...twentieth century, tourism industries become an integral part of the country economy growth. One of the earliest tourism was mass tourism; this kind of tourism did not take fully ‘sustainability’ into account. After several years, most of the countries realised that they are facing problems and issues associated with tourism industry (by the tourist and tourism entrepreneurs) either on the country’s economics, social and environment i.e. impacts that can be positive and negative. Due to this, new form of tourism emerged – sustainable tourism, as an alternative to the classic mass tourism. Concepts of Sustainability Tourism: Ecotourism After 1960, sustainability has become a commonly used term, however, the definition of term or concepts of ‘sustainable’ is ambiguous. This is due to the lack of guidelines, and some countries and researchers’ theories have different perspectives and interpretations. The notion that tourism could be “sustainable” is part of the dialogue on sustainable development. The WT0-OMT defines sustainable tourism as “sustainable tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protection and enhancing opportunities for the future. It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems”. The concept of sustainable tourism has moved beyond...
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...generate and refine research ideas. Along with economic development and people’s lifestyle has enhanced. Especially, tourism is most clear. 1. Objective Therefore, the objective of research formulated as: ‘In recent years, the development of tourism which include the development of tourism, management of tourism hotel and tourism team, as well as the tourism destination management. Based on the objectives generated as followed: • To analysis business management theory • To analysis allocation and management of employee in enterprise • To analysis business environment in marketing 2. Literature Review Saunders et al (2003) suggested that the literature review would enhance your subject knowledge and help you to clarify your research questions further. The main purpose of this research is to develop a good understanding and insight into the tourism of development. As the research objectives I mentioned above the main literature I am going to review are: to analysis the management of tourism hotel and the tourism team; the different management model and manager’s style are effect enterprise: the importance of reasonable management in employee; the development of the market; the tourism destine management. 2.1 Tourism Management Management plays a decisive role in tourism hotel. It requires a series of tourism team and specifically for the tourism. 2.2 Leadership Styles and Model Different managers have various leadership styles, which include tells, sells, consults...
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...Consuming Dark Tourism: a call for research Contact Author Start Your Own SelectedWorks Available at: http://works.bepress.com/philip_stone/5 Notify Me of New Work e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), Vol. 3, No. 5, 2005 http://ertr.tamu.edu ______________________________________________________________________________ Philip R. Stone Department of Tourism and Leisure Management University of Central Lancashire Dark Tourism Consumption – A call for research There is an increasing plethora of sites associated with death, tragedy or the macabre that have become significant tourist ‘attractions’. As a result, the term ‘dark tourism’ has entered academic discourse. However, dark tourism literature is both eclectic and theoretically fragile. This is especially the case with regards to consumption and its implications for understanding the ‘dark tourist’. Thus it is suggested that the dimensions of dark tourism consumption have not been extracted or interrogated – only assumed. Consequently, with death and the nature of dying at the crux of the dark tourism concept, this article calls for the development of consumer behaviour models, which incorporate contemporary socio-cultural aspects of death and dying. It is suggested that this in turn will lead to a better understanding of consumer motives within the dark tourism domain. Keywords: dark tourism, death, contemporary society, consumption By Philip R.Stone Lancashire Business School Department of Tourism and Leisure...
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...DISSERTATION REPORT- BACKPACKERS: THE NEXT GENERATION? INTRODUCTION Since the mid-1990s, the tourism industry has become aware of the economic ‘phenomenon’ of backpacker tourism and the extent to which it contributes financially to both developed and developing countries. To date, most backpacker research has focussed on reviewing the experiences and choices in travel of the 18-29 year olds who constitute the bulk of the market. Future research should move away from assuming that backpacking is a homogenous phenomenon and should instead review its diverse manifestations, in terms of differences in age, gender, origins, and particular subcultures. Who is a tourist? Who is a backpacker? These two apparently simple questions have been discussed and debated for years by academics. The tourist is a voluntary, temporary traveller, travelling in the expectation of pleasure from the novelty and change experienced on a relatively long and non-recurrent roundtrip. Tourists were sub-classified into four travel roles:organized mass tourists, individual mass tourists, explorers, and drifters. The definition of backpackers included a preference for budget accommodation and emphases on meeting other travellers, flexible itineraries, longer rather than shorter holidays and informal and participatory holidays. Most studies of backpackers have indicated that more than 80% of backpackers are less than 30 years of age. PRIMARY RESEARCH QUESTION *...
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...Management) Submitted by: Andreyan M. Solanoy Submitted to: Dr. Perlita Esrael (Professor) A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM INDUSTRY by Xu Cheng Bachelor of Art Guangdong University of Business Studies 2008 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science in Hotel Administration William F. Harrah College of Hotel Administration Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas December 201 Assignment in Basic Research Find a sample research article which is related to your field of specialization. (Hotel Management) Submitted by: Ma. Florina Teresa T. Tampos Submitted to: Dr. Perlita Esrael (Professor) Assignment in Basic Research Find a sample research article which is related to your field of specialization. (Hotel Management) Submitted by: Floven P. Laurencio Submitted to: Dr. Perlita Esrael (Professor) ABSTRACT A Systematic Review of Knowledge Management Research in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry by Xu Cheng Dr. Mehmet Erdem, Examination Committee Chair Assistant Professor of Hotel Management University of...
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...EWOM Literature Review In the recent times, the internet has become an extraordinary access to a vast amount of knowledge and information and became part of everyone’s life. Furthermore, the internet has emerged as a source and channel of the electronic word of mouth (eWOM) communication for customers (Henning-Thurau, Gwinner, Walsh & Gremler, 2004). Hennig-Thurau et al., (2004) defined eWOM as ‘any positive or negative statement made by potential, actual, or former customers about a product or company, which is made available to a multitude of people and institutions via the Internet’ (p.39). Hospitality and Tourism Industry has also been affected by this relatively new eWOM, where former visitors or customers express their opinion on destinations and places they have visited. The purpose of this literature review is to focus on the eWOM, its impact on the Hospitality and Tourism Industry and on the potential benefits it has for businesses and destinations. This review will contain information gathered and analyzed from different peer reviewed articles and studies to support the credibility of this paper. The eWOM in contrast of the traditional WOM has different types of electronic media channels that have an impact upon interpersonal relationships. There are the synchronous type and the asynchronous type, the first one include instant messaging, chatrooms and newsgroups. While asynchronous includes blogs, emails, virtual communities and websites (techdictionary.com...
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...Online Car renting system Literature Review Chapter 2 Literature review This chapter reviews related literatures on overview of International and Thai tourists, general information about Phuket, current situation of tourist industry, attractions and activities, concept of tourist behavior and tourist perception, marketing concept, as well as previous research. Its purpose is to provide general knowledge and overall concept regarding the theories and previous research related to this research. 2.1 Overview of International and Thai tourists According to Tourism Authority of Thailand (2011), the international tourist arrivals to Thailand figure for 2011 reached 19.09 million, an increase of 19.84%. The number of tourists had shown an accumulative growth rate over the first ten months. The flooding crisis late in the year, however, slowed down the growth in the number of tourist arrivals in October, and caused shrinkage of 18% in November 2011. Fortunately, all market groups still retained an increasing growth at the good level, including East Asia at a 32.30% increase, ASEAN at a 21.96% increase, the Americas at a 12.85% increase, Europe at an 11.40% increase, Africa at a 6.73% increase, and the Middle East at a 5.95% increase. Domestic tourism by Thais in 2011 was estimated at 98 million tourists/trips, generating an income of 407.6 million Baht which was less than the target of 421.1 million Baht. The purchasing power dramatically shrank in the second-half year due...
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...inclusive growth in underdeveloped ‘Base of the Pyramid’ (BOP) regions, but it may also lead to unanticipated negative outcomes such as crime and social exclusion. Our objective is to improve the understanding of how entrepreneurship policies can lead to socially inclusive growth at the BOP. Drawing on data collected from Brazilian tourism destinations with varying entrepreneurship, innovation, and social inclusion policies, we argue that weak institutions coupled with alert entrepreneurs encourage destructive outcomes, especially if entrepreneurship policies are based solely on economic indicators. Policies addressing both economic and social perspectives may foster more productive entrepreneurial outcomes, albeit at a more constrained economic pace. The study extends the related BOP, entrepreneurship, global value chain, and sustainable tourism literatures by examining the poor as entrepreneurs, the role of local innovation, and how entrepreneurship policies generate different social impacts within poor communities. Keywords: base of the pyramid (BOP), entrepreneurship policy, innovation, social entrepreneurship, social inclusion, tourism industry INTRODUCTION Policy makers have identified entrepreneurship as a mechanism to alleviate poverty (Hart, 2007; Matten and Crane, 2005; Peredo and Chrisman, 2006), particularly in ‘Base of the Pyramid’ (BOP) regions, where impoverished socio-economic groups have...
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...ARTICLE IN PRESS Tourism Management 29 (2008) 403–428 www.elsevier.com/locate/tourman Progress in Tourism Management Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research Donald Getzà Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary, 2500 University Ave. N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 Received 24 April 2007; accepted 31 July 2007 Abstract This article reviews ‘event tourism’ as both professional practice and a field of academic study. The origins and evolution of research on event tourism are pinpointed through both chronological and thematic literature reviews. A conceptual model of the core phenomenon and key themes in event tourism studies is provided as a framework for spurring theoretical advancement, identifying research gaps, and assisting professional practice. Conclusions are in two parts: a discussion of implications for the practice of event management and tourism, and implications are drawn for advancing theory in event tourism. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Event tourism; Definitions; Theory; Research 1. Introduction Events are an important motivator of tourism, and figure prominently in the development and marketing plans of most destinations. The roles and impacts of planned events within tourism have been well documented, and are of increasing importance for destination competitiveness. Yet it was only a few decades ago that ‘event tourism’ became established in both the tourism industry and in the research community,...
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...FOOD TOURISM AND THE CULINARY TOURIST ___________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University ___________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management ___________________________________ by Sajna S. Shenoy December 2005 Advisor: Dr. William C. Norman ABSTRACT The subject matter of this dissertation is food tourism or tourists’ participation in `food related activities at a destination to experience its culinary attributes. In addition, the culinary tourist or the tourist for whom food tourism is an important, if not primary, reason influencing his travel behavior, is its focus. The empirical objectives of this dissertation concerned identifying the underlying dimensions of food tourism, developing a conceptual framework that explains participation in food tourism, develop taxonomy of food tourists by segmenting the tourists based on their participation in food tourism, and finally identifying the variables that predict membership in these food tourist segments. The effect of sociodemographic variables on participation in food tourism, and their association with the food tourist segments were also examined. Further, all the findings were analyzed within the theoretical framework of the world culture theory of globalization and the cultural capital theory. Based on the survey responses of 341 tourists visiting...
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...Rodolfo Baggio Marianna Sigala Alessandro Inversini Juho Pesonen Editors Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2014 eProceedings of the ENTER 2014 PhD Workshop in Dublin, Ireland. January 21, 2014 Preface The advent of Information and communication technology (ICT) has had a paramount impact on tourism. The effects of this revolution continue to change the nature of contemporary tourism on a day-to-day base. The globalization of information, open innovation, better access, collaboration in a generation of information and technological convergence, have all contributed to the design of a new scientific paradigm. Thanks to our passion for research and to the continuous advancements in the technological ecosystem as well as the possibility of better understanding human activity and behavior we are on the threshold of a new era of the social science of tourism. This new social and technological paradigm affects tourism and human mobility in a way that gives the research process unheard-of possibilities. The current level of technological development allows for the construction of objects that are smaller, more intelligent and embedded in the environment and even wearable. These objects, which record and learn our habits are connected to the Internet and they have computing capabilities. They can also be interconnected and generate large quantities of information to benefit the environment in which they are located as well as the travellers that possess...
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...Social Media on Hospitality/Tourism Name: Institution: Date: Introduction Since the turn of the century, there has been an upsurge in the use of social media. As a result, many tourism organizations that include hotels, travel agencies, and airline companies have started using the internet as one of the important tools in marketing and communication strategies. Many businesses within the hospitality industry rely on good reviews from their customers, and social media is offering this as a natural marketing tool (Bennet, 2012). The use of social media have become very widespread, and the travelers use these sites consistently to brag about their great experiences as well as express displeasure with poor experiences. This is a natural way through which the social media is impacting the hospitality and tourism industry. After realizing the power of social media, businesses are also leveraging on the wide presence of customers in social media to communicate, engage, and market their services and products to the customers (Guzel & Sengun, 2015). The growth of social media has had immense impacts on social media that range from marketing, communication, and even corporate social responsibility. This paper conducts a literature review on the effects of social media on hospitality and tourism. Literature Review According to Mahmood A Khan (2012), the benefits of social media can be very helpful in marketing and management in hospitality and tourism. He states that social media...
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...Social Media on Hospitality/Tourism Name: Institution: Date: Introduction Since the turn of the century, there has been an upsurge in the use of social media. As a result, many tourism organizations that include hotels, travel agencies, and airline companies have started using the internet as one of the important tools in marketing and communication strategies. Many businesses within the hospitality industry rely on good reviews from their customers, and social media is offering this as a natural marketing tool (Bennet, 2012). The use of social media have become very widespread, and the travelers use these sites consistently to brag about their great experiences as well as express displeasure with poor experiences. This is a natural way through which the social media is impacting the hospitality and tourism industry. After realizing the power of social media, businesses are also leveraging on the wide presence of customers in social media to communicate, engage, and market their services and products to the customers (Guzel & Sengun, 2015). The growth of social media has had immense impacts on social media that range from marketing, communication, and even corporate social responsibility. This paper conducts a literature review on the effects of social media on hospitality and tourism. Literature Review According to Mahmood A Khan (2012), the benefits of social media can be very helpful in marketing and management in hospitality and tourism. He states that social media...
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...the factors of High Labour Turnover within the Hotel Industry in Johor Bahru 1.0 Introduction The hotel industry in Malaysia was considered the second highest industry that contributed to the national GDP. A report from the Malaysia Insider (2010) stated that 9% of the country’s GDP is contributed by this industry due to the increasing numbers of tourists visiting the nation. This can be seen from a 2010 report by the MTPB which showed 16.4 million tourists arrived in 2005, later the number increased to 23.6 million within 5 years. Thus, an increase in the number of tourist means that there will be more job opportunities for the locals. However according to the report from the Ministry of Human Resource in 2009 it mentioned that the Tourism employee turnover in Malaysia is relatively high at 16% and 8% was contributed by hotel employee turnover. Manpower is crucial to any industry but to the service industry manpower shortage would be the biggest challenge faced by the hotel industry when compounded by the issues of staff retention and job satisfaction. In an increasingly competitive landscape, the hospitality industry must endure upon restructuring especially in aspects of career progression opportunities and matching the industry growth with the talent and service levels as well as monetary and non-monetary reward structures. It has become a necessity to look at the context of labour turnover within the hotel industry and decide on benchmark practices to battle the operational...
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...Topic………………………………………………………………………..4 Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………………………..4 Research Objectives…………………………………………………………………………...5 Research Questions……………………………………………………………………………5 Literature Review…………………………………………………………………………………6 Cultural Tourism………………………………………………………………………………6 The Importance of Cultural Tourism………………………………………………………….7 Tourism Development………………………………………………………………………...7 Case Study: Natural History Museum………………………………………………………...8 Economic Impact……………………………………………………………………………...8 Employees and Services………………………………………………………………………9 Tourists’ Behavior…………………………………………………………………………...9 The NHM as Visitor Attraction……………………………………………………………….9 Research Methodology…………………………………………………………………………..10 Research Philosophy………………………………………………………………………….10 Research Approach and Design………………………………………………………………11 Data Collection…………………………………………………………………………….....11 Data Analysis Method………………………………………………………………………..12 Sampling Technique………………………………………………………………………….12 Ethical Consideration…………………………………………………………………………….13 Time Plan for the Research………………………………………………………………………13 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….14 References……………………………………………………………………………………….14 Working Title The role of museums in cultural tourism - a case study of the Natural History Museum Introduction Background of the Study At present the museums have gained notice as a major...
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