...Pornography benefits women, both personally and politically (McElroy.W 1995. XXX: A Women’s Right to Pornography). Comment on this statement examining both sides of the argument. Pornography is any type of material that depicts erotic behaviour and is intended to cause sexual excitement in its audience. It is an issue that has been under constant debate in our society and there are many arguments for and against pornography it has been extensively debated whether pornographic material should be legally protected or banned. Those who believe pornography must be protected argue that the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees freedom of expression, including sexual expression. A strong defender to this view is McElroy, who reflects this in her writing of “XXX: A Woman’s Right to Pornography”. Opponents of McElroy’s view raise moral concerns, arguing that the First Amendment does not protect expression that corrupts people's behaviour, therefore defending the suppression of pornography because it perpetuates gender stereotypes, as women are reduced to nothing more than sex objects which promotes violence against women and that men are viewed as “naturally” oppressive and violent and they are ruled by their sexual natures. Opponents also believe that even if pornography is viewed as speech it should be treated as a low value form of speech that is not entitled to First Amendment protection. According to the Radical feminist view, men are socialized to have sexual desires...
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...MUZZAMIL HUSSAIN I. Introduction: Pornography has been defined as any material that is sexually explicit but does not appear to be obscene and, which can be displayed through the Internet, adult movies, magazines and adult stores. Obscenity laws in Canada use the community standards models to determine which pornographic material are in accordance with societal morals, and which should be categorized as obscene. John Stuart Mill and the Harms of Pornography is an article written by David Dyzenhaus in 1992, professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto. In his article, he raises an interesting idea that liberalists and feminists would support the censorship of pornography (Dyzenhaus, 1992). The feminist viewpoint argues that pornography shows men forcing women into sex; therefore it should be censored because of the harm it causes against women. Dyzenhaus then hypothesizes that because pornography is portrayed as violent material, the classical liberalists such as John Stuart Mill would defend the feminists in censoring such behavior based on his harm principle. The article also raises gender inequality issues of contemporary society, one being the subordination of men to women. Three political philosophies are concerned with the law of obscenity: liberalism, conservatism and feminism. Conservative morality takes into consideration the elements of virtue or wickedness behind pornography and asks if the material in question poses threat to...
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...there was a social movement against the pornography industry in Canada. Religious and Feminist groups were concerned about the harmful effects regarding the danger and degradation of women. The opposition to this movement was that pornography was a freedom of expression and sexual orientation. This brought about many political debates and controversies about what is ethically right and what is a personal freedom. This created many problems for the Canadian government on how to legislate pornography and up hold the Common Rights of Canada. First Legislation on Obscenity and Criminal Law In 1959 the Canadian government passed the first law regarding obscenity after a social movement by feminist groups. The Canadian law stated "For the purpose of the Act, any publication of a dominant characteristic of which is the undue exploitation of sex, and any one or more of the following subjects, namely, crime, horror, cruelty and violence shall be deemed obscene." The addition of this law did not settle the conflict between Liberals and Conservatives over the value of pornography and sex itself. Everything was based around one question: Were representations of sex socially and morally dangerous or sexually liberating? Feminist Movement During the 1980's another Feminist movement began because they felt the current law didn't do anything to protect women and it didn't criminalize pornography in any way. Feminist groups argued that pornography oppressed women and it would influence...
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...Not only does the law and media desensitize prostitutes, but even feminists disassociate sex workers from the empowerment or equality of women. Famous feminist Julie Bindel claims it is should never be legalized, as it always will be “violence against women, even if they chose it” (Bindel, 2006). While she believes in a shift for police to focus on pimps instead of the women, it neglects the fact that prostitution can be a legitimate career. Instead of fighting against the industry, feminists should be fighting against the misogyny of governments, made of mostly men, that do nothing to protect the women or perpetrate the violent clients but instead restricts and shuns prostitution. Brothel owner Dennis Hof claims, “I’m all about women’s rights....
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...Ⅰ. Introduction Known as the Dworkin-MacKinnon Anti-pornography Civil Rights Ordinance, The Anti-pornography Civil Rights Ordinance is a name for several proposed local ordinances in the United States around 1980s and that was closely associated with the anti-pornography radical feminists Andrea Dworkin and Catharine MacKinnon. MacKinnon draw a clear line with cultural conservatives since the reason she held is not that pornography is morally corrupt or obscene, but it should be treated as a violation of women's rights and principle of equality. They define pornography is not a simple word (which constructs what a woman is as what men want from sex. . .institutionalizes the sexuality of male supremacy, fusing the eroticization of dominance...
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...Impact of Theory on Social Policy CRJS 4203-2 Mrs. Teresa Call June 24, 2012 Feminist Theories The theory that I chose was the Feminist Theory. “The feminist theory in the realm of criminal justice considers the level of inequality prevalent within this social organization that operates from a predominantly masculine’s perspective. “Feminist theories explain criminal justice decisions as reflecting this male dominance and functioning to support patriarchy by discriminating against women and reinforcing traditional female sex and family roles” (Akers & Sellers, 2009, p. 268). “Conflict Theories are Theories that focus on the conflict between various interests within a society. These theories focus on power struggles and typically view the less fortunate and less powerful as victims. They see crime victims as exploited and as the prey of the strong and powerful. Changes in laws and economic conditions are often the remedies they seek for victims.” (Hutton, 2009) The feminist perspective will integrate gender into the equation as a means to explain the occurrence of crime. According to Dr. Erica Hutton, who is a full time Professor and Forensic Psychologist in Angola, Indiana, “Effective policy implications include approaching the criminal justice system from an angle that examines the gender inequalities within sentencing and treatment as well as within the human resource aspects of hiring candidates that are not masculine within a predominantly...
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...Since its establishment in 1985, the Women’s Legal Education and Action Fund (LEAF) has been dedicated to advocating for the rights of the most marginalized groups. The inclusion of section 15 in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (the Charter) allowed interest groups, like LEAF, to pursue Charter litigation “in an effort to influence the course of judicial policy development to achieve particular policy goals” (Manfredi, 2004,10). Interest group litigation has given LEAF another avenue to evoke change within the Supreme Court of Canada and society as a whole. LEAF has become one of the leading feminist equality rights interveners, working to ensure that section 15 rights are upheld to the fullest extent. Through their participation...
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...Feminism refers to political, cultural, and economic movements aimed at establishing greater rights, legal protection for women, and or women's liberation. It includes some of the sociological theories and philosophies concerned with issues of gender difference. Nancy Cott defines feminism as the belief in the importance of gender equality, invalidating the idea of gender hierarchy as a socially constructed concept. Feminism has earned itself a bad reputation, but it never undermined gender differences that exist between males and females. A man can never be as good a mother as a female can. Similarly, a woman can never be as good a father as a male can. While accepting these anatomical and physiological differences between the two genders, feminism seeks for both genders to be equally respected. They are both human and as a species, humans cannot progress without either one of them. Maggie Humm and Rebecca Walker divide the history of feminism into three waves. The first wave transpired in the nineteenth and early twentieth century’s, the second occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, and the third extends from the 1990s to the present. In each wave of the movement, though men have taken part in significant responses to feminism, the relationship between men and feminism has been complex. Historically, a number of men have engaged with feminism. Philosopher Jeremy Bentham demanded equal rights for women in the eighteenth century. In 1866, philosopher John Stuart Mill presented a women's...
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...Pornography The explicit depiction pertaining to sexual subject matter for sexual stimulation and erotic pleasure is termed as pornography or porn. Pornography may comprise of a variety of media which may include books, magazines, postcards, photos, sculpture, drawing, painting, animation, sound recording, film, video and video game. However, pornography does not include sexual acts done for a live audience, as the term applies to the description of the act, instead of the act itself. Therefore, sex shows and striptease are not termed as pornography. Erotica and pornography are differentiated on the fact that erotica is the interpretation of sexuality with high-art desires focusing also on feelings and emotions whereas pornography is the interpretation of acts in a exciting manner, with the entire focus on the physical act, resulting in stimulation of quick intense effects. On the basis of obscenity, pornography has faced censorship and legal constraints on publication. The exact definition pornography differs in various historical, cultural, and national perspectives. In the latter half of the 20th century, demand for pornography increased with the introduction of clear definitions of obscenity in the law and emergence of society more tolerant of sexual issues. Porn industry boomed with the beginning of home video and the internet and today this industry generates worldwide billions of dollars annually. Susan Jacoby who is a renowned journalist known for her feminist literature...
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...given a list of five questions and asked to answer just three of those five. In advance of the exam, I am posting here a longer list of POSSIBLE essay questions. The five questions on the actual exam (and therefore any three of those five that you may choose to answer) will be drawn from the set of possible questions below: (1) Contrast the legal philosophies of Hart and Fuller with respect to the notion of legal validity, making reference to the case of the “grudge informer”. Which position do you think is closer to the truth? Give reasons for your opinion. (2) Explain some of Dworkin’s main reasons for interpretivism. (Be sure to explain what “interpretivism” means here.) Do you think his theory is plausible? Give reasons for your opinion. (3) Explain and evaluate an argument for drug prohibition and an argument against drug prohibition. Discuss with reference to the case of R. v. Malmo-Levine and the case of R. v. Caine. Which argument do you think is more convincing? Give reasons for your opinion. (4) Explain some of the main reasons given by (some) feminists such as MacKinnon and Dworkin for making pornography illegal. Explain how their position differs from the simple “causal” argument. Do you think that their reasoning is correct? Give reasons for your opinion. (5) Explain and evaluate an argument for hate speech legislation and an argument against hate speech legislation. Discuss with reference to the Keegstra case. Which argument do you think...
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...1. Introduction: ECPAT (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes) has described a clear idea about child prostitution. According to ECPAT (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes), which became prominent in the late twentieth century for its work toward the elimination of child prostitution, child pornography, and trafficking of children for sexual purposes, defines child prostitution as "the use of a child in sexual activities for remuneration or any other consideration." According to UN Human Rights Commission (1989) “Child Prostitution” refers to the sexual exploitation of a child for remuneration in cash or in kind, usually but not always organized by an intermediary (parent, family member, procurer, teacher, etc.). Around the world today, there is a human right crisis of sexual abuse of millions of women, children and thousands of men in the prostitution & other form of sexual abuse. Child prostitution is the major part of total prostitution. Children are also involved in prostitution when they engage in sex in return for basic needs such as food, shelter or safety, or pocket money to purchase consumer goods. My paper explores the criminological factors associated with child prostitution in Bangladesh such as human trafficking and child prostitution, forced into prostitution, street children, broken home, social reintegration, livelihood and poverty, marital ...
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...golden girls both. Personified in Lawrence’s lithe movements and cool, focused gaze, Katniss is a brave, resourceful and independent-minded fighter; but she is also a troubled and vulnerably guilt-ridden human being. Nina Jacobson, the producer of the Hunger Games film franchise, puts it this way: “She is a singular heroine in that the burden of survival weighs on her. She has a ton of survivor’s guilt. And she keeps surviving.” Girl on fire It is strange that behaving like a well-adjusted and responsible young woman counts as movie-star news – or that the popularity of a female lead character who is strong and feminine, brave even when scared, compassionate even when imperfect, and respectful even when breaking with tradition counts as feminist heroism. But it does. There is a reason we delight equally in seeing Katniss dressed up (those pretty gowns!) and dressed down (that...
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...Anger rape:The aim of this rapist is to humiliate, debase and hurt their victim; they express their contempt for their victim through physical violence and profane language. For these rapists, sex is a weapon to defile and degrade the victim, rape constitutes the ultimate expression of their anger. This rapist considers rape the ultimate offense they can commit against the victim.Anger rape is characterized by physical brutality, much more physical force is used during the assault than would be necessary if the intent were simply to overpower the victim and achieve penetration. This type of offender attacks their victim by grabbing, striking and knocking the victim to the ground, beating them, tearing their clothes, and raping them.The experience for the offender is one that is of conscious anger and rage.[1] Power rape For these rapists, rape becomes a way to compensate for their underlying feelings of inadequacy and feeds their issues of mastery, control, dominance, strength, intimidation, authority and capability. The intent of the power rapist is to assert their competency. The power rapist relies upon verbal threats, intimidation with a weapon, and only uses the amount of force necessary to subdue the victim. The power rapists tends to have fantasies about sexual conquests and rape. They may believe that even though the victim initially resists them, that once they overpower their victim, the victim will eventually enjoy the rape. The rapist needs to believe that the victim...
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...any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the Publishers. SAGE Publications Ltd 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP SAGE Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B-42 Panchsheel Enclave Post Box 4109 New Delhi 100 017 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7619 7035 5 ISBN 0 7619 7036 3 Library of Congress control number available Typeset by M Rules Printed in Great Britain by The Cromwell Press Ltd, Trowbridge, Wiltshire contents Acknowledgements Introduction: Everywhere and Somewhere: Gender Studies, Feminist Perspectives and...
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...texts. And, warning, this posting will include illustrated examples of pornographic cartoons, so it is definitely rated NSFW. Part 1 here discusses the subject matter; Part 2 compares hentai to live action pornography; Part 3 considers the ramifications of hentai.)  Created by a fan, and named “Jessica Rabbit Naughty Pin-up”. When Jessica Rabbit, the animated femme fatale of Who Framed Roger Rabbit? uttered the line “I’m not bad, I’m just drawn that way,” I sincerely doubt her creators knew that a decade later she would be made into an online porn star. Now, alongside other American and Japanese cartoon women, she has entire websites devoted to her. Is Jessica being objectified, degraded, and having her rights taken away? Logically, no, because Jessica is merely ink-and-paint, a figment of someone’s imagination brought to life only by the mechanical and visual trickery of animation. As she said, it’s not her fault she was drawn to represent a stereotypical male conception of an idealized woman. Why should we care if people have changed her from a children’s animated figure into an adult porn star? The purpose of this essay is to answer just that: the reasons we should care, and why research should not ignore cartoon porn, and in particular hentai, when it studies pornography. According to anime scholar Mark McLelland, hentai is the Western label applied to Japanese anime, manga and games that depict sexually explicit and pornographic images and narratives. While not used...
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