...of this lab is to look closely at properties that differentiate metals from nonmetals, and then to see how the reactivity of metals differ within a group and within a period Procedure- (Part 1). First you must put on googles because we are working with chemicals that could damage your eye sight if got in eye. Then you obtain a spot plate and obtain 1 sample of each element and be sure not to use your fingers while doing this. Next you get a conductivity tester, then observe elements and record color, whether the element is malleable or brittle, and if it conducts electricity. After that you identify if the sample is a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid. Lastly you clean up your area and return the nonmetals and the conductivity tester. (Part 2). The first step is you must have googles on. You then return all the nonmetals, and get one more sample of each metal, but do NOT use your fingers. Then record your observations about each metal in data table 2. After that clean out your spot plate then place spot place over a blank piece of paper, next locate three wells that are not adjacent to each other and label them as magnesium, aluminum, and calcium. Your next step is to add 10 drops of distilled water to the three well and then add 1 drop of litmus to each well too then record the color of the liquids in the data table. Also add 1 piece of the appropriate metal to the wells and record observations in data table 2. Poor contents of spot plate into waste disposal container and...
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...Trends in Chemical Reactivity in the Periodic Table Observations: Reagent | Reagent Description | Water | Clear, Colourless, Liquid | iron (Steel Wool) | Opaque, chrome colour, Wire-like | calcium Metal | Silver, Soft, Opaque, Easily cut | magnesium | Strip of silver, thin, opaque | zinc | Lester, grey, opaque | Metal | Water | lithium | -Pink water, bubbles, Water temperature raised 1.9 degrees Celsius | sodium | Water temperature increased 1.8 degrees Celsius, Steam/smoke, Pink water | potassium | Temperature of water increased 2.2 degrees Celsius, pink water, purple tinted flame | zinc | No observable change, no immediate reaction the zinc sunk to the bottom of the test tube, the zinc had no reaction with the phenolphthalein | iron (steel wool) | Little reaction, a pink dot at the bottom of the tube, | calcium metal | Completely pink tube, increased temperature, bubble formed | magnesium | No observable reaction, the magnesium sunk to bottom of test tube, no reaction with phenolphthalein. | Analysis: 1. a) lithium, sodium and potassium all reacted the same way because they all only have a single valence electron therefore making the ionization energy low resulting in the elections of the alkali metals being able to transfer to other elements easier. b) No not all metals in group 1 react at the same speed for example lithium would be a much slower reaction because the electrons are closer to the protons resulting in a stronger attraction...
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...and Elements Atoms, Molecules, and Elements Our Periodic Table is designed to help us understand how elements are going to react to each other and also gives us the breakdown of how many atoms are in each element. This chart also helps us to identify metals, liquids, and gases. This chart shows us the atomic mass and structure of each element. Knowing this information allows us to determine which elements can bond and interact with each other. Alkali metals and halogens can form ionic bonds easily which involves the transfer of an electron from an atom of metal forming a positively charged species, to an atom of non-metal forming a negatively charged species. These two species interact electrostatically and form one of the two extreme forms of bonding; covalent bonding is the other extreme form (Kostiner & Jespersen, 2003). Electronic structure is another piece of important information that you will find on the Periodical Table, this is the atomic number and it will tell you how many atoms make up the element. Alkali Metals and Halogen We know that there are some stable elements and some that are highly unstable. Alkali metals and halogens are unstable because of their electronic structure. If their outer ring is not full of electrons they can bond to easily with other elements, meaning that they have too much space in their outer shells and this makes it easier for other elements to bond with them. If you take Lithium for example, its atomic number is 3, so there would...
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...you describe the periodic nature and properties of atoms and molecules. Explain at a level of detail Dmitri Mendeleev would have understood how halogens and alkali metals are extremely reactive, whereas noble gases are not reactive. Compare properties of molecules formed from atoms in similar families; for example, H2S versus H2O. Explain what is meant by the electronic structure of atoms. How does knowing the electronic structure of atoms aid chemists in predicting chemical reactions? Periodic Table is designed to help us understand how elements are going to react to each other and also gives us the breakdown of how many atoms are in each element. This chart also helps us to identify metals, liquids, and gases. This chart shows us the atomic mass and structure of each element. Knowing this information allows us to determine which elements can bond and interact with each other. Alkali metals and halogens can form ionic bonds easily which involves the transfer of an electron from an atom of metal forming a positively charged species, to an atom of non-metal forming a negatively charged species. These two species interact electrostatically and form one of the two extreme forms of bonding; covalent bonding is the other extreme form (Kostiner & Jespersen, 2003). Electronic structure is another piece of important information that you will find on the Periodical Table, this is the atomic number and it will tell you how many atoms make up the element. Alkali Metals and Halogen We...
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...of X-ray spectroscopic analysis of zirconium ore. The discovery took place in Copenhagen, Denmark. Dmitri Mendeleev He is credited as being the creator of the first version of the periodic table of elements. Using the table, he predicted the properties of elements yet to be discovered. DUBNIUM (Db) It is a chemical element with the symbol Db and atomic number 105, named after the town of Dubna in Russia, where it was first produced. DYSPROSIUM (Dy) Its chemical symbol is “Dy”, metallic element with an atomic number of 66. Dysprosium is one of the rare earth elements in the lanthanide series of the periodic table. Döbereiner, Johann Wolfgang He was a German chemist who is best known for work that foreshadowed the periodic law for the chemical elements. Edwin M. McMillan He was an American physicist and Nobel laureate credited with being the first ever to produce a transuranium element. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Glenn Seaborg in 1951. EINSTIENIUM (Es) It is artificially created radioactive element with an atomic number of 99. Einsteinium is one of the transuranium elements in the actinide series of the periodic table. Emilio Segrè Was an Italian physicist and Nobel...
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...Austin Maaddi Mr. Waters Honors Chemistry 9 December 2014 Lithium Lithium is a soft, silver-colored element found in group 1 of the periodic table. It is an alkali metal with a mass of 6.941 and the atomic number 3. It is a solid at room temperature with a melting point of 180.5 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of 1342 degrees Celsius (Lithium). Lithium's properties make it a highly reactive element when it comes in contact with multiple substances. However, the element has been found to be extremely useful, especially in modern day society. Over the years, scientists have discovered a variety of uses for lithium and it has become a necessary element in every day lives. The history of lithium dates back to the 19th century....
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...As you move down group 1 on the periodic table the atoms get more reactive. As you go down a group the atoms get bigger and bigger this makes it easier for atoms to lose their electrons. The metals react more vigorously with water as you go down the group. Lithium is at the top of the group and when it’s added with water its gets fizzy, floats and moves around the bowl as a gas is given off. When sodium is added with water it moves faster around the bowl, and it turns in to ball and a gas is given off. Potassium in the most reactive out of all the three as it’s below the other two metals. When potassium is added to water it gives off sparks and light on fire, potassium has a faster reaction. As you go down group 7 the atoms become less reactive....
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...Properties | lithium | Lithium is the first of the alkalis in the periodic table. In nature it’s found like a mixture of the isotopes Li6 and Li7. It’s the lightest solid metal; it’s soft, silvery-white, with a low melting point and reactive. Many of its physical and chemical properties are more similar to those of the alkaline earth metals than to those of its own group. | Sodium | Chemical element, symbol: Na, atomic number: 11 and atomic weight 22, 9898. It’s a soft metal, reactive and with a low melting point, with a relative density of 0, 97 at 20ºC (68ºF). From the commercial point of view, sodium is the most important of all the alkaline metals. | potassium | Melting temperatures of sodium and potassium to 110 and 145 k bar, respectively, were determined by optical property changes with an externally heated diamond anvil cell using mineral oil as the pressure medium. The pressure was obtained from the known pressure and temperature shifts of the ruby fluorescence line | rubidium | It is one of the most electropositive and alkaline elements. Rubidium can be liquid at ambient temperature, but only on a hot day given that its melting point is about 40°C. It ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently with water and even with ice at -100 C, setting fire to the liberated hydrogen. | caesium | The metal is characterised by a spectrum containing two bright lines in the blue (accounting for its name). It is silvery gold, soft, and ductile. It is the most electropositive...
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...Lithium is an element that was created during the big bang which is a scientific theory of what happened in the beginning of earth’s creation. This element is also known as a bridge element because it shows characteristics of elements in group 2 along with group 1. Lithium is never found alone but is usually found in compounds. Lithium was discovered in 1817 by Johann August Arfvedson and is identified as an Alkali metal.In 1818 the first lithium metal was prepared by Sir Humphry Davy. It was found in the mineral petalite and was first isolated by William Thomas Brande and Humphrey Davy. If it wasn’t for the discover of the mineral pelatite by José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, it probably would have taken much longer to discover...
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...P1: To outline the key features of the periodic table, atomic structure and chemical bonding. Atomic Structure and Periodicity In modern chemistry and physics it is agreed that the atom is made up of 3 key components: electrons, protons and neutrons. On the periodic table the position of an atom is decided by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom. The proton, electron and neutron all have different characteristic regarding mass and charge these are as follows: Particle | Relative Mass | Relative Charge | Proton | 1 | +1 | Neutron | 1 | ±0 | Electron | 1/2000 | -1 | Most of the atom is empty space, 99.9% to be exact. The 0.1% that is made up of the electrons in the shells and subshells. A proton and electron has an equal but opposite charge even though the difference in mass. Atoms can be identified by their mass numbers and atomic number. Each element changes depending on the structure, for example Carbon would have an atomic number of 6, and a mass number of 12. The name of the atom changes, if there is a change in protons it becomes a new element. If the number of neutrons changes then a new isotope is created In any element the number of protons is always equal to the number of electrons, unless the atom is an ion. In the period table elements are presented in a box with their atomic symbol, name, mass number, and atomic number. It is commonly displayed like this: When the number of neutrons in an atom changes it becomes...
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...Chemistry 1. 5 points of the particle theory: * 1. All matter is made up of tiny particle with empty spaces between them * 2. Different substances are made up of different particles * 3. Particle are always in constant random motion * 4. Particles of a substance move faster as the temperature increases * 5. Particles attract each other 2. Changing state from solid to liquid to gas: * form a solid when the forces are strong enough to form a rigid shape * they gain energy when heated and begin to move faster, when they can no longer hold each other, this forms the liquid state * if they are continued to be heated the particles literally fly apart 3. The difference between pure substances and mixtures: * pure substance: contains only one type of particle * element: a pure substance that can not be broken down into a simpler chemical substance by any physical or chemical means * compound: a pure substance composed of 2 or more different elements that are chemically joined * mixture: contains 2 or more types of particles * mechanical mixture: a mixture in which you can distinguish between different types of matter * solution: a uniform mixture of 2 or more substances 4. Difference between quantitative and qualitative properties: * quantitative property: a property of a substance that is measured and has a numerical value, such as temperature, heat and mass * qualitative property: a property of a substance...
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...GCSE ADDITIONAL SCIENCE B Additional Science B Unit 1 Modules B3, C3, P3 Specimen Paper Candidates answer on the question paper: Additional materials: ruler (cm/mm), calculator F Candidate Number B623/01 60 mins Candidate Name Centre Number TIME 60 mins INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES • • • • • • • • Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes above. Answer all the questions. Write your answers on the dotted lines unless the question says otherwise. Use blue or black ink. Pencil may be used for graphs and diagrams only. Read each question carefully and make sure you know what you have to do before starting your answer. There is a space after most questions. Use it to do your working. In many questions marks will be given for a correct method even if the answer is incorrect. Do not write in the bar code. Do not write in the grey area between the pages. DO NOT WRITE IN THE AREA OUTSIDE THE BOX BORDERING EACH PAGE. ANY WRITING IN THIS AREA WILL NOT BE MARKED. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES • • The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. The total number of marks for this paper is 60. This specimen paper consists of 25 printed pages. © OCR 2005 Registered Charity Number: 1066969 BLANK PAGE Specimen Paper: Additional Science B 1 Answer all questions. Section 1 1. (a) Janet’s class is investigating the directions that roots and shoots grow. They grow bean seeds in jam jars. They put...
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...Lavoisier published a list of 33 chemical elements, grouping them into gases, metals,nonmetals, and earths.[42] Chemists spent the following century searching for a more precise classification scheme. In 1829, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner observed that many of the elements could be grouped into triads based on their chemical properties. Lithium, sodium, and potassium, for example, were grouped together in a triad as soft, reactive metals. Döbereiner also observed that, when arranged by atomic weight, the second member of each triad was roughly the average of the first and the third;[43]this became known as the Law of Triads.[44] German chemist Leopold Gmelin worked with this system, and by 1843 he had identified ten triads, three groups of four, and one group of five. Jean-Baptiste Dumas published work in 1857 describing relationships between various groups of metals. Although various chemists were able to identify relationships between small groups of elements, they had yet to build one scheme that encompassed them all.[43] In 1858, German chemist August Kekulé observed that carbon often has four other atoms bonded to it.Methane, for example, has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. This concept eventually became known as valency; different elements bond with different numbers of atoms.[45] In 1862, Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, a French geologist, published an early form of periodic table, which he called the telluric helix or screw. He was the first person to notice...
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...Symbols and Charges for Polyatomic Ions Formula Name Formula NO3nitrate ClO4NO2 nitrite ClO3CrO42chromate ClO22Cr2O7 dichromate ClOCN cyanide IO4MnO4 permanganate IO3OH hydroxide IOO22peroxide BrO3NH2 amide BrO2CO3 carbonate HCO32SO4 sulfate HSO42SO3Chemistry I sulfite HSO32C2OPolyatomic Ions oxalate HC2O44 3PO4 phosphate HPO423acids: PO3Here’s a list of common polyatomic ions andH2PO4phosphite 2Name S2OIon + thiosulfate HS3 NH Ammonium* AsO43- 4 arsenate BO33NO3 Nitrate 2SeONO selenate B4O724 Nitrite 2 2SiOOHsilicate SiF623 Hydroxide* 2C4HCN-6 tartrate 4O Cyanide Name perchlorate chlorate chlorite hypochlorite periodate iodate hypoiodite bromate hypobromite hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate) hydrogen sulfite (bisulfite) hydrogen oxalate (bioxalate) hydrogen phosphate dihydrogen phosphate Acid Formula Acid hydrogen sulfide Name borate HNO3 Nitric Acid tetraborate HNO2 Nitrous Acid hexafluorosilicate (not really an acid) HOH Water HCN Hydrocyanic Acid SCNThiocyanate HSCN Thiocyanic Acid C2HClO2-acetate (an write ) Perchlorate* alternate way to HClO4 acetate is CH3COOPerchloric Acid 3O 4 ClO3 Chlorate* HClO3 Chloric Acid ClO2 Chlorite* HClO2 Chlorous Acid There are only two positive polyatomic ions: ClOHypochlorite* HClO Hypochlorous Acid + H O2 C2is3calledI the ammonium ion and Acetate HC2 H3 O2 Acetic Acid NH4Chemistry MnO4 Permanganate HMnO4 Permanganic Acid 2+ Hg2 Polyatomic Ions mercury(I) ion is called the SO4 2Sulfate* H2 SO4 Sulfuric Acid 2Sulfite*...
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...Chapter 01 1.1 Introduction: A storage device may be used to store energy from renewable energy source in DC form which can be converted to AC power by using power inverter. Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) technique may be used to control output rms voltage of the inverter. As the load is variable, the power consumed by the load (PL) may be smaller than the power generated from the renewable energy source (PR). Therefore a Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) Controller may be used to supply the additional power (PR – PL) from the renewable energy source to the grid. On the other hand if the power consumed by the load (PL) is greater than the power generated from the renewable energy source (PR) therefore the same FACTS controller may be used to absorb the additional power (PR – PL) from the grid to the load. In this case the FACTS controller must allow bi-directional power flow. If all the active houses are connected to the grid in the same way (proposed way), the active houses that generate more power than the load can be supplied to the active houses that generate less power than the load. Therefore a suitable FACTS controller should be designed in such a way that it can control the power flow in both directions. The idea is illustrated in the following figure. 1.2 Objectives: • Study on different FACTS controllers • Study on different renewable energy sources • Study on different...
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