...Perspectives of Diversity Paper Psych 535 This will be a paper discussing different diversity perspectives. Each perspective will be an analyzed about diversity. Each perspective will also explain the implications of the diversity perspective on human behavior in the workplace environment. Two perspectives that will be addressed will be fundamental diversity and cultural diversity. Fundamental Diversity is described as being a type of diversity that consists of people who often have goals about the importance, purpose, and function of work, as well as the relationship between the individual employee and the greater organization, and fundamental beliefs that are different. (Heuberger, 2004). Cultural diversity is based upon the concept that cultural identities should never be ignored nor discarded, though instead they should be valued and maintained (Heuberger, 2004). Cultural Diversity Cultural diversity is based on the idea that cultural identities should not be discarded or ignored, but rather maintained and valued (American Multicultural Publications, 2007). The workplace can be considered an environment where several different backgrounds join together for one common goal. Cultural diversity can consist of a difference in national origin, gender, race, and other human aspects. Cultural diversity is not based solely on culture and...
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...Apologia-Greek word “defense’ 2. Atheism-The lack of belief in a god and/or the belief that there is no god. The position held by a person or persons that 'lack belief' in god(s) and/or deny that god(s) exist. 3. Circular argument- argument in which the conclusion of an argument is one of its premises; argument assuming something that would ordinarily not be assumed by someone who didn’t believe the conclusion 4. Coventalism- or Covenant theology; is an interpretive framework for understanding the overall flow of the Bible, focusing on the covenants God made. 5. Deduction-A system of logic, inference, and conclusion drawn from examination of 6. Dispensationalism-a method of interpreting the Bible that divides history into periods of time called “dispensations.” 7. Empiricism-The belief that real knowledge is only acquired through sense experience. 8. Epistemological Dualism-Knowledge consists of a mind that knows and ideas that are known. 9. Epistemology--The branch of philosophy that deals with knowing and the methods of obtaining knowledge. 10. Ethics-Study of right and wrong, good and bad, moral judgment, etc. 11. Evidential Apologetics-An apologetic approach emphasizing individual facts and arguments, including: archaeology, effects on society, historical evidences, miracles, prophecy, and the uniqueness of Christianity and/or Scripture. 12. Faith-Acceptance of ideals, beliefs, etc., which are not necessarily demonstrable through...
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...of wellness for the patients. An individual value and beliefs system plays an integral role in delivering nursing care. My personal values and beliefs have guided me throughout my nursing profession. During my nursing career, I have carefully examined different pathways to achieve higher education to maximize my potential as a health care provider. This paper will discuss my personal philosophy of nursing including values and beliefs; roles of a baccalaureate prepared nurse including role transition with new opportunities available; two professional short term and long term goals including barriers and challenges; develop a strategic plan to accomplish these goals within five years. In my daily practice as a registered nurse, my focus is directed by my philosophical beliefs to promote wellness for each individual. As a clinician, I respect the values of the early philosophers who have outlined the responsibilities of the nursing profession. Based on the guidelines of the philosophers, a clear understanding of each patient’s physiological and psychological needs must be addressed to facilitate therapeutic treatment. My core fundamental nursing philosophical belief is to practice holistic care and demonstrate kindness to all patients despite race, gender, or socioeconomic strata (Cameron, 2009). Values and beliefs is a window through which human beings view the world and make decisions. The nursing values and beliefs I share dictates commitment, compassion and an understanding...
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...I believe when I look back on this class I will have a restored faith in people. To know that everyone has some form of a belief system. I also believe that this class will make me a more accepting person. I’ll be more accepting of those that have different beliefs from me and still have a certain bond with those because I understand what their beliefs are. I have learned the peace that these religion hold. And that they are not as some make them out to be. We all have the fundamental belief of being a good person, of doing well to those we encounter. We may have different Gods and traditions but we all have the same basic needs and wants. I have learned the peace that comes from holding true to your beliefs and how long these traditions have survived in today’s world. I know that these traditions and religions and thoughts will be around for many years, since they have already survived for so long. I believe the main religion that I have learned about in this class that will impact me in the future would be the companionship is the acceptance and respect and understanding the difference between the two people. That respecting the difference is the way to have an outlasting relationship. To respect everyone for whom they are, for their down falls and for the good that is in everyone. Live and let live will always stay with me. That there is no domination and that everyone is equal. These are things that I will always look back on that Asian religion has taught...
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...Religious Knowledge system is defined as a specific system of belief or worship that focuses on knowledge claims about spirituality and the metaphysical nature of the world (Alchin & Henly, 2014). Memory of the past plays a pivotal role in these systems as beliefs about a religion are often communicated through cultural (shared) memory. These beliefs can be demonstrated through tales and anecdotes told to each generation. However, the usage of memory to depict how a religion functions can lead to a disagreement between faith and reason; yet through memory these diametrically opposite WOKs can to great extent play an important role in our understanding of a religion. Therefore, Ways of knowing (WOK) such as memory through cultural knowledge form the fundamental premise of religious knowledge systems. Cultural memory is a memory that is recalled by more than one person. This is also quite an effective way of knowing, as sharing a memory among people makes it more likely for the memory to be accurate. The problem with this type of memory is that it is not always true. Details of experiences are often distorted over time, often influenced by personal view and bias, showing that a memory is not always the truth. For example, in Christianity, the myth of a white Jesus is ingrained throughout Christian history. As early as the Middle Ages and predominantly during the Renaissance era, Western artists portrayed Jesus as white man- often with blue eyes and blondish hair. Perhaps these...
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...story to religion, to explore the phenomenon of proselytism which is defined as seen earlier. Uzzell asserts that current human rights specialists define proselytism “to mean any attempt by any religious believer to win converts from other religions or from irreligion”. Proselytism, therefore, refers to the attempt to persuade others to change beliefs: in other words, to replace their former belief system with a different one. In the Old Testament, conversion is treated as a fully rational and voluntary choice made when thoughtful pagans recognize the superiority of God’s way over their own practices (“satanic”). As a result, Israel can be an example, God did not command missionary activity on the part of ancient Israel if we strictly stick to the Bible. That proselytism was to be non-verbal, only driven by work and God’s way of life (“Gentile converts”). In the New Testament, missionaries discarded the approach sanctioned by God. So we can recognize that neither the Old testament commissions to the prophets, nor the New Testament commissions to the apostles, remove the idea that God has always used the example of His people as a fundamental method of reaching others. What for today ? Nowadays, international law recognizes proselytism as an integral part of an individual’s right to choose whom he worships, whether to change his habits or worship. But in practice, Non-Western, non-Christian religious leaders often view Western religions (Protestant, Catholic or cultish) as...
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...to knowledge in two areas of knowledge, the natural sciences and indigenous knowledge, will be addressed. Natural sciences cover a system of knowledge including general truths and laws obtained and tested through the scientific method in relation to phenomena observed in the physical world such as chemistry, physics, biology, medicine and geology. Knowledge is empirical as it is based on observation and perception, both of which are subjective. It involves the collection of data and their interpretation according to one’s mental model of one’s relationship with the world. A perception is thus no more than a hypothesis based on a “paradigm” developed during the course of one’s upbringing within a certain cultural group, whose values and beliefs it will reflect. Michael Polanyi, a philosopher of science argues that the human mind is not designed to entertain objective knowledge and that only someone brought up in total isolation from human society could do so. Biases can occur in several stages of research, such as, for example, in specifying and selecting the study sample, in executing the experimental procedure, measuring exposures and outcomes, analyzing the data, interpreting the analysis, and publishing the results. Depending on the study, the experimenter may even subtly communicate expectations for the outcome of the study to the subjects, causing them to unconsciously alter their behavior to comply with those expectations. The history of science is perforated with instances...
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...Isn't So The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life Thomas Gilovich THE FREE PRESS A Division of Macmillan, Inc. NEW YORK To Karen and liana Contents Acknowledgments 1. Introduction vn 1 PART ONE Cognitive Determinants of Questionable Beliefs 2. Something Out of Nothing: The Misperception and Misinterpretation of Random Data 3. Too Much from Too Little: The Misinterpretation of Incomplete and Unrepresentative Data 4. Seeing What We Expect to See: The Biased Evaluation of Ambiguous and Inconsistent Data 9 29 49 PART TWO Motivational and Social Determinants of Questionable Beliefs 5. Seeing What We Want to See: Motivational Determinants of Belief 6. Believing What We are Told: The Biasing Effects of Secondhand Information 7. The Imagined Agreement of Others: Exaggerated Impressions of Social Support 75 88 112 Contents PART THREE Examples of Questionable and Erroneous Beliefs 8. Belief in Ineffective "Alternative" Health Practices 9. Belief in the Effectiveness of Questionable Interpersonal Strategies 10. Belief in ESP 125 146 Acknowledgments 156 PART FOUR Where Do We Go from Here? 11. Challenging Dubious Beliefs: The Role of Social Science Notes Index 185 195 214 Four people made unusually significant contributions to this work and deserve special thanks. Lee Ross commented on drafts of many of the chapters and provided a number of his uniquely illuminating insights...
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... | |+ |c] | | |Reflection means | |examining | |the way we teach. | | | |+ | | | | | |ruminating over | | | This involves more than just describing what we do or what we have done. As individuals, each with our own background and experience, we bring certain beliefs, assumptions, knowledge, attitudes and values to teaching. Our teaching takes place in a social setting that has its own unique characteristics, opportunities and constraints. Reflective teaching means exploring the implications of all these complex factors with the intention of understanding and improving our practice. A good place to start is by considering our own pasts, as learners and teachers and reflecting on the beliefs, knowledge and values that we have developed from our experiences. Levels of reflection In a sense, we reflect constantly as we teach, responding to ongoing situations in the classroom as they arise. This is sometimes called reflection-in-action. Reflection-in-action usually happens very fast, perhaps even intuitively. It can be transient and quickly forgotten. It is only after a teaching event that there is time for in-depth reflection. This is sometimes called reflection-on-action. When the process of reflection-on-action...
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...CAN PERSONALITY BE CHANGED?(summary) This article discusses about the role of beliefs in personality and change. In general people with malleable beliefs do better in all aspects compared to fixed believers. The author says that the malleable belief theory CAN be taught. She showed two examples (Identical twins cases of James Springer-James Lewis and Barbara Herbert-Daphne Goodship) of how certain things happen that makes people think that personality is planted in our genes and is not able to be changed. Beliefs are in fact an essential part of personality. In the study by Aronson, Fried and good, students were shown a film to teach them malleable belief theory. The film demonstrates how the brain is able of making new connections throughout the life and how it grows in response to intellectual challenge. They emphasized the students that brain is malleable and that intelligence expands with hard work. These students did well compared to other students in their semester activities. In the other example, when students were praised for their intelligence, they moved towards a fixed belief theory. This praise made them challenge-avoidant and vulnerable, such that when they hit obstacles their confidence, enjoyment, and performance decline. When students were praised for their effort or strategies (their process), they instead took on a more malleable theory. They were eager to learn and highly flexible in the face of difficulty. Expectations of positive or negative...
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...Knowledge and Justified Belief What is knowledge? This is the question we used to be sure of according to Plato’s theory of recollection, which tells that the knowledge is the justified belief; if this belief is true, then there is some fact make the proposition for this belief to be true; since the belief is justified by some evidence; therefore people comes up with the standard analysis of knowledge. This idea has been generally agreed till Edmund Gettier came up with the article questioning if knowledge is the justified true belief. Gettier provides two cases wherein intuitively the subject gains a justified true belief does not equal to knowledge. By contrast, Gettier’s arguments indicate the situation in which someone has a belief that is both true and well supported by evidence but fails to be knowledge. That is, it is sufficient and necessary to have belief, truth and justification to define knowledge as in classical theory, yet, the Gettier’s theory by questioning knowledge that justifiably believe one of the true proposition and dismiss the other is necessary and sufficient add-on to the classical theory to redefine knowledge. First of all, according to Plato’s theory of knowledge, that knowledge is justified true belief, or as Gettier concluded Plato’s classical theory of knowledge as: “ S knows that P if and only if P is true; S believes in P and S is justified in believing P” (Gettier 1). In the Meno, written by Plato, he believes that knowledge appears to...
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...It appears that the challenges presented by Gettier and others undermine or discredit the traditional definition of knowledge. If you are justified in holding a particular view or belief, then it would be justifiable for you to accept any statements of logic associated with that belief. Gettier’s belief that justified true belief may be necessary for knowledge, but not being sufficient for actually knowing seems to be a contradiction to me. Also, the simple fact that there is not a consensus on a solution to “The Gettier Problem” leads me to wonder if a solution actually exists. The concept of justified true belief is not a matter of knowing or not knowing, it addresses the difference of knowing and having knowledge. The vagueness of this idea has left many philosophers and epistemologists pondering the definition of knowledge. I will address the third solution given in this assignment. In this solution, it is suggested that justification be replaced with “something else”. I found this also to be a very vague response to the issue at hand. This concept is based on the use of cognitive processes in obtaining knowledge. . This solution also states that the Reliabilist does not find it necessary to know whether or not these cognitive processes are functioning properly. If one has no idea whether or not cognitive processes are functioning properly, how can one be certain of the knowledge obtained from the use of those processes? Even if this solution is accepted, who...
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...anthropological relativism, erthocentric is bad and tolerant behavior is good. Erthocentric means when you do not look outside your religion and you think that your religion is the best. The idea of erthocentric is hence considered as a vice while tolerance is treated as virtue. Some people think that tolerance is subduing and hence it means that you are submitting. It is right if you think it is right but wrong if you think it is wrong. Philosophical relativism asserts that it depends upon the person who is interpreting the truth. The second form is Descriptive vs Normative relativism. Descriptive relativism assumes that different cultural groups have different modes of thought and reasoning. But evaluating the validity of the principles and beliefs is not expected. Normative relativism claims that modes of thought, standards of reasoning are right or wrong relative to a framework. The pros and cons of relativism are very contradictory. For example, if everything is relative then Hitler's actions are not unjust. Most people will then not accept relativism. Relativism undermines morality. Relativism denies that harming others is wrong if a person thinks that it is good for him and that he will derive pleasure out of it. The majority of us believes that harming others is immoral. But in relativism, if an individual thinks it is wrong to harm others, the he may also think that it may be right to harm others, no...
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...identity, thus conveying some cultural subtleties, say, his likes and dislikes, his convictions and taboos. The example of Hippies and Yuppies comes readily to one’s mind. Their unconventional, rebellious dressing code, in a non-verbal manner, remained their counter-cultural manifesto. It is also true in the case of politicians and business people, whose clothing undoubtedly helps to differentiate them from those with different pursuits and occupations. With one’s dress, a sensitive, well-informed mind could also gather crucial information about the customs, beliefs and other cultural inclinations of the community the person lives in, though, in some cases，the knowledge thus gained might be insufficient, but certainly not dismissible. （如果字数多了，这个蓝色部分可以删掉）As we are invariably conditioned by our customs upon the very moment of our birth, we grow up to be little creatures of our communities and convictions. Their beliefs are our belief, their impossibilities our impossibilities....
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...District of Tennessee and other counties nearby was presiding over the hearing. Messiah’s name change was part of the Judge’s case; however, the parents did not expect the first name to be changed. Judge Ballew ordered the name of the 7-month-old baby to be "Martin DeShawn McCullough" (Baldacci, 2013). The judge included the last names of both parents however, she left out Messiah. "The word Messiah is a title and it's a title that has only been earned by one person and that one person is Jesus Christ" Judge Ballew said (Baldacci, 2013). Jaleesa responded by saying, "I was shocked. I never intended on naming my son Messiah because it means God and I didn't think a judge could make me change my baby's name because of her religious beliefs" (Baldacci, 2013). When reporters asked the judge about common used name Jesus, she replied “that was not relevant” (Baldacci, 2013). The reliability, credibility and validity of the data. Judges of the United States take oath or affirmation before performing his or hers duties in office. They promise to faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties under the Constitution and laws of the United States. They also, instruct juries to decide cases without "prejudice, sympathy, fear, favor or public opinion" (Lavin & DiMichele 2013). In...
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