...Jesse A. Berlin, ScD; and Eileen E. Reynolds, MD Background: The risks and benefits of mammography screening among women 40 to 49 years of age remain an important issue for clinical practice. Purpose: To evaluate the evidence about the risks and benefits of mammography screening for women 40 to 49 years of age. Data Sources: English-language publications in MEDLINE (1966 – 2005), Pre-MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and references of selected studies through May 2005. Study Selection: Previous systematic reviews; randomized, controlled trials; and observational studies. Data Extraction: Two independent reviewers. Data Synthesis: In addition to publications from the original mammography trials, 117 studies were included in the review. Metaanalyses of randomized, controlled trials demonstrate a 7% to 23% reduction in breast cancer mortality rates with screening mammography in women 40 to 49 years of age. Screening mammography is associated with an increased risk for mastectomy but a decreased risk for adjuvant chemotherapy and hormone therapy. The risk for death due to breast cancer from the radiation exposure involved in mammography screening is small and is outweighed by a reduction in breast cancer mortality rates from early detection. Rates of falsepositive results are high (20% to 56% after 10 mammograms), but false-positive results have little effect on psychological health or subsequent mammography adherence. Although many women report pain...
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...Annals of Internal Medicine Clinical Guidelines Screening Mammography for Women 40 to 49 Years of Age: A Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA; Vincenza Snow, MD; Katherine Sherif, MD; Mark Aronson, MD; Kevin B. Weiss, MD, MPH; and Douglas K. Owens, MD, MS, for the Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians* Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of death for women in their 40s in the United States. Individualized risk assessment plays an important role when making decisions about screening mammography, especially for women 49 years of age or younger. The purpose of this guideline is to present the available evidence for screening mammography in women 40 to 49 years of age and to increase clinicians’ understanding of the benefits and risks of screening mammography. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:511-515. For author affiliations, see end of text. www.annals.org RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendation 1: In women 40 to 49 years of age, clinicians should periodically perform individualized assessment of risk for breast cancer to help guide decisions about screening mammography. A careful assessment of a woman’s risk for breast cancer is important. The 5-year breast cancer risk can vary from 0.4% for a woman age 40 years with no risk factors to 6.0% for a woman age 49 years with several risk factors (1). Factors that increase the risk for breast cancer include older age, family...
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...Annals of Internal Medicine Clinical Guidelines Screening Mammography for Women 40 to 49 Years of Age: A Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA; Vincenza Snow, MD; Katherine Sherif, MD; Mark Aronson, MD; Kevin B. Weiss, MD, MPH; and Douglas K. Owens, MD, MS, for the Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians* Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of death for women in their 40s in the United States. Individualized risk assessment plays an important role when making decisions about screening mammography, especially for women 49 years of age or younger. The purpose of this guideline is to present the available evidence for screening mammography in women 40 to 49 years of age and to increase clinicians’ understanding of the benefits and risks of screening mammography. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:511-515. For author affiliations, see end of text. www.annals.org RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendation 1: In women 40 to 49 years of age, clinicians should periodically perform individualized assessment of risk for breast cancer to help guide decisions about screening mammography. A careful assessment of a woman’s risk for breast cancer is important. The 5-year breast cancer risk can vary from 0.4% for a woman age 40 years with no risk factors to 6.0% for a woman age 49 years with several risk factors (1). Factors that increase the risk for breast cancer include older age, family...
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...------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Assessment 3 ------------------------------------------------- Working Across Difference With Transgender ------------------------------------------------- And Transsexual Individuals ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Student Name:------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- Clare J Clayton | ------------------------------------------------- Student Number:------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- S2847347 | ------------------------------------------------- Date Submitted: | ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...one-gender system to a two-gender system, and on to ‘third sex’ categories. 3 Some specifics of gender transitions. 5 Part I: Sexology begins. Transgender Identities before the 19th century 7 The early 19th century: Enters forensic psychiatry 7 The late nineteenth century: Inverts turn to Experts. Enters sexology and the empirical case history. 8 Part II: Early 20th century The rise of Psychoanalysis and it's denial of transgender identities Developments in Medical technology. 10 Psycho-analysis’ erasure of transgender 11 The sixties and seventies: routine treatment of the empty transsexual 12 Part III: Transgender becomes Real. The emergence of transgender. 15 De-constructing gender, from gender identity to “freedom of gender expression”. 15 Changes in transgender care. 17 The lack of transgender in Continental Europe. 18 References 19 Summery This paper was originally written for the “Sex, Gender and Identity” program of The School for International Training (SIT) in Amsterdam. SIT is an US university and specializes in study abroad programs for students from American universities. This paper discusses transgender identities during the last hundred and fifty years. The introduction to this paper describes how gender can be defined, and how our current day two-gender system evolved from a one-gender system in the late middle ages. This two-gender system started to produce...
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...effective way to maintain an improvement as a development can be made. As part of the UKCC Project 2000 pre registration nurses are expected to be able to reflect on practice experiences and reflection can help create holistic and flexible practitioners (Andrews et al 1998). For the purpose of the assignment I will use a pseudonym to protect the client’s identity in accordance with the law as stated by the Department of Health (2003), there is also an obligation stated by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) to protect client confidentiality. This pseudonym is Sue. The first stage of Gibbs’ model is a description of what happened; whilst on a surgical ward I was caring for a lady post operatively who had a bilateral total mastectomy performed. It was her first day post surgery and as per hospital policy she was advised to mobilise as soon as possible to avoid lymphoedema, an obstruction of the lymph flow causing chronic swelling of the limb (Harmer 2008), therefore she asked me if I would assist her to the bathroom. I was aware that this was the first time Sue would have seen her wounds and dressings and for this...
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...Shaping Parental Authority over Children’s Bodies ALICIA OUELLETTE* INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 956 I. SCULPTING, SHAPING, AND SIZING CHILDREN: FOCUS CASES.............................. 959 A. WESTERNIZING ASIAN EYES..................................................................... 960 B. HORMONES FOR STATURE ........................................................................ 961 C. LIPOSUCTION ON A TWELVE YEAR OLD.................................................... 963 D. GROWTH STUNTING ................................................................................. 964 II. THE LAW, MEDICINE, PARENTAL RIGHTS, AND CHILDREN’S BODIES ................. 966 A. BACKGROUND LAW ................................................................................. 966 B. APPLICATION IN SHAPING CASES .............................................................. 969 C. ROOM FOR REGULATION .......................................................................... 971 III. WHAT IS REALLY WRONG WITH MEDICAL AND SURGICAL SHAPING OF CHILDREN? ............................................................................................................ 973 A. THE NONSUBORDINATION PRINCIPLE AS A LIMIT ON INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS 974 B. CHILDREN AS PERSONS, PARENTAL RIGHTS ............................................. 977 C. MEDICAL AND SURGICAL SHAPING OF CHILDREN IS DIFFERENT ............... 981 IV. CONCERNING...
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...students were to research on events that were headlines on the day they were born, 20 years, 50 years and 100 years ago. They were to present this in front of a panel in specific schedules their professor has given. This also served as their final exam for the second term of school year 2012 – 2011. They were to follow the APA style in doing the paper including a bibliography of the same format. The research is very useful in their course, which is Bachelor of Arts Major in Consular and Diplomatic Affairs, because it concerns historical headlines around the world and their course mostly consists of majors in history. They may also improve their research making skills and strategies in the study because it requires them to consult more sources for a precise and reliable study. Based on this study, many historical events did happen on the same month of the researcher’s birthday. Some created great effect on today and others are just headlines that shook the world. It’s a way of discovering new things about history and also getting to remember it because it took a mindful of research to get all the information. It also serves as an achievement for a student to create a research paper and applying all that they have learned in their subject. BODY January 31, 1996 50 Dead in Sri Lanka suicide bombing BBC News UK (1996) reported more than 50 citizens of Sri Lanka died during a suicide bombing at the country’s central bank while 1,400 were injured. There was a truckload of explosives...
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...BIOLOGY OF CANCER “Cancer affects all of us, whether you’re A Daughter, Mother, Sister, Friend, Coworker, Doctor, and Patient.” Jennifer Aniston INTRODUCTION: A multicellular organism can thrive only when all its cells function in accordance with the rules that govern cell growth and reproduction. Why does a normal cell suddenly become a “rebel,” breaking the rules, dividing recklessly, invading other tissues, usurping resources, and in some cases eventually killing the body in which it lives? To understand how and why cells rebel, we need to understand the normal functions of cell growth and reproduction. From the mid nineteenth century on, research in cell biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology has provided astonishingly detailed information about the molecules and processes that allow cells to divide, grow, differentiate, and perform their essential functions. This basic knowledge of cell biology has also led to practical discoveries about the mechanisms of cancer. Specific molecules that control the progression of a cell through the cell cycle regulate cell growth. An understanding of normal cell cycle processes and how those processes go awry provides key information about the mechanisms that trigger cancer. Loss of control of the cell cycle is one of the critical steps in the development of cancer. Although cancer comprises at least 100 different diseases, all cancer cells share one important characteristic: they are abnormal cells in which the...
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...“Tit” for Tat In a world where bigger is better, we as a country have been trying to out do and gain a leg up on everyone. It is starting to take a toll on our bodies. Plastic surgery has been on the rise, and what used to be shunned is now widely accepted and now in some cases expected. Everything is now possible from making an overgrown gut smaller, a flat butt more voluptuous, or making an undersized bust outrageously massive. From 1997 to 2003 plastic surgery has skyrocketed 299%. Breast augmentation is changing the shape of the world. Today, it is the most commonly performed cosmetic surgical procedure in the United States. According to the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons, more than 125,000 breast augmentation procedures are performed each year. People are now shelling out the big bucks for youth and beauty. All of those assets come with a price. Most women think now they need to be skinny and have a big chest to even be someone in this world. Medical advances, greater public acceptance of plastic surgery, and the media have all contributed to the problem. Men also contribute their ideal woman, which television and pornographic material create; but in reality most women aren’t Barbie dolls and shouldn’t have to be to succeed or be someone in life. Dr. David Sarwer, a University of Pennsylvania psychologist who has studied augmentation, said “The current ideal of female beauty -- that of a thin, well-toned, yet big-breasted woman --...
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...Mintz-Binder, DNP, RN March 27, 2012 Examining Nursing Practice: A Personal Framework After graduating nursing school in 2008, I started working as an Operating Room nurse (OR) at a level one trauma center, which specializes in neurosurgery. I now scrub and circulate neurology, urology, ENT (ear, nose and throat), and plastic surgeries. I am also a charge nurse and in charge of orienting new nurses and graduate nurses. The OR is fast paced and challenging. One never knows what is going to come through the doors, but you have to be ready at any given moment, to do anything from removing tonsils to clipping an aneurysm, in a matter of minutes. In the OR, often times the team gets caught up in tasks that need to be performed to get the case going, and sometimes forget that a human being is lying on the table with both physical and emotional needs. That is why, I teach my new graduates and everyone that I precept to act like it is a member of their family lying on the table. Often times just a friendly word or a smile before the patient is put under anesthesia can make a world of difference. If there is time, I also update the family to what is going on in the OR and try to answer any questions that I am able to. Sometimes surgeries last for sixteen hours; just an update can mean the world of difference to an already anxious family. Some OR nurses might tell you that their nursing is more focused because they have little interaction with the family and patient, but I try...
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...Saiful Islam | 104821 | 02 | Lenin Azad Polash | 104831 | 03 | Md. Whahiduzzaman Robin | 104865 | 04 | Rafiul Islam Chowdhury | 104965 | 05 | Md. Nazmul Hasan | 105043 | Letter of Transmission April 28, 2013 Md. Mosharraf Hossain Chairman Department of management studies Jagannath University, Dhaka. Sub: Submission of Assignment in “Employee Benefits of Walton (company)”. Dear Sir, We are very happy that we have been able to submit the assignment you have assigned to us. The assignment was to prepare the “Employee Benefits of Walton (company)” on the course named “Human Resource Management” as part of our academic activities. For the purpose of preparing the assignment we had to have an in-depth knowledge on Employee Benefits and the company Walton as well. This was the first ever opportunity for us to gain proper understanding to Employee Benefits and working on it over a company ever as such practical knowledge. Thank you for giving us the opportunity to learn the real life practice & increase the knowledge on Employee Benefit on the course “Human Resource Management”. Sincerely Yours Group Name : The Corporate (A) Section : A Department of Management Studies Jagannath University, Dhaka Table of Content Title | Subtitle | Page | Introduction | | vi | Background | Background of Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industry | vii | Definition | Definition of SME given by BSCIC | x | Area of concern | Developing and Expansionary activities...
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...purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of medical tourism, noting the specific medical tourism destinations, presenting reasons for the recent increase in medical tourism, and examining the risks and benefits, as well as wrestling with the challenging ethical and legal issues inherent in medical tourism. The paper will conclude with consideration of the role of the law in medical tourism. Introduction Over the past 100 years, the United States of America (U.S.) has changed greatly in its economic structure, population composition, culture, technological achievements, and health care. 26 However, the U.S. health care delivery system has not changed significantly compared to other areas. 26 A e cn’leepc ni hv a ot m r as i xet c s ae l s i f a e m doubled since 190. Americans have also seen significantly decreased mortality rates, which were almost cut in half since...
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...Case Study of the NOVADECI Health Care Program By Rosa C. Mercado and Ramon A. Certeza Introduction This case study focuses on the role of the Novaliches Development Cooperative (NOVADECI) in providing health care and medical services to its members. NOVADECI is a cooperative initiated by market vendors in 1976 in a bustling urban community. It started its operations in the town of Novaliches and has since then widened its scope of operation to include the areas of Caloocan and Quezon City, two highly urbanized and populous cities in the Philippines. Quezon City is home to many government and private offices, shopping malls and public markets, schools and universities and sprawling residential areas for both the rich and the poor. NOVADECI had a very rocky beginning, borne out of desperation and necessity for a small group of market vendors who were struggling to keep their businesses afloat in the face of changing market conditions, lack of support from or access to government and banking institutions and perennial dependence on usurious money lenders. Over the years they have realized that their margins-of-profit were being eaten away by the high interest rates they have to pay on loans. In 1976, a tipping point came when the slaughterhouse on which they were getting their meat supplies was ordered closed by the city government due to poor sanitation. A small group of 15 market vendors decided to close ranks and put their heads together. They poured out...
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...theoretical frameworks. Tempered radicals, Meyerson and Scully argue, are individuals who identify with and are committed to their organizations and also to a cause, community or ideology that is fundamentally different from, and possibly at odds with, the dominant culture of their organization. Their radicalism stimulates them to challenge the status quo. Their temperedness reflects the way they have been toughened by challenges, angered by what they see as injustices or ineffectiveness, and inclined to seek moderation in their interactions with members closer to the centre of organizational values and orientations. The paper is a scholarly treatment of a complex concept. It is radical in its charge to us to see new possibilities in the study of organization. It is tempered, even hopeful, in its prescriptions for harnessing participants who are often on the margins of organizational life and who have much to offer to enrich and sustain positive change in organizations. It is a very appropriate...
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