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Guided Inquiry • Skills Lab
Chapter 16 Lab Amino Acid Sequences: Indicators of Evolution Problem
How can you use proteins to determine how closely organisms are related?

Introduction
Biologists have many ways to study evolution. They can use fossils to learn about ancient species. They can compare the anatomy of modern species. They can observe the order in which cells develop in embryos. All these clues reflect what took place over time at the molecular level. DNA and proteins, the genes and the products of genes, provide powerful evidence for descent with modification.
As DNA changes over time, the proteins that are produced by the DNA change too. The result is that many organisms have similar, but not identical, versions of a given protein. Differences among these homologous proteins provide clues to evolution. In Part A of this lab, you will compare amino acid sequences of hemoglobin from eight mammals. In Part B, you will analyze data about sequences in a second protein—cytochrome c. In Part B, the organisms will be more diverse.

Skills Focus
Analyze Data, Graph, Draw Conclusions

Materials
• highlighter pen, light-colored
• graph paper

95

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]

Pre-Lab Questions
1. Predict Based only on their anatomy, rank gorillas, bears, chimpanzees, and mice from most recent common ancestor with humans to least recent common ancestor.

2. Use Analogies You tell a story to a second person who tells it to a third person, and so on. As the story is retold, changes are introduced. Over time, the number of changes increases. How is this process an analogy for what happens to DNA over time?

3. Infer Hemoglobin from two species is compared. On the long protein chains, there are three locations where the amino acids are different. Where would you place the

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