, and vehicle theft. They do not report on more serious crimes such as rape or murder. Every report was different for males and females. Males where committing more crimes than female in every category mentioned above for offenders. Aggravated assault victims had more male than female. The crimes where committed against males more than females. This was reported by both systems noting that males where victimized more than females. Robbery was the same way noting that males were victimized more than females. Larceny and vehicle theft on both systems display white people has have being the must victimized out the other races. This includes white males and white females. This is broke down to head of...
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...property crime rates in individual states across the United States of America as well as the District of Columbia. The crimes include: murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny/theft, and motor vehicle theft. The data was compiled from 2008 to 2009 as part of the last national Census in 2010. Since the data is based on factual information researched by the United States Department of Commerce of the US Census Bureau, it may be considered a real project. The interest in this topic began with the presentation given during class by our guest speaker, Mayra De La Canal, from the City of El Paso’s Planning and Economic Development Department. Ms. Canal presented the class with information on the city’s areas of growth and the opportunities present for business development. During the presentation Ms. Canal mentioned that El Paso has been named as one of America’s safest cities. The validity of this statement alone sparked discussion amongst one another on whether or not El Paso was truly considered one of the safest cities in the nation. We then began researching the idea only to find conflicting information from various sources. This conflicting data and information led us to start developing our project from a micro environment towards a more macro perspective; investigating crimes rates within states rather than cities. This was a decision made due to the vast amount of cities within United States. Our group expects this analysis to rank...
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...coincidence (Thabo Meli, Royall) and BRD (prosecution, differs for offence and defence) Chapter 5 – Homicide: Murder and Involuntary Manslaughter 5.1 Patterns of homicide 423 Study by A.Wallace. 1968-81 * -relationship of victim to offender. * -homicide is a crime that is socially, historically and culturally determined. * -homicide comprises a variety of offenders and victims in different social settings. * -Homicide in NSW is largely interpersonal in nature, rather than instrumental or ideological. * -Majority of interpersonal killings involved intimates. * -Homicide patterns reflect cultural norms. * -homicide is spontaneous rather than premeditated crime. * -Homicide offenders exhibit a wide range of moral culpability. 5.3 Murder S18 Crimes Act (1900) NSW S 18. (1) (a) Murder shall be taken to have been committed where the act of the accused, or thing by him omitted to be done, causing the death charged, was done or omitted with reckless indifference to human life, or with intent to kill or inflict grievous bodily harm upon some person, or done in an attempt to commit, or during or immediately after the commission, by the accused, or some accomplice with him, of a crime punishable by penal servitude for life or for 25 years. (b) Every other punishable homicide shall be taken to be manslaughter. S 18 (2)(a) No act or omission which was not malicious, or for which the accused had lawful cause or excuse, shall be within this section...
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...model of crime analyzing how such behavior is associated with individual and neighborhood poverty. The model shows that even under relatively minimal assumptions, a connection between individual poverty and both property and violent crimes will arise, and moreover, "neighborhood" e¤ects can develop, but will di¤er substantially in nature across crime types. A key implication is that greater economic segregation in a city should have no e¤ect or a negative e¤ect on property crime, but a positive e¤ect on violent crime. Using IV methods, I show this implication to be consistent with the empirical evidence. Keywords: Crime; Segregation; Neighborhood E¤ects; Instrumental Variables; Poverty. 1 “I don’ care if I got money, or work Monday through Friday. I just go shoot a t motherf*@#er on the weekends. If that’ what need to be done to keep my hood s and my young ones around here safe, then that’ what to get done” (quoted by s Landesman, 2007). 1 Introduction High rates of crime and violence in poor neighborhoods have been described by numerous scholars and journalists (Wilson, 1987; Krivo and Peterson, 1996; Kotlowitz, 1991; Patterson, 1991; Messner and Tardi¤, 1986, to name just a few). However, the quote above from a man residing in a high-poverty housing project in south Los Angeles emphasizes that not only is crime a large part of life in high-poverty neighborhoods, but also that violent crimes may often serve a quite di¤erent purpose than basic property crime. Namely...
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...Assignment 2 * NCVS – The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) series, previously called the National Crime Survey (NCS), has been collecting data on personal and household victimization since 1973. An ongoing survey of a nationally representative sample of residential addresses, the NCVS is the primary source of information on the characteristics of criminal victimization and on the number and types of crimes not reported to law enforcement authorities. It provides the largest national forum for victims to describe the impact of crime and characteristics of violent offenders. Twice each year, data are obtained from a nationally representative sample of roughly 49,000 households comprising about 100,000 persons on the frequency, characteristics, and consequences of criminal victimization in the United States. The survey is administered by the U.S. Census Bureau on behalf of the Bureau of Justice Statistics. The NCVS was designed with four primary objectives: (1) to develop detailed information about the victims and consequences of crime, (2) to estimate the number and types of crimes not reported to the police, (3) to provide uniform measures of selected types of crimes, and (4) to permit comparisons over time and types of areas. The survey categorizes crimes as "personal" or "property." Personal crimes cover rape and sexual attack, robbery, aggravated and simple assault, and purse-snatching/pocket-picking, while property crimes cover burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft...
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...A337/A523 Accounting Information Systems Midterm Study General There will be two narratives, one for context/physical DFD, one for the flowchart. It is important for your DFDs to be consistent with each other. (See the Documentation Exercises for worked examples) DFD The physical DFD should be annotated with flow labels. At this point, you are expected to know the 4 DFD symbols and how to apply them. Flow Chart This will be a shorter narrative and/or partially completed one I will also provide a list of flowchart symbols. SUA/Transaction Cycles / Chapter 5 A handful multiple choice questions related to documents and activities in each of the three transaction cycles (similar to SUA #1). Internal Controls and Computer Crime (Chapters 13, 14, & 15) Know what internal controls are and be able to give examples * Definition * Policies, plans, and procedures * Implemented to protect a firms assets * People Involved * Board of directors * Management * Other key personnel * Provides reasonable assurance * Effectiveness and efficiency of operations * Reliability of financial reporting * Protection of Assets * Compliance with applicable laws and regulations * Important Guidance * Statement on Auditing Standard No. 94 * Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Understand the reasons humans make mistakes * Errors may be the result of many factors * Distractions – Concurrent...
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...Offenders, Crimes, and Correction/Detention Cost Nateshia R. Bush Dr. Mary Parker Independent Study April 16, 2013 Introduction The criminal justice system today in America has many different sides, which come together to keep the overall peace of society. The criminal justice system deals with the different offenders, classifications for crime, and types of punishment for such crimes. The system is responsible for maintaining the constitutional rights and overall freedom of citizens, which some take for granted daily. It is a fact that crime exist for different purposes; however, it is more important to know laws are required to make certain societies function in a peaceful manner. When criminals break the law, other individuals are paid to make sure justice is served within the community. Paying these public servants comes at a cost to the community through tax dollars. Police officers, Judges, Lawyers, Court Clerks, Bailiffs, Correctional officers, Wardens, and more have jobs due to the existence of crime and these people work together to provide safety within our communities as well as retribution and treatment for different offenders and their individual needs. Crimes exist on a regular basis within our communities, which employs significant cost on the general public to cover the cost of maintaining inmates in correctional and local detention facilities. Crime has a broad range in occurrence, which ranges from simple traffic violations or part II crimes to more...
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...Final Review for ACCT 436 M/C题： 1. Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization (RICO) -Act that lists more than 30 different state and federal crimes for which the violation of any two in a related pattern over a 10-year period can lead to criminal and/or civil liability with criminal penalties of fines up to $25,000 and 20 years in prison; part of the Organized Crime Control Act (OCCA) of 1970. -The act was designed to combat organized crime, forbids certain organized gambling, and to allow the prosecution of criminal leaders who may not have been directly involved in a series of criminal acts but whose criminal organization carried out the details. 2. Benford’s Law (1)定义：A fraud indicator that predicts the relative incidence of first digits of numbers in certain types of random data. (2)Benford Analysis Benford analysis presents another interesting approach to fraud detection. Its general use is to determine the likelihood that fraud exists in records. This technique is based on Benford’s law, named after Frank Benford who realized that the likelihood that numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 will appear as the first digit in numbers occurring in a random data set conforms to a predictable pattern. That is, the number 1 is more likely to appear as the first digit in a number than is the number 2. The pattern of likelihood (Figure 6.6) continues with other digits: The number 2 is more likely to appear as a first digit than 3, 3 is more likely to appear as a first...
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...reus is the Latin term used to describe a criminal act. Every crime must be considered in two parts-the physical act of the crime (actus reus) and the mental intent to do the crime (mens rea). Преступление — это общественно опасное, противоправное, виновное деяние дееспособного лица, за которое предусмотрено уголовное наказание. Crime - is socially dangerous , illegal , guilty act capable person, which provides criminal penalties. Crimes are defined by criminal law, which refers to a body of federal and state rules that prohibit behavior the government deems harmful to society. If one engages in such behavior, they may be guilty of a crime and prosecuted in criminal court. In today’s society, criminal behavior and criminal trials are highly publicized in the media and commonly the storyline in hit television shows and movies. As a result, people may consider themselves well-informed on the different types of crimes. However, the law can be quite complicated. There are many different types of crimes but, generally, crimes can be divided into four major categories,personal crimes, property crimes, inchoate crimes, and Statutory Crimes: * Personal Crimes – “Offenses against the Person”: These are crimes that result in physical or mental harm to another person. Personal crimes include: * Assault * Battery * False Imprisonment * Kidnapping * Homicide – crimes such as first and second degree, murder, and involuntary manslaughter...
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...spoken 3. Reliance on the false statement by the victim 4. Damages resulting from the victim’s reliance on the false statement In the broadest sense, fraud can encompass any crime for gain that uses deception as its principal technique. This deception is implemented through fraud schemes: specific methodologies used to commit and conceal the fraudulent act. There are three ways to relieve a victim of money illegally: force, trickery, or larceny. Those offenses that employ trickery are frauds. The legal definition of fraud is the same whether the offense is criminal or civil; the difference is that criminal cases must meet a higher burden of proof. For example, let’s assume an employee who worked in the warehouse of a computer manufacturer stole valuable computer chips when no one was looking and resold them to a competitor. This conduct is certainly illegal, but what law has the employee broken? Has he committed fraud? The answer, of course, is that it depends. Let us briefly review the legal ramifications of the theft. The legal term for stealing is larceny, which is defined as “felonious stealing, taking and carrying, leading, riding, or driving away with another’s personal property, with the intent to convert it or to deprive the owner thereof.” In order to prove that a person has committed larceny, we would need to prove the following four elements: 1. There was a taking or carrying away...
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...technology in our society, it is no surprise that we can use software for process improvement as well. Predictive policing is a perfect example of this combination of a proven process and information technology coming together to create an effective tool. Compstat (COMPuter STATistics) is one such tool that has optimized police departments abilities to predict and reduce crime when compared to random street patrols. Our society is sophisticated on many levels and crime is no different. Just as we have advancements on the positive aspects of life, the negative aspects are advancing right alongside. Predictive policing, "taking data from disparate sources, analyzing them and then using the results to anticipate, prevent and respond more effectively to future crime", can and has been a great positive advancement for mitigating and in some cases stopping crime altogether. Pearsall, B. (2010, May). "Predictive policing entails becoming less reactive. "The predictive vision moves law enforcement from focusing on what happened to focusing on what will happen and how to effectively deploy resources in front of crime, thereby changing outcomes," writes Charlie Beck, chief of the Los Angeles Police Department.[1] Beck told participants that perhaps the greatest benefit to predictive policing is the discovery of new or previously unknown patterns and trends." Pearsall, B. (2010, May). With respect to that, predictive policing can have boundless...
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...Chapter Seven: Deviance Deviance is recognized as the violation of cultural norms. Norms help guide us thought life activity. Crime is an act of violation of society formally enacted criminal law. Criminal deviance is divided into a wide range of offenses, from minor traffic violation to sexual assault to murder. In general that we would normally view nonconformity as breaking the rules, or regulation, like driving while under the influence of alcohol, stealing which is viewed as someone is negative or an bad person. On the other side we view someone that is good as a nerd that doesn’t do anything but think about computer software and programs, and someone that does a lot of volunteer work. Deviance doesn’t have to involve our actions or even choose. Some deviances action can be detached on how we all think about others and if we don’t like a certain people because of the person’s disability race, and other difference. This means that racial hate groups are performing a deviance act against other unlike racial groups. Social control is subjected to everyone in a society. Social control is an attempt to control people’s thoughts and behavior to standards of the society. Unfortunately social control has been able to control all of those murders and other people that constantly break the rules and regulation. In cases of serious deviance, however may bring action by the criminal justice system, which is a formal response by police, courts, and prison official to alleged...
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...Compare and contrast the nature of white collar crime with other type types of illegal acts. 2. Compare and contrast the typical participants of white collar crime against the participants of other types of illegal acts 3. Discuss the role of technology in white collar crime and how its role may create differences from other forms of crime. 4. Analyze the role of “opportunity” and how it contributes to white collar crime. Provide specific examples to support your response. When Edwin Sutherland first began his study/analysis under the Traditional Summary Reporting System, there was a limited amount of information available on White Color Crime. The white-collar offenses that are measured are fraud, forgery/counterfeiting, embezzlement, and all other offenses. Because white-collar crimes are not Index crimes, the only information available on these offenses is arrest information, which includes age, sex, and race of the arrestee. Additionally, all other offenses arrest category is very limited in its ability to measure the white-collar offenses included in its counts. This is due to the inability to differentiate the white-collar offenses from the others that also fall in this category. Based upon the most recently published data from the FBI, the arrest rates for the offenses of embezzlement, fraud, and forgery/counterfeiting are much lower than the arrest rates for property, crime, or for total crimes in general. In order to assess the utility...
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...Feminism and Crime Name: Course: Instructor: Institution: Date of Submission: Introduction Feminism is the belief that men and women are of equal worth and should be treated equally despite the gender. Feminism has evolved from the years. The current generation, Generation Y has a different perspective of females than the former generations. There have been three major waves of feminism evolution. The first wave was in the 1800s, women were not allowed to vote or participate in any public or political opinions. During this time, women demanded their right to vote. The second wave of feminism developed in the 1960s where females of certain marginalized groups (working class women, blacks and prisoners) felt they weren't being treated equally and fairly like men and upper-class women. The civil rights activist fought very much for their rights during this time. However, not a lot resulted during this wave which led to the third wave of feminism evolution. The third wave developed to improve the second wave short comings. This is the new generation of feminists who know their rights and what gender equality is. Society generally favored men hence the need for social movements towards females rights to be heard. Feminism and Criminology Feminist criminology evolved during the time women were being judged on their gender rather than the type they committed. Gender inequality is basically due to men trying to control women and their sexuality. Feminists insist...
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