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10/1/15

Bioenergetics

EXAM 2

Figure 5-5

Types of Biological Work

concentration: Na+/ K+ pump

• Synthetic (changes in chemical bonds)
• Mechanical (changes in location or orientation of a cell or a subcellular structure)
• Concentration (movement of molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient)
• Electrical (movement of ions across a membrane against electrochemical gradient)
• Heat (a useful increase in temperature)
• Bioluminescence (production of light)

Laws of Thermodynamics
First Law: energy in the universe is constant
Second Law: entropy of the universe is increasing = the capacity of a system to do work is always decreasing

Equation sums these factors: H

= G + TS

H = total energy
G = free energy (available to do work)
S = entropy (measure of chaos, not available to do work)
T = temperature in degrees Kelvin

1

10/1/15

Free energy (Gibbs’ energy) is available to do work

Exergonic and Endergonic reactions
Exergonic

Energy is released

Endergonic

catabolic:exergonic anabolic: endergonic

Energy is consumed

Catalyzed reactions = enzymatic reactions in biological systems

catalyst: speed up reaction, by lower Activation energy

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookenzym.html

2

10/1/15

Change in Energy is More Relevant than Absolute Energy
Absolute Energy: How much energy is in a piece of wood?
- hard to know
- hard to measure
Change in energy: Change a piece of wood to ash (burn it)
- you can measure energy given off (exergonic)
- tells you something about the amount of energy needed to make that wood

ΔH (in system, wood) = ΔG + TΔS

Molecules have an absolute energy and when broken down
(oxidized, hydrolized), they “release “ energy
ATP hydrolysis
At the start of the reaction: H = G (high) + TS (low)
At the end of the

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