...liver transplantation, there are three types of graft rejection that may occur. They include hyper-acute rejection, acute rejection and chronic rejection. Hyper-acute rejection is caused by preformed anti-donor antibodies. It is characterized by the binding of these antibodies to antigens on vascular endothelial cells. Complement activation is involved and the effect is usually profound. Hyper-acute rejection happens within minutes to hours after the transplant procedure. Unlike hyper-acute rejection, which is B cell mediated, acute rejection is mediated by T cells. It involves direct cytotoxicity and cytokine mediated pathways. Acute rejection is the most common and the primary target of immunosuppressive agents. Acute rejection is usually seen within days or weeks of the transplant. Chronic rejection is the presence of any sign and symptom of rejection after 1 year. The cause of chronic rejection is still unknown but an acute rejection is a strong predictor of chronic rejections. Liver rejection may happen anytime after the transplant. Lab findings of a liver rejection include abnormal AST, ALT, GGT and liver function values such as prothrombin time, ammonia level, bilirubin level, albumin concentration, and blood glucose. Physical findings include encephalopathy, jaundice, bruising and bleeding tendency. Other nonspecific presentation are malaise, anorexia, muscle ache, low fever, slight increase in white blood count and graft-site tenderness....
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...According to the World Health Organisation ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of death in the world in 2012. 7.4 million people died from the disease in 2012 with stroke being the second leading cause of death and chronic obstructive lung disease being the third top killer. [1] These deaths undoubtedly have devastating effects and put a major strain on the health system both as regards resources but also as regards finance. According to CNBC Ischaemic heart disease costs the United States approximately $108.9 billion per year. [2] Evidently major advancements in the treatment of the disease need to be undertaken. The current treatments of the disease only delay the progression of the disease but never actually cure it. The main aim...
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...immunosuppressant medications in post-renal transplant recipients, such as graft rejection. Identified some barriers to compliance and discussed how patient-centered nursing interventions should be used to alleviate these barriers and bring about compliance with immunosuppressant medications, at the same time decreasing graft rejection in renal transplant recipients. Renal Transplant and Medication Compliance: Patient-centered Nursing Interventions will Facilitate Better Patient Compliance of Medications in Post-Renal Transplant Recipients In medicine, the term non-compliance is commonly used in regard to a patient who does not take a prescribed medication or follow prescribed course treatments (MedicineNet, 2012). This is one of the major issues with post-renal transplantation recipients. Renal transplant is a surgery done to implant a healthy kidney into a person with end-stage renal disease. End-stage renal disease is when the kidney stops function all together, that makes the person unable to live without dialysis or transplant. “Kidney transplantation is the optimal treatment for end-stage renal disease (Theofilou, 2012). Life expectation is significantly improved among transplant patients compared with that of age-matched wait-listed patients on dialysis” (Theofilou, 2012). After renal transplant there can be many complications, the most common and major complication is graft rejection, this in many,...
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...CH02CH19-Yarmush ARI 12 May 2011 ANNUAL REVIEWS 15:43 Further Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2011.2:403-430. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by Imperial College London on 01/18/16. For personal use only. Click here for quick links to Annual Reviews content online, including: • Other articles in this volume • Top cited articles • Top downloaded articles • Our comprehensive search Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: History, Progress, and Challenges Francois Berthiaume,1 Timothy J. Maguire,1 ¸ and Martin L. Yarmush1,2 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; email: ireis@sbi.org 2 Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2011. 2:403–30 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on March 17, 2011 artificial organs, skin, cartilage, liver, stem cells The Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering is online at chembioeng.annualreviews.org Abstract This article’s doi: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114257 Copyright c 2011 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved 1947-5438/11/0715-0403$20.00 The past three decades have seen the emergence of an endeavor called tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in which scientists, engineers, and physicians apply tools from a variety of fields to construct biological ...
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...CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction States and nations since the existence of the first known civilization have been struggling to establish stability on the administration of its affairs. One of these, which is inevitable is to suppress corruption that seems to worsen. (Olivares-Cunanan, 2013) Although there is no known document that will lead us to where corruption began and who started this practice, there are already existing documents that proposes how it started and the reason why this exists. Corruption began in the early period as far back as the old Egyptian kingdom. There is also a clear founding that corruption through its most common form existed in other civilizations that existed in the early ancient world. In the Athenian state council, bribery is common in order for the major power the so-called elite to implement what they want. The same practice was committed by roman emperors who used give lands to the senate members in order for the latter body to be on their side. (Freille, 2007). In the modern era, documents from the past that can possibly tell us where and when corrupt practices have begun may seem to be impossible to retrieve, and if ever possible, these documents may have a little relevance to no use at all in the study on how we can curtail at least corrupt practices on the national scale. ( Co, 2007) Defining what is corruption and determining its root cause is one of the center of interest of analysts and international organizations...
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...conditions are ripe for it. The motivation to earn income through corrupt practices is extremely strong, exacerbated by poverty and by low and declining civil service salaries. Coupled with a strong motivation is the fact that there are ample opportunities available to engage in corruption. Corruption flourishes where distortions in the policy and regulatory regime provide scope for it and where institutions of restraint are weak. The problem of corruption lies at the intersection of the public and the private sectors. It is a two-way street. Private interests, domestic and external, wield their influence through illegal means to take advantage of opportunities for corruption and rent seeking, and public institutions succumb to these and other sources of corruption in the absence of credible restraints. Even if detection is possible, punishments are apt to be mild when corruption is systemic—it is hard to punish one person severely when so many others are likely to be equally guilty. Corruption violates the public trust and corrodes social capital. A small side payment to obtain or speed up a government service may seem a minor offense, but it is not the only cost....
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...REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Public Administration Country Profile Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM) Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) United Nations February 2004 All papers, statistics and materials contained in the Country Profiles express entirely the opinion of the mentioned authors. They should not, unless otherwise mentioned, be attributed to the Secretariat of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of material on maps in the Country Profiles do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Table of Contents Table of Contents........................................................................................... 1 Philippines .................................................................................................... 2 1. General Information ................................................................................... 3 1.1 People.................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Economy .............................................................................................. 3 1.3 Public Spending ..................................................................................... 4 ...
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...113TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE PARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS GRAFT AND CORRUPTION: THE PHILIPPINE EXPERIENCE Nelson Nogot Moratalla* I. INTRODUCTION This paper will present a condensed report on graft and corruption in the Philippines. Information was compiled by the author from documents, articles, newspaper clippings and other data gathered from the reports and journals of the Ombudsman and the Sandiganbayan, two of the constitutional bodies mandated by Philippine law to investigate and act on complaints filed against public officials and employees for violations of graft and corrupt practices. More specifically, this report will cover input from an unpublished research paper prepared by scholars from the University of the Philippines, College of Public Administration, whom I will accordingly acknowledge in this work.1 This report will generally follow the outline as provided. The first portion will introduce the theoretical perspective and context of corruption in the Philippines. It clarifies the national context within which corruption operates. It will look into the intersection of corruption and Philippine history and culture. It will likewise discuss some public perceptions of corruption. Estimates of the extent and losses of corruption in the Philippines will be briefly discussed. The history of the Philippine * Deputy Director / Dean of Academic, Philippine National Police Academy, Philippine Public Safety College, Philippines. 1 “Initiatives Taken Against Corruption:...
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...inside the artery. These plaques reduce blood flow. Due to the blood flow being restricted, damage can occur to the vessels as blood pressure is increased to force blood into these narrowed arteries and also due to the insufficient amounts of blood reaching certain parts of the body which lack in oxygen. A blood clot can be formed when a plaque is ruptured, and if a blood clot forms in a blood vessel leading to the brain or heart, this could cause a patient to have a stroke or heart attack. {1} Having atherosclerosis means that there is a high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. These diseases affect the flow of blood. Heart attacks and strokes are an effect of cardiovascular disease {1}. The main focus of this report is to explore the idea of whether ACE should be the main treatment for atherosclerosis and what other treatments are available which could prove to be more effective. Treating Atherosclerosis...
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...been around for centuries. Humans have learned to graft (fuse) and hybridize (cross breed) plants, creating dwarfs and other useful forms since at least 1000 B.C. (Pueppke 2001). There are two main arguments surrounding genetic engineering the first argument is, genetic modification of crops threatens to produce pesticide-resistant insect pests and herbicide-resistant weed, will victimize poor farmers, and is unlikely to feed the world. The second argument is, genetically modified crops hold the potential to feed the world during the twenty-first century while also protecting the environment. Norman E. Borlaug, a pioneer of the green revolution and the winner of the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize states, “Genetic modification of crops is… just another step in humankind’s deepening scientific journey. … We cannot turn back the clock on agriculture,” he adds, “and only use methods that were developed to feed a much smaller population.” (Rodney 2000). Through out time we will be required to adapt to genetically engineered crops as a necessity to nutritionally feed the growing population. The demand of rapidly growing world population has exerted increasing pressure on the earth’s resources (Cockburn 2001) and the environment (Nichols 2000, Dennis et al. 2008). Growing genetically engineered foods can help eliminate the application of chemical pesticides, reducing the run-off of agriculture wastes that can poison valuable water sources and cause harm to the environment (Deal and Baird 2003)...
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...been around for centuries. Humans have learned to graft (fuse) and hybridize (cross breed) plants, creating dwarfs and other useful forms since at least 1000 B.C. (Pueppke 2001). There are two main arguments surrounding genetic engineering the first argument is, genetic modification of crops threatens to produce pesticide-resistant insect pests and herbicide-resistant weed, will victimize poor farmers, and is unlikely to feed the world. The second argument is, genetically modified crops hold the potential to feed the world during the twenty-first century while also protecting the environment. Norman E. Borlaug, a pioneer of the green revolution and the winner of the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize states, “Genetic modification of crops is… just another step in humankind’s deepening scientific journey. … We cannot turn back the clock on agriculture,” he adds, “and only use methods that were developed to feed a much smaller population.” (Rodney 2000). Through out time we will be required to adapt to genetically engineered crops as a necessity to nutritionally feed the growing population. The demand of rapidly growing world population has exerted increasing pressure on the earth’s resources (Cockburn 2001) and the environment (Nichols 2000, Dennis et al. 2008). Growing genetically engineered foods can help eliminate the application of chemical pesticides, reducing the run-off of agriculture wastes that can poison valuable water sources and cause harm to the environment (Deal and Baird 2003)...
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...been introduced in the clinic as an alternative treatment for parkinson’s disease. Because of their self-renewal capacity and pluripotentiality, human embryonic stem cells are thought to hold enormus promise as potential replacement tissue in neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinson’s. Pluripotential embryonic stem cells, neural tissue derived stem and phenotype-specified progenitor cells have been investigated for their ability to generate neurons and glia, and the molecular mechanism by which they do so (Goldman & Windrem, 2006). Logistical issues, in particular the difficulty in obtaining ample supply of fetal ventral mesencephalic cells coupled with their poor graft survival, limit the clinical applicability of fetal dopamine cell transplants. This review evaluates human neural stem cells as a graft source for Parkinson's disease. ____________________________________________________________ ____________ Introduction Parkinson's disease is a relatively common disorder of the nervous system that afflicts patients later in life with tremor, slowness of movement, instability and rigidity. Treatment of these cardinal features of the disease is a success story of modern science and medicine, as a great deal of disability can be alleviated through the pharmacological correction of brain dopamine deficiency. Unfortunately these therapies only provide temporary relief from early symptoms and do not halt disease progression. For that reason, neuroprotective and cell replacement...
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...Organ transplantation is the moving of an organ from one body to another or from a donor site to another location on the person's own body, to replace the recipient's damaged or absent organ. The emerging field of regenerative medicine is allowing scientists and engineers to create organs to be re-grown from the person's own cells (stem cells, or cells extracted from the failing organs). Organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the same person's body are called auto grafts. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allograft. Allograft can either be from a living or cadaveric source. Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and thymus. Tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), cornea, skin, heart valves, nerves and veins. Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart. Cornea and musculoskeletal grafts are the most commonly transplanted tissues; these outnumber organ transplants by more than tenfold. Organ donors may be living, brain dead, or dead via circulatory death. Tissue may be recovered from donors who die of circulatory death, as well as of brain death – up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be "banked". Transplantation raises a number...
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...been around for centuries. Humans have learned to graft (fuse) and hybridize (cross breed) plants, creating dwarfs and other useful forms since at least 1000 B.C. (Pueppke 2001). There are two main arguments surrounding genetic engineering the first argument is, genetic modification of crops threatens to produce pesticide-resistant insect pests and herbicide-resistant weed, will victimize poor farmers, and is unlikely to feed the world. The second argument is, genetically modified crops hold the potential to feed the world during the twenty-first century while also protecting the environment. Norman E. Borlaug, a pioneer of the green revolution and the winner of the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize states, “Genetic modification of crops is… just another step in humankind’s deepening scientific journey. … We cannot turn back the clock on agriculture,” he adds, “and only use methods that were developed to feed a much smaller population.” (Rodney 2000). Through out time we will be required to adapt to genetically engineered crops as a necessity to nutritionally feed the growing population. The demand of rapidly growing world population has exerted increasing pressure on the earth’s resources (Cockburn 2001) and the environment (Nichols 2000, Dennis et al. 2008). Growing genetically engineered foods can help eliminate the application of chemical pesticides, reducing the run-off of agriculture wastes that can poison valuable water sources and cause harm to the environment (Deal and Baird 2003)...
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...A MORAL RECOVERY PROGRAM: BUILDING A PEOPLE--BUILDING A NATION PATRICIA LICUANAN The events at EDSA in February 1986 not only ousted a dictator, but also demonstrated to the world and to ourselves our great strengths as a people. At EDSA we saw courage, determination and strength of purpose; we saw unity and concern for one another; we saw deep faith in God; and even in the grimmest moments, there was some laughter and humor. We were proud of ourselves at EDSA and we expected great changes after our moment of glory. Today, sometime after, we realize that most of our problems as a nation still remain. We may have ousted a dictator, but that was the easy part. The task of building a nation is so much more difficult. Now, with EDSA only an inspiring memory, we are faced with our weaknesses. Self-interest and disregard for the common good rears its ugly head. We are confronted with our lack of discipline and rigor, our colonial mentality, and our emphasis on porma (form). Despite our great display of people's power, now we are passive once more, expecting our leaders to take all responsibility for solving our many problems. The task of building our nation is an awesome one. There is need for economic recovery. There is need to re-establish democratic institutions and to achieve the goals of peace and genuine social justice. Along with these goals, there is a need as well to build ourselves as a people. There is need to change structures and to change people. Building...
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