...Historia del cine Orígenes El cine se desarrolló desde el punto de vista científico antes de que sus posibilidades artísticas o comerciales fueran conocidas y exploradas. Uno de los primeros avances científicos que llevó directamente al desarrollo del cine fueron las observaciones de Peter Mark Roget, secretario de la Real Sociedad de Londres, que en 1824 publicó un importante trabajo científico con el título de Persistencia de la visión en lo que afecta a los objetos en movimiento, en el que establecía que el ojo humano retiene las imágenes durante una fracción de segundo después de que el sujeto deja de tenerlas delante. Este descubrimiento estimuló a varios científicos a investigar para demostrar el principio. Los primeros experimentos Tanto en Estados Unidos como en Europa, se animaban imágenes dibujadas a mano como forma de diversión, empleando dispositivos que se hicieron populares en los salones de la clase media. Concretamente, se descubrió que si 16 imágenes de un movimiento que transcurre en un segundo se hacen pasar sucesivamente también en un segundo, la persistencia de la visión las une y hace que se vean como una sola imagen en movimiento. El zoótropo que ha llegado hasta nuestros días consta de una serie de dibujos impresos en sentido horizontal en bandas de papel colocadas en el interior de un tambor giratorio montado sobre un eje; en la mitad del cilindro, una serie de ranuras verticales, por las cuales se mira, permiten que, al girar el aparato...
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...of Guilt An Essay on Western Masochism • P r i n c e t o n u n i v e r si t y P r e s s Princeton and Oxford english translation copyright © 2010 by Princeton university Press First published as La tyrannie de la pénitence: essai sur le masochisme occidental by Pascal Bruckner, copyright © 2006 by Grasset & Fasquelle Published by Princeton university Press, 41 William street, Princeton, new Jersey 08540 in the united kingdom: Princeton university Press, 6 oxford street, Woodstock, oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu all rights reserved library of congress cataloging-in-Publication data Bruckner, Pascal. [tyrannie de la pénitence. english] The tyranny of guilt: an essay on Western masochism / Pascal Bruckner; translated from the French by steven rendall. p. cm. includes index. isBn 978-0-691-14376-7 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. civilization, Western— 20th century. 2. civilization, Western—21st century. 3. international relations—Moral and ethical aspects. 4. Western countries—Foreign relations. 5. Western countries—intellectual life. 6. Guilt 7. self-hate (Psychology) 8. World politics. i. title. CB245.B7613 2010 909’.09821--dc22 2009032666 British library cataloging-in-Publication data is available cet ouvrage, publié dans le cadre d’un programme d’aide à la publication, bénéficie du soutien du Ministère des affaires étrangères et du service culturel de l’ambassade de France aux etats-unis. This work, published as part of a program of aid for publication, received support...
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...An Analysis of Early Cinema Movies play a very important role in our daily life. From the invention of first motion-picture camera in 1891 to the development of the concept of continuity editing, there were many films made. I have watched 15 of these early films and got to know some filmmakers at that time, found out their distributions and photography techniques. These films can be divided chronologically, the earliest films in the period from 1891 to 1895, like Edison Kinetoscope Record of a Sneeze; films in the late 1900s, such as Wash Day in Mexico, and developed films at the beginning of 20th century, like Life Rescue at Long Branch. This study will focus on the characteristics of patterns, contrast of different films and the evolution of early cinema. It can be said that Thomas Alva Edison invented the kinetoscope involuntarily. He meant to provide a visual accompaniment for his phonograph, however, with the improvement done by Dickson, the viewing machine, or kinetoscope, emerged. Edison attempted to design a machine that can make images and sounds synchronized and recorded simultaneously. But, synchronization proved impossible and kinetoscope films seldom have sound. As the first motion-picture camera, the kinetoscope represents the big progress in the field of cinema, and it obviously has many advances. First, it used perforated film to accomplish the synchronization of camera and projector. Second, the frames were held intermittently. Because...
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...The 18th century has marked the commencement of the innovation of cinematography. The invention of cinema owes its existence to a few investors and scientists who are broadly known for laying down its foundation. Among those pioneers are the Lumiere brothers who were some of the earliest contributors to cinema, Thomas Edison and George Melies. Melies was a part of inventing filmmaking but did not invent it on his own. George Melies, he was a pioneer from the earliest days of cinema. In fact, he is considered the father of film special effects, having invented many of the tricks that are still used today, and was the first filmmaker to send men into outer space. This sometimes forgotten cinéaste was a true giant in the earliest days of the medium. He was amazing in recognizing the possibilities of the medium for narrative and spectacle. He created the basic vocabulary of special effects, and a few years after Thomas Edison had built the Black Maria film studio, Melies built a glass-house studio, which proved to be the prototype of European studios of the silent era. The success of his films contributed to the development of an international market in films and did much to secure the ascendancy of French cinema in the pre-1914 years. Besides this historical contribution, Melies' films are the earliest to survive as a total, coherent artistic creation with their own validity and personality. His films had a visual style as distinctive as any French painter, and they retain...
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...Architecture Comprehensive Examination Reviewer HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1. The ornamental blocks fixed vertically at regular intervals along the lower edge of a roof to cover end tiles. a. ancones c. acroteria b. Antifixae 2. A continuous base or structure in which a colonnade is placed. a. stereobate c. stylobate b. Torus 3. The market in Greek architecture. a. Megaron c. agora b. Pylon 4. The smallest among the famous pyramids at Gizeh. a. Pyramid of Cheops c. Pyramid of Chephren b. Pyramid of Mykerinos 5. The largest outer court, open to the sky, in Egyptian temple. a. Sanctuary c. Irypaetral b. Irypostyle 6. The inner secret chamber in the mastaba which contains the statue of the deceased family member. a. Pilaster c. serdab b. Sarcophagus 7. The grandest of all Egyptian temples. a. Palace of Sargon c. Great temple of Ammon, Karnak b. Great temple of Abu-Simbel 8. The principal interior decoration of early Christian churches. a. stained glass c. painting b. mosaic 9. In early Christian churches, it is the covered space between the atrium and the church which was assigned to penitents. a. baldachino c. narthex b. apse 10. A dome placed on the drum. a. simple c. compound b. superpositioned 11. The architect of a church of Santa Sophia Constantinople, the most important church in Constantinople. a. Ictinus and Callicrates b. Apollodorous of Damascus and Isidorous on Miletus c. Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorous of Miletus 12. The second largest medieval cathedral...
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...Les Misérables: Journal Entries Fantine: * Theme: “You have left a place of suffering. But listen, there will be more joy in heaven over tears of repentant sinner than over the white robes of a hundred good men” (Page 27) * Heaven is gladder when sinners forsake of its sins, than with the good men just being the same all throughout. “He lived peaceable, reassured, and hopeful, having but two thoughts: to conceal his life, and to sanctify his life: to escape from men and to return to God.”(Page 72) * He wanted to change his life, but still the natural man is still part of his mighty change of heart. Every time he would always have two thoughts: which is the desire of changing, and the other is the natural man that wants to rebel again. * Character: “See here! My name is Jean Valjean. I am a convict: I have been nineteen years in the galleys. Four days ago I was set free, …… I went to an inn, and they sent me away on account of my yellow passport …… I am very tired—twelve leagues on foot, and I am so hungry. Can I stay?” (Page 17) * Jean Valjean described himself in this quotation, he sees his life as an empty glass no one is accepting him after hew as set free. He then said, his tired of trying his chance to accommodate himself with people, but people is pushing him away on his yellow passport. “He thought he saw himself, older, doubtless, not precisely the same in features, but alike in attitude and appearance...
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...Les Miserables is a movie about people with miserable lives. Each of them has a unique story that portrays why their lives are miserable. The sacrifices and pains of the lead characters in this movie are intense and breathtaking. Jean Valjean is a convict in a French prison. He’s been serving his sentence for 19 years for stealing a loaf of bread for the daughter of his sister that was starving to death and trying to escape prison as well. Javert a police inspector is keen enough to hover over prisoner 64201—Valjean. Javert then grants Valjean his parole since his sentence is over. The parole has itineraries for which Valjean must abide at all times. It includes the yellow badge that Valjean shall wear at all times to show people that he is a dangerous man. Depite Valjean’s freedom there is still something missing that he doesn’t seem to find out what could it possibly be. He tried to apply for jobs but was rejected for carrying the badge. He becomes hopeless and even stole a silverware from Myriel—a presiding bishop. Myriel gave refuge to Valjean and covered for his misdeeds. Valjean then hides beneath the name of Madeleine. He then manages and owns a manufacturing company in the town of Montreuil-sur-mer. This made him wealthy enough to try to bring up the town’s prosperity. Fantine fell in love, got pregnant and the man she fell for eventually abandons her and their child. She then traveled to the town of Montfermil with her child, Cosette. She made a deal with Monsieur...
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...Cité Industrielle, urban plan designed by Tony Garnier and published in 1917 under the title of Une Cité Industrielle. It represents the culmination of several philosophies of urbanism that were the outgrowth of the Industrial Revolution in 19th-century Europe. The Cité Industrielle was to be situated on a plateau in southeastern France, with hills and a lake to the north and a river and valley to the south. The plan takes into consideration all the aspects necessary to running a Socialist city. It provides separate zones for separate functions, a concept later found in such new towns (see new town) as Park Forest, Ill., and Reston, Va. These zones—residential, industrial, public, and agricultural—are linked by location and circulation patterns, both vehicular and pedestrian. The public zone, set on the plateau much in the manner of the Hellenistic acropolis, is composed of the governmental buildings, museums, and exhibition halls and large structures for sports and theatre. Residential areas are located to take best advantage of the sun and wind, and the industrial district is accessible to natural power sources and transportation. The “old town” is near the railroad station to accommodate sightseers and tourists. A health centre and a park are located on the heights north of the city, and the cemetery to the southwest. The surrounding area is devoted to agriculture. The plan itself is clearly in the Beaux-Arts tradition, tempered by a natural informality possibly derived...
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...Louiemar C. Francisco BSA 2-3 “Look down, and show, some mercy if you can. Look down, look down, upon your fellow man” – lei miserables I remember this line at the start of the movie and this make me say “wow” without thinking. My favorite movies are those that there are slaves and they will rise and revenge to their masters, something like that. And with that song, I got a clue that lei miserables would be one of my favorites. Honestly I have not read the story of lei miserables that’s why I don’t know if I could I understand the movie. Luckily, my brother watched with me and he narrates me the story while I am watching it so I am able to understand the story. The actors and actresses were able to portray their roles in a creative manner. Acting while singing or vice versa is I think one of the hardest part of being an artist that’s why I praised these characters. They do have many talents aside from acting. I thought those characters all came from a choir. The director was able to describe the setting during the French revolution (18 century), the houses, the firearms, their dresses, their houses, the architectures, the atmosphere, etc, making the movie realistic. The movie is a story love. Love for the country, when a revolution broke out because of the political rule of monarchy (history). I was amazed that all of them even the women and child were united under a single principle that the political rule of France must be given to the people and not to a single...
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...[pic] Cultural Event Week 1 Chris Dahir HUM/100 Ronald Schaffer University of Phoenix May 19, 2009 One of the most unforgettable cultural events I have attended was the musical, Les Miserables, which is set during the early 19th century when France was on the verge of one of their many waves of revolutions. When we arrived at the theater my friend who I was with, ran into a good friend, who also happened to be the manager at the theater that evening. He graciously sat us in seats three rows back from the stage, rather than in the seats we had purchased. The experience was remarkable as we could see every facial expression and the sweat on the brow of each of the actors. I have had the privilege of seeing Andrew Lloyd Weber’s production of Phantom of the Opera twice and each time the play was magnificent, but the experience of watching Les Miz from so close up, gave me a completely different experience, as everything was so much more profound. I have been to concerts, movies, and I have read many books, but my experiences from attending live performances at the theater have been multi faceted and seem to encompass all the others. To address the many scenes and characters in Les Miz would take more words than we are allowed, but I would like to focus in on a scene that takes place between the main character of Jean Valjean and the Bishop of Digne. Jean Valjean was arrested for stealing bread for his sister and her family during a time when the poor were very...
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...focusing in opposite way, by sacrificing the picture itself for the subject matter. The subject matter becomes the most important part of Cubist tradition, while keeping the originality of the idea without transforming it. The maximum effect could be achieved by presenting it, where subject matters to public. The function starts to become the driving force. The cubist tradition in a way of futurist subject could be considered as a rise of new modernism in architecture, which creates the most impressive architecture such as Le Corbusier’ Chapelle Notre Dame du Haut, Frank Lloy Wright’s Guggenheim Museum and Mies Van Der Rohe’s Barcelona Pavilion. All three examples together are clearly intended to show the progress of impressive design in architecture. Both cubist and futurism styles of design produce fascinating piece of architecture, where Futurism helped to produce the most successful architectural development in history. Having thus combined the ideas of Le Corbusier and Braque delivers the point that the generations come up with the successive perfectionism while taking away not only the architecture traditions of their past, as well as stopping to produce out-of -date tools which creates bad things of just using a bad tool, which should be replaced by creating a new...
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...* Les Misérables synopsis: * Ex-convict Jean Valjean is the main character in Victor Hugo’s novel about the injustices of French society, Les Misérables (1862, trans. 1862). * At the time of the novel’s writing, Hugo was living in exile on the island of Guernsey—his home since 1855 when Napoleon III banished him from France. Napoleon censored the press and banished many writers and their works. * In the following excerpt from the novel, Valjean is tending to the dying Fantine, a prostitute and single mother. * Fantine is frantic about the welfare of her only child, Cosette, and Valjean tries to comfort her. Javert—a dogmatic police officer who spends most of the novel tracking Valjean--enters Fantine’s room and frightens her, with tragic consequences. * My feedbacks: * From the bare abstract, the story does not seem to promise much pleasure to novel-readers, yet it is all alive with the fiery genius of Victor Hugo, and the whole representation is so intense and vivid that it is impossible to escape from the fascination it exerts over the mind. * Its tendency is to weaken that abhorrence of crime which is the great shield of most of the virtue which society of today possesses, and it does this by attempting to prove that society itself is responsible for crimes it cannot prevent, but can only punish. * I learned that the bigotries of virtue are better than the charities of vice. * On the whole, therefore, I think that Victor...
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...humanities. Art Art has long been a means of expressing social or political ideas. Anselm Kiefer took art and brought it to an entirely new level by using his art to bring attention to national identity and collective memory. In the process his art began evolving to include occult symbolism, theology, and mysticism. All of his work shares a common theme of the trauma experienced by entire societies and the continual rebirth and renewal in life. Kiefer’s works are usually designed in a depressive and destructive style in large scale formats. He often uses photography in conjunction with earth and raw materials. Kiefer is known to include names of people o ... One of the most unforgettable cultural events I have attended was the musical, Les Miserables, which is set during the early 19th century when France was on the verge of one of their many waves of revolutions. When we arrived at the theater my friend who I was with, ran into a good friend, who also happened to be the manager at the theater that evening. He graciously...
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...Function or 'functionalism' in architecture is the defining principle which in its simplest form states that a building or structure should be derived solely from the function it is intended to fulfill. Employed by pioneering modernist architects including Louis Sullivan and Le Corbusier, functionalism, stood alone as the cornerstone of their definitions of honest, pure, and beautiful structure. In Louis Sullivan's 'Kindergarten Chats and Other Writings' he exposes the true inter-correlations at work between function and form (structure): "I suppose if we call a building a form, then there should be a function, a purpose, a reason for each building, a definite explainable relation between the form, the development of each building, and the causes that bring it into that particular shape; and that the building, to be good architecture, must, first of all, clearly correspond with its function, must be its image as you would say." Functionalism as an architectural principle can be traced back as far to the Vetruvian principles of Greek and Roman structure. For Louis Sullivan as well as Le Corbusier form was a mere manifestation of functional principles including the practical considerations of use, material, and structure and not by a preconceived picture in the designer's mind. Born in 1856 Louis Sullivan, deemed by some to be the "father of modern architecture," is credited with the creation of a wide variety of structural masterpieces all of which subscribe to his archetypal...
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...the moral dilemma the man must have been facing knowing that stealing is wrong, but also knowing that his family would starve if they were not given food. I am reminded of my all-time favorite book “Les Miserables”, where Jean Valjean steals a loaf of bread for the sake of his starving family. He knows that stealing is wrong, however, his family will surely die if he does not get them food. He is a hard worker, but still is very poor and the only way to get food is to steal it. He faced an inner conflict regarding the decision to break the baker’s window and steal a loaf of bread but accepted the consequences of doing so because he knew that his sister and her children would die without food and as a result, served many years in prison due to his crime. In today’s society, stealing a loaf of bread will not send you to prison for multiple years, however, it does come with a stigmatism of being known as a thief. This is an inner conflict that the person stealing must accept. The family will deal with the shame of knowing their loved one had to steal for food, which brings a stigmatism to the family by the community and society as a whole. Thieves are generally looked at as lower class people, poor, dirty, dishonest, and someone who you do not want to associate with. This can by a terrible judgment by the community and society altogether. The family member who stole the loaf of bread may have been a well-educated person, upstanding in the community, but was dealing with the shame...
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