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Man of War

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Coral Reef Restoration Techniques in Florida

Angel Fisch OCE1001 MW 9:30 am Palm Beach State College March, 2010

ABSTRACT An estimated 20% of the world’s coral reefs have been effectively destroyed and show no immediate prospects of recovery. In addition, 24% of reefs are under risk of collapse from human pressures and another 26% are under a long-term threat of collapse (Wilkinson, 2004). Therefore, preservation and restoration of coral reefs is of particular local, national and global interest. Although corals may have the ability to recover from natural disturbances, stresses from human activities coupled with natural stresses may inhibit their ability to recover (Edwards and Gomez, 2007). Restoring damaged and disturbed reefs may facilitate recovery and help compensate for reef destruction. This paper reviews coral reef restoration techniques and selected case studies at locations around the world. Some of the successes and potential issues of reef restoration projects are discussed along with considerations and implications for coral reef managers.

INTRODUCTION

Coral reefs, one of the oldest ecosystems on Earth, are highly complex and often called “rainforests of the sea” because of the diversity of life forms they support (Connell, 1978; Secord, 2001). Coral reefs are important both economically and ecologically. It is estimated that they provide US$375 billion per year around the world in goods and services, with approximately 500 million people dependent on these ecosystems for food, materials, or income (Wilkinson, 2002). Tourism is generally considered the dominant benefit. Reef recreation has been estimated at US$184 per visit globally (Brander et al., 2007), at US$231-$2,700 per hectare per year in Southeast Asia (Burke et al., 2002), and at US$1,654 per hectare per year in the Caribbean (Chong et al., 2003). In addition to their beauty and

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