...Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2003, Vol. 112, No. 4, 558 –577 Copyright 2003 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0021-843X/03/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.558 Testing Mediational Models With Longitudinal Data: Questions and Tips in the Use of Structural Equation Modeling David A. Cole Vanderbilt University Scott E. Maxwell University of Notre Dame R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny (1986) provided clarion conceptual and methodological guidelines for testing mediational models with cross-sectional data. Graduating from cross-sectional to longitudinal designs enables researchers to make more rigorous inferences about the causal relations implied by such models. In this transition, misconceptions and erroneous assumptions are the norm. First, we describe some of the questions that arise (and misconceptions that sometimes emerge) in longitudinal tests of mediational models. We also provide a collection of tips for structural equation modeling (SEM) of mediational processes. Finally, we suggest a series of 5 steps when using SEM to test mediational processes in longitudinal designs: testing the measurement model, testing for added components, testing for omitted paths, testing the stationarity assumption, and estimating the mediational effects. Tests of mediational models have been an integral component of research in the behavioral sciences for decades. Perhaps the prototypical example of mediation was Woodsworth’s (1928) S-O-R model, which suggested...
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...Work and Well-Being How and to what extent does positive affect influence organizational citizenship behaviours? January 2006 Introduction This essay is broken down into various sections to develop the ‘building blocks’ upon which we can provide an answer to the question. In section 1, we will look at the core constructs of ‘positive affect’ (PA) and ‘organizational citizenship behaviours’ (OCBs). In section 2, we will answer the question of how PA influences OCBs by looking at some of the main theories and models. In section 3, the extent to which PA influences OCBs will be considered by reviewing the empirical evidence. Finally, section 4 attempts to draw conclusions and provides an overall discussion. Section 1 - Definitions This section looks at the constructs of ‘positive affect’ and ‘organizational citizenship behaviours’. Positive Affect (PA) Between the 1930s, when it started to emerge as a construct of interest to organizational research, and the mid-1980s, affect at work was construed almost exclusively in terms of job satisfaction (Brief & Weiss, 2002). However, Organ & Near (1985) argued that job satisfaction has both a cognitive (belief, judgement, comparison) as well as an affective (emotional, feeling) dimension, whereas most measures of job satisfaction tended to focus on the cognitive element. This distinction is important: Weiss & Cropanzano (1996) see affective experiences...
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...Does rumination hinder forgiveness in the context of an interpersonal transgression? Forgiveness theory has been widely researched in the social psychology arena in recent years. The role of rumination in forgiveness has received much attention, with several important studies by prominent researchers attempting to measure its effect. A dominant theoretical perspective on the relationship between rumination and forgiveness in the literature suggests that rumination is detrimental to forgiveness, and that changes in rumination are the antecedent to changes in forgiveness. This paper outlines the prevailing theoretical perspectives on this relationship and presents a critical analysis of a selection of influential studies and their conclusions. An alternative theoretical perspective is introduced and some limitations of the current studies, as well as suggestions for further research, are made. In order to understand the relationship between rumination and forgiveness, these terms need to be defined. Whilst no single agreed upon definition exists, there are a set of common elements that underlie these constructs. Rumination can be broadly described as a cognitive process involving conscious repetitive thoughts which revolve around a common theme, and are present even in the absence of immediate environmental demands requiring those thoughts (Martin & Tesser, 1996). Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco and Lyubomirsky (2008) conceptualise rumination as a way of responding to distress involving...
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...Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, and Research Institute of Psychology & Health, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands Downloaded By: [University Library Utrecht] At: 08:58 19 September 2008 b By using a full panel design in a representative sample of Finnish dentists (N 02555), the present study aimed to test longitudinally the motivational and health impairment processes as proposed in the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model. The second aim was to investigate whether home resources and home demands have an additional influence on both processes over time. The hypotheses were tested with cross-lagged analyses based on two waves over a 3-year period. The results supported both the motivational process and the health impairment process. Job resources influenced future work engagement, which, in turn, predicted organizational commitment, whereas job demands predicted burnout over time, which, in turn, predicted future depression. In addition, job resources had a weak negative impact on burnout. Home demands and home resources did not influence the motivational or health impairment process over time. The results support the central role of work characteristics for health and well-being. By integrating both human thriving and ill-health in the same model, the JD-R model may help to bridge the gap between ‘‘negative’’ and ‘‘positive’’ psychology. Keywords: Job Demands-Resources model; work engagement; burnout; well-being;...
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...University of Phoenix Material Origins of Psychology and Research Methods Worksheet Part I: Origins of Psychology Within psychology, there are several perspectives used to describe, predict, and explain human behavior. The seven major perspectives in modern psychology are psychoanalytic, behaviorist, humanist, cognitive, neuroscientific/biopsychological, evolutionary, and sociocultural. Describe the perspectives, using two to three sentences each. Select one major figure associated with one of the perspectives and describe his or her work in two to three sentences. Type your response in the space below. Psychoanalytic – Construction which alerts the relative of conscious and unaware psychological processes. Freud Sigmund was the founder of the psychoanalytic school. . behavioral perspective- : A Psychologist who analyses obvious or scientific behavior. John Watson was the founder of the behaviorist school. humanistic perspective- expressed discretion and a position of self-realization because every people try to build up self actualisation. cognitive perspective- is how we accumulate and store data through views and perceptions. neuroscientific/biopsychological perspective-examines behavior through genetic processes of the brain and other parts of the nervous system. evolutionary perspective- Tensions natural selection, adjustment, and development of behavior and psychological processes. sociocultural perspective- social interactions...
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...REFERENCIAS Abu-Rabia, 2003 Abu-Rabia, S. (2003). The Influence of working memory on reading and creative writing processes in a second language. Educational Psychology,23, 209–222. Ackerman, P. L., Beier, M. E., y Boyle, M. D. (2002). Individual differences in working memory within a nomological network of cognitive and perceptual speed abilities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131(4), 567-589. Ackerman, P., Beier, M.E., & Boyle, M.O. (2005). Working memory and intelligence: the same or different constructs? Psychological Bulletin, 131(1),30-60. Alameda & Cuetos, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2001 Alameda, J. R. y Cuetos, F. (1995). Diccionario de frecuencia de las unidades lingüísticas del castellano. Oviedo: Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad de Oviedo. Alameda, J. R. & Cuetos, F. (1996). Índices de frecuencia y vecindad ortográfica para un corpus de palabras de cuatro letras. Revista Electrónica de Metodología Aplicada, 1, 10-29. En http://www.uniovi.es/~Psi/REMA/ (junio de 2001). Alameda, J. R. (1997). Base de datos de no-palabras de cuatro letras para su uso en tareas experimentales de decisión léxica. Revista Electrónica de Metodología Aplicada, 2, 1-49. En http://www.uniovi.es/~Psi/REMA/ (junio de 2001). Alameda, J. R. & Cuetos, F. (2001). Índices de frecuencia y vecindad para palabras de cinco letras. Revista Electrónica de Metodología Aplicada, 6 (2). En http://www.uniovi.es/~Psi/REMA. Alloway, 2006 Alloway TP...
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...disorder: An exploratory moderator analysis. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 37(2), Purpose: To explore whether psychosocial challenges impact effects of vocational rehabilitation in Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Hypothesis Procedure: A post hoc exploratory analysis of possible moderators of treatment was conducted...
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...University of Phoenix Material Appendix B Research Methods List the advantages and disadvantages of the following research methods: Research Method | Advantages | Disadvantages | Case Study 1. Case study in psychology refers to the use of a descriptive research approach to obtain an in-depth analysis of a person, group, or phenomenon. A variety of techniques may be employed including personal interviews, direct-observation, psychometric tests, and archival records. . | Such detail not normally obtained by other studies, specific and rare cases, the development of original hypothesis used for later testing. | Collecting longitudinal case studies not always being useful, some non-scientific, one client and one subject could lead to a bias result and wrong data will bring different results than others, case-control needed but difficult to obtain. | Correlational MethodCorrelation is a statistical measurement of the relationship between two variables. Possible correlations range from +1 to –1. A zero correlation indicates that there is no relationship between the variables. A correlation of –1 indicates a perfect negative correlation, meaning that as one variable goes up, the other goes down. A correlation of +1 indicates a perfect positive correlation, meaning that both variables move in the same direction together. | More data than experiments- being more applicable to daily life opens up further research, correctional research helps provide a good start for other...
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...Other Descriptive Research Methods l Developmental research l Case study l Job analysis l Observational research l Correlational studies ~Developmental Research l Is the study of changes in behaviors across years. l Infancy, childhood, adolescence, as well as, elderly.� The total human life span. l Longitudinal � follow same individuals over time l Cross-sectional � select different participants at each age level ~Longitudinal designs l Are time-consuming l Drop out rate l Participants become increasingly familiar with the test items l Items may cause a change in behavior ~Cross-Sectional Studies l Are less time-consuming l A cohort problem exists: are the environmental circumstances the same for all the cohorts l Either the longitudinal or cross-sectional studies can also be experimental as well as developmental (covered in chapter 17) ~Methodological Problems of Developmental Research l Unrepresented scores: Called outliers Occur in all research but more common in developmental research (children and seniors) Caused from shorter attention spans, distraction, and lack of motivation to do the task.� Plan the testing session within a reasonable time Prevent distractions Retest when one occurs Unclear Semantics Using words that the children will understand Understanding what is expected of them must be a concern Lack of reliability In younger children�s response Performances should be the same when...
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...1.1 1.2 Background and aims .................................................................................................... 1 The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) ...................................................................... 2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.3 Why use the Theory of Planned Behaviour? ............................................ 2 What is the Theory of Planned Behaviour? .............................................. 3 Strengths and weaknesses of the Theory of Planned Behaviour ............. 6 Outline of report .............................................................................................................. 6 2 Mapping existing survey questions to TPB constructs ....... 8 2.1 2.2 Review of longitudinal surveys ..................................................................................... 8 Review of ‘Food and You’ questions .......................................................................... 11 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 Attitudes towards a behaviour ................................................................ 12 Social norms...
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...research proves that being a middle child is often associated with negative characteristics that can last into adulthood (Kidwell, 1982). Section B In order to gain more knowledge on my research question, I have designed a correlational study that will allow for the effect of middleborns to be observed without manipulation of the study. I have created three hundred online surveys for eighteen to twenty-one year old college students to complete in their general education psychology classrooms. Four universities will participate in the study. And those who identify as middleborns will participate in an intensive interview. The study will be longitudinal, as data will be collected over numerous years. Section C The populations of interest for the study are college students aged eighteen to twenty-one. Four universities have been selected to participate in the study. The four universities are spread out through the United States. The study will select those students participating in a general education psychology course that is required for all students to take. All students will be asked to fill out a survey regarding questions about their birth order. In order to increase participation, extra credit will be offered in the class if students complete the survey. The survey will ask questions about whether the participant was an only child, first born, middle born, or last born. The survey will also ask a series of questions about how the participant feels about their birth order...
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...entitled A Longitudinal Analysis of Drinking Motives Moderating the Negative Affect-Drinking Associations Among College Students. The focus of this study was whether individuals with a high drink to cope motivation, in comparison to others, would likely drink more on days where their stress levels were high as well as having a higher negative affect. The second study discussed was performed by Litvin, E.B. and Brandon, H., (2010) and is entitled Testing the Influence of External and Internal Cues on Smoking Motivation Using a Community Sample. The focus of this study was to broaden previous findings that smoking-related cues activates self-reported desires or drive together with “behavioral and physiological responses” (Litvin, E.B. & Brandon, T.H., 2010), seemingly by classical conditioning. It is obvious to this writer that both studies mentioned above are largely quantitative. This writer bases this opinion on the fact that both groups of participants were small, both studies was performed to test a hypothesis, the participants were not known to the researchers, the scientific method used in both studies were quantitative in that the researchers tested their hypotheses and did not generative new hypotheses and/or theories after the collection of data and lastly, the data collected consisted of, but was not limited to, surveys, daily diaries, observation and participant interviews thereby making these studies. Study One: A Longitudinal Analysis of Drinking...
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...decades of original research in order to assess this line of investigation. Studies are evaluated based on contemporary standards of research in the field of criminology. Although the possibility that television and film violence has an impact on violent criminality remains, it is concluded here that, despite persistent published reviews that state the contrary, the body of published, empirical evidence on this topic does not establish that viewing violent portrayals causes crime. D 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Television violence; Media violence; Violent crime 1. Introduction A vast empirical literature on the impact of television exposure on aggression has accrued over the last four decades, mostly in the fields of psychology and broadcasting. Reviews of this literature typically conclude that there is evidence that viewing violent media is as- * Tel.: +1-202-885-2974. E-mail address: jsavage@american.edu (J. Savage). 1359-1789/$ – see front matter D 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2003.10.001 100 J. Savage / Aggression and...
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...Conceptual, Historical and Contemporary Issues in Psychology Evaluate the use of the Construct of Personality in Modern Life Broadly speaking personality can be defined as patterns of behaviour, thoughts and feelings. Accordingly a person’s behaviour allows us to infer future behaviour and describe how we differ from each other (Pervin & John, 2001). Today the use of personality is widespread and can be seen in many areas of modern life such as clinical, health, educational, occupational and forensic settings. For this reason, in the western world personality is viewed as an important aspect or characteristic of a person, which people are forever seeking advice on how to change and improve (Brody & Ehrlichman, 1998). The use of psychological tests attempting to measure individual differences related to occupational behaviours have been used for over 60 years (Furnham, 1992). Frequently, they are used for selection and appraisal due to the vast number of applicants, the high costs of interviewing and the necessity for objective, comparative data (Hogan, Hogan & Roberts, 1996). Recent research in personnel psychology has relied on meta- analysis to develop generalizations about personality characteristics that are characteristic of success in job- related contexts. Accordingly, relating measures of the Big Five to job performance measures suggest that conscientiousness is the personality trait that is consistently related to measures of work- related performance (Barrick...
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...OCR A2 Psychology Unit G544 Part B Approaches, Perspectives, METHODS, ISSUES AND DEBATES IN psychology Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................. Perspectives Learning Objectives ...................................................................................................... Behaviourist Perspective Definition ............................................................................................................ Assumptions ........................................................................................................ Ivan Pavlov ‘Pavlovian Conditioning’ ................................................................ Watson & Raynor ‘Little Albert’ Experiment ..................................................... B.F. Skinner ‘Operant Conditioning’ ................................................................... Strengths and Weaknesses ................................................................................... Psychodynamic Perspective Definition ............................................................................................................. Freud’s Tripartite Theory of Personality ................................................... Assumptions ......................................................................................................... Freud’s Psychosexual Stages...
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