...Major Depressive disorder is a long-term or lifetime illness for many patients. It is a major enfeebling mental disorder that in the US it affects at least 11 million people and billions of people around the globe. All sexes, ethnicities, and ages can be its victim. Some psychiatrists told, almost 1 in every 10 people suffer from at least one period of depression throughout his life. However, there exist few unfortunate individuals who end up facing several episodes of the depressive symptoms after phases of normal moods and behavior. This state is known as major recurrent depression. Also, it is considered as the most severe and difficult to treat condition of all types of depressions. This article will provide you the symptoms, causes...
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...Major Depressive Disorder and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Argosy University Abnormal Psychology Brandy Rhodes 12/08/11 Abstract: Major depression disorder is a wide and complex disorder than many Americans suffer from. This paper will review the research and material of major depression disorder and the effective treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy. Although there are several types of therapy available to treat depression and other mood disorders, CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) has been one of the most widely used and thought to be very effective in treating the disorder. First the paper will review what the disorder is and the criteria needed to diagnosis one with major depressive disorder and then we will take a look at how CBT helps the client overcome the signs and symptoms of the disorder. Lastly the paper will follow up with why CBT is thought to effective with treating major depressive disorder. Major Depressive Disorder and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Many clients’ that are seen in today’s clinics suffer from major depressive disorder (MDD) which is one of the most common disorders. “Major depressive disorder has a life time prevalence of 15.8 % (Mor and Haran, 2009). Many times MDD is characterized by early onset with development occurring throughout the life span. MDD is a disorder characterized by extreme depressed mood that lasts at least 2 weeks and includes cognitive symptoms such as feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, and indecisiveness;...
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...Abstract Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the most common and serious mental disorders (Kessler et al., 2005) and can cause great dysfunctionality in the daily lives of its sufferers, including co-morbidity and suicidality. It is important to establish the best treatment offers for depressed individuals in order to give them the best chance at recovery. Many studies have looked at the effects of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and combination therapy to determine which is best for treating depression. Presented in this paper are two studies who researched the differences. Results were similar to previous studies in that each treatment is equally effective at improving depression in individuals (Iftene, Predescu, Stefan, & David, 2015;...
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...of the art Basic concepts of depression Eugene S. Paykel, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, FMedSci Historical background This paper reviews concepts of depression, including history and classification. The original broad concept of melancholia included all forms of quiet insanity. The term depression began to appear in the nineteenth century, as did the modern concept of affective disorders, with the core disturbance now viewed as one of mood. The 1980s saw the introduction of defined criteria into official diagnostic schemes. The modern separation into unipolar and bipolar disorder was introduced following empirical research by Angst and Perris in the 1960s. The partially overlapping distinctions between psychotic and neurotic depression, and between endogenous and reactive depression, started to generate debate in the 1920s, with considerable multivariate research in the 1960s. The symptom element in endogenous depression currently survives in melancholia or somatic syndrome. Life stress is common in various depressive pictures. Dysthymia, a valuable diagnosis, represents a form of what was regarded earlier as neurotic depression. Other subtypes are also discussed. © 2008, LLS SAS rior to the late 19th century, although detailed systems of classification abounded, the main problem for psychiatric nosology was the establishment of the broad major disorders. Melancholia was recognized as early as the time of Hippocrates, and continued through Galenic medicine and medieval times...
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...Bipolar Disorder Research Paper Evaluating Bipolar Disorder History of the Disorder Bipolar Disorder, formally known as “manic-depressive disorder,” is one of the oldest disorders that dates back to the second century. Aretaeus, who lived in the ancient city Cappadocia in Turkey, was the first to find and connect symptoms of mania and depression. Jules Farlet connected depression to suicide in 1854 and led to the term “Bipolar Disorder.” He found that moments of depression were linked to heightened moods and saw that there was a difference between this and simple depression. In 1875, these findings led to the term of “Manic-Depressive Psychosis.” He also later found a genetic link with this disorder. Francois Baillarger found and explained the depressive phase of the disorder and then received its own classification as a mental illness because of this finding. Emil Krapelin created the term manic-depressive after a study focusing on the how manic states effect depression. After fifteen years, the disorder was accepted and became a big theory of the 1930’s. An article, published in The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorder in 1952, showed that there was a genetic link in the disorder and that there is a chance that manic depression can run in the family. The 1960’s saw many cases of people with the disorder that were being institutionalize and were barely helped because Congress refused to treat manic depression as an actual illness. The 1970’s saw laws and standards...
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...Psychology Mood Disorders: Causes, Effects and Treatment Mood Disorders: Causes, Effects and Treatment Robert Baker Psychology GE1116 Dr. Angela Isom November 30, 2009 Mood Disorders: Causes, Effects and Treatments In today’s society, people seem to have a lot of problems that are classified as mental disorders. These disorders include: depression, schizophrenia, bipolar, and even seasonal affective disorder (SAD). The immediate stigma that is placed on most if not all mood disorders is that they are sicknesses. In the case of depression, this is not to confuse depression, a normal emotion with biological depression, an illness. Further along this line of irrational thought is the belief that they are not treatable and the person affected is in some way, shape or form disconnected from civilization as we know it. In this research paper, we will attempt to destroy these unfair stereotypes on this subject, attempt to rationalize the behaviors, and shed light on treatments for the various disorders. The research gathered will attempt to understand and answer these questions: 1. What are mood disorders and their symptoms? 2. What are the causes? 3. How can the stigma of mood disorders be removed? 4. What forms of treatment are the most successful? What Are Mood Disorders And Their Symptoms? In order to get a good idea of what causes mood disorders, we first must...
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... Bipolar I & II Research Paper (Main Focus on Bipolar II) Perry Blankenship Liberty University BIPOLAR I & II 2 Abstract This paper will cover the diagnoses and treatment of Bipolar II. This paper will show that Bipolar II is found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). This paper will also discuss the use of medication as part of the treatment process for this disorder. This paper will research some of the similar and conflicting attributes of Bipolar I and II. This paper will also show that Bipolar II is a disorder that can be maintained but is never fully cured. This paper will also consider the Christian world view concerning Bipolar Disorder. BIPOLAR I & II 3 According to Maddux and Winstead (2008), Bipolar II is defined as “One or more major depressive episodes accompanied by at least one hypomanic episode.” Bipolar II patients are not as disabled, and they do not present the same psychotic features as Bipolar I patients with manic episodes. When researching information about Bipolar II Disorder a researcher will need to look under mood disorders for their answers. Many times Bipolar II patients are not being treated for their Bipolar Disorder; instead, they are being...
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...Adolescence……………………………10. The impact of Culture on Adolescent Depression…………………………………………...10. Abnormal behaviours associated with Adolescent Depression….…………………………..11. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………...11. References…………………………………………………………………………………...12. DEPRESSION IN ADOLESCENTS 3. This research paper will address depression in adolescents. Depression is often labelled as ‘the sickness of our time’ due to its prolific nature. Some of the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of depression in adolescents as well as the contextualised issues, cultural implications and other abnormal behaviour associated with the disorder will be discussed. DEPRESSION IN ADOLESCENTS 4. Background of Depression in Adolescence Adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood, a stage of major growth and development in which significant physiological, cognitive, psychological and behavioural changes take place. Understandably then, adolescence is a time of excitement and of anxiety; of happiness and of troubles; of discovery and of bewilderment; and of breaks with the past and yet of links with the future (Schmied & Tully, 2009). Research has revealed that depression is occurring earlier in life today than in past decades (NIMH, 2009). In addition,...
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...Research Paper: Victory Over Depression Abstract: In today’s society depression can be seen as taboo and something that is not socially acceptable. However, it is the ongoing reality for many women. The struggle with depression in the life of women is more common than not, whether it is undiagnosed or diagnosis it is prevalent regardless of ones socioeconomically background. The paper will explore depression onset, treatment and explore how individuals can have work towards having complete victory over depression. Class session 9 – “Fox Meadows Assisted Living”, page 177-178, Sweeney-Feld and Oetjen textbook. The case study questions that you must respond to are found on page 178. The review of each team case should not exceed 12 double spaced pages, not including your APA cover page and a reference page. All type must be Times Roman 12 point pica. Use the APA style for citing all sources The team management paper (e.g., case analysis) accounts for 25 points, or 25 percent of your grade Background: The black box of depression can potentially have an unpredictable impact on the life of an individual. Those who struggle with this diagnosis on a day to day basis at times cannot predict the outcome of the situation if left untreated. That National Alliance of Mental Illness reports nearly 15 million Americans averaging one and ten adults experience some form of depression annually. The statistics amongst women are considerably startling because one...
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...“Bipolar Disorder” is one of the most common disorders in young teens today. Bipolar dissorder People who suffer from bipolar have episodes of mania as well as episodes of depression. During an episode of mania the person may feel very optimistic, they may have unrealistic beliefs about their abilities, they may also spend little time sleeping and yet have boundless energy, they may talk so rapidly that others can’t keep up, racing thoughts and moving from topic to topic without any transition, distraction, impaired judgment impulsive actions, taking risky and reckless decisions without thinking about the consequences, and in severe cases delusions and hallucinations.... [tags: Health, Diseases] | 1289 words (3.7 pages) | FREE Essays | [view] | Bipolar Disorder - Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder is the medical name for manic depression, and means an illness with ‘directly opposite’ states of mind. Sufferers of Bipolar illness have mood swings, sometimes feeling ‘high’ or manic, and at other times feeling ‘low’ or depressed. Although the ‘highs’ can occasionally be enjoyable, these extreme emotions are often distressing and can be very disruptive to people’s lives. Few Disorders in history have been described with such consistency as Bipolar Disorder has been.... [tags: Papers] | 3630 words (10.4 pages) | FREE Essays | [view] | Bipolar - What is manic depression. “ It has a name now I know what it is“ ( gold pg 26 ) Manic depression also know as bipolar disorder, is classified...
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...Risk and Protective Factors for Depression: Implications for Prevention Depression in Children and Adolescents Linking Risk Research and Prevention Judy Garber, PhD Abstract: The National Institute of Mental Health has called for translational research linking basic knowledge about vulnerabilities that underlie mood disorders to the development of effective preventive interventions. This paper highlights research about risk factors for depression in children and adolescents and links it to current knowledge about interventions aimed at preventing depression in youth. Basic epidemiologic and clinical research indicates that increased risk for depression is associated with being female; a family history of depression, particularly in a parent; subclinical depressive symptoms; anxiety; stressful life events; neurobiological dysregulation; temperament/personality (e.g., neuroticism); negative cognitions; problems in self-regulation and coping; and interpersonal dysfunction. These vulnerabilities both increase individuals’ chances of encountering stress and decrease their ability to deal with the stress once it occurs. Although several existing depression-prevention studies have targeted one or more of these risk factors, the efficacy of these various prevention programs for youth with different combinations of these risk factors needs to be investigated further. Most existing depression-prevention programs in youth have used cognitive– behavioral techniques, with some success...
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...There are no sources in the current document.The purpose of this essay is to explain the role of cytokines in depression. Over the last few decades there have been many controversial hypotheses put forward to explain the observation of depressive symptoms in people, who have a physical injury or are under psychological stress (Schiepers, et al., 2008). Research shows that most controversy was over how the messages from the immune system were interpreted or translated into being a signal to the central nervous system (CNS). While most research agreed that there was a correlation in data between cytokines and depressive symptoms, they did not believe this indicated a causal link (Anisman, 2002). I have chosen to focus one of the most popular theories, the “cytokine theory of depression”, as I believe the research shows that it has a causal link between inflammation, cytokine activity and depressive symptoms (Roque, et al., 2009). This hypothesis recognises and explains the highly integrated processes and mechanisms that a person or animal goes through, from the initial stressor to displaying the depressive symptoms, termed as “sickness behaviour” (Dantzer, 2006). “Sickness Behaviour” is the term given to the symptoms caused by high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the periphery of the body; these symptoms overlap with the general characteristics of depression and include; decreased appetite, increased desire to sleep, cognitive dysfunction, social withdrawal and decreased...
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...Bipolar Disorder Pamela Anderson Rasmussen College Author’s Note This assignment is being submitted on 02-16-14 for Jennifer Carlstrom HS 280 Abnormal Psychology course. Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder resembles a person taking a ride on a roller coaster with many ups and downs in their moods. A person with Bipolar disorder is characterized with having a tendency to fluctuate between manic and depressive episodes. This paper will define each type of bipolar disorder, will show the main difference between each type and will explain how the fluctuation between manic and depressive episodes play a part in distinguishing between both types of bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is classified into two types, bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. Bipolar I disorder has the following diagnostic criteria: “A presence or history of one or more major depressive episodes, a presence or history of at least one hypomanic episode, there has never been a manic episode or mixed episode, the mood symptoms from A and B are not better accounted for by schizoaffective disorder and are not superimposed on schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder or psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, the symptoms causing clinically significant distress or impairment in; social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning” (Barlow & Durand, 2012, p.221). “Bipolar II has these same criteria except the individual experiences a full manic episode” (Barlow &...
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...Bipolar Disorders Abstract A particular celebrity has received recent media attention for his behavior. There has been much speculation as to whether his behavior could be explained by a diagnosis of bipolar. Approximately one to three percent of the world’s population has been diagnosed with a bipolar disorder. (Merikangas, ?) Americans have a higher occurrence of over four percent. (Merikangas, ?) Bipolar disorders do not discriminate between genders and is being more frequently diagnosed in children. This paper will explain what bipolar disorders are and how they affect the individual’s ability to function. Bipolar Disorders Bipolar Disorder, also known as manic -depression, causes shifts in a person’s mood, energy, perception, and ability to function in a consistent day-to-day life. If untreated, it can cause a person to lose friends, jobs, money, and, in the worst cases, their life. Fortunately, there are treatment options and ways a person with a bipolar disorder can manage their life with minimum episodes to maintain a good quality of life. There are four diagnostic bipolar disorders all differing in types, severity, and frequency of episodes. The four types of bipolar disorders are Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II Disorder, Cyclothymic Disorder, and Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. The disorders involve a history of Manic Episodes, Mix Episodes, or Hypomanic Episodes usually accompanied...
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...Unfortunately, only 20% of depressed teens are appropriately diagnosed and treated. It is a disorder that disturbs their mood, causes a loss of interest or pleasure in activities they should enjoy and makes them irritable to almost any aspect of life. It is very difficult to diagnose depression among teens because of the normal sporadic mood swings that are included in the teenage years; nevertheless, persistent unhappiness or moodiness is not normal in anyone. Therefore there are many key factors in looking for depression among teens. There are multiple things correlated with depression among adolescents. Some examples include the normal process of maturing and the stress that occurs with it, influence of sex hormones, conflicts with parents, and the death of a friend or relative. Also teens who are most likely to become depressed when they experience stressful events have a factor of low self-esteem , are very critical of themselves and have feelings that they have little or no control over negative events (T. Rogge & D. Zieve (Eds.), 2012). In this paper, I will investigate the numerous symptoms and signs of depression among teens, the treatments taken to cope with depression, and the prevention and consequences of depression in adolescents. It is hypothesized that female adolescents will display higher levels of depression related symptoms and behaviors than male adolescents. The following research will comply with the hypothesis while also looking at the causes of depression among...
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