...Aristotle University of Thessaloniki PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT IOANNIS KOMNINOS Electronic Engineer, B.Eng M.Sc.(Eng) Thessaloniki 2002 Product Life Cycle Management 2 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PART 1: PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE MODEL DESCRIPTION 1. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PHASE 2. INTRODUCTION PHASE 3. GROWTH PHASE 4. MATURITY PHASE 5. DECLINE PHASE PART 2: ANALYSIS OF PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE MODEL PART 3: PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE TECHNIQUE EXAMPLE: PRODUCT CANNIBALIZATION 1. UNFAVORABLE CANNIBALIZATION 2. OFFENSIVE CANNIBALIZATION STRATEGIES 3. DEFENSIVE CANNIBALIZATION STRATEGIES PART 4: PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE IN RESPECT TO TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE PART 5: USE OF PRODUCT MANAGEMENT FOR SUCCESSFUL PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE ANNEX 1 ANNEX 2 REFERENCES 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 12 13 14 16 18 20 23 25 URENIO - Urban and Regional Innovation Research Unit http://www.urenio.org Product Life Cycle Management 3 INTRODUCTION All products and services have certain life cycles. The life cycle refers to the period from the product’s first launch into the market until its final withdrawal and it is split up in phases. During this period significant changes are made in the way that the product is behaving into the market i.e. its reflection in respect of sales to the company that introduced it into the market. Since an increase in profits is the major goal of a company that introduces a product into a market, the product’s life cycle management is very important. Some companies use strategic...
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...The Project Management Life Cycles The Project Management Life Cycles It doesn't matter what project you are preparing for, the project management life cycle can assist you and your team in narrowing the project's focus, keeping its objectives in order and finishing the project on time, on budget and with a minimum of headaches. The project management life cycle contains five steps: Initiation, Planning, Execution, Monitoring/Control and Closure. No one step is more important than the other and each step plays a crucial role in getting you started, through all the hurdles, down to the wire and across the closing line. The five process groups are: Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring & Controlling, and Closing. We'll start with Initiation; Initiation: In this first step you provide an overview of the project in addition to the strategy your planning on using in order to achieve the desired results. During the Initiation phase you’ll develop the Project Charter, Identify Stakeholders, appoint a project manager and based on his or her experience and skills, he/she will select the required team members. The processes performed to define a new project or a new phase of an existing project Planning: This second step is extremely important, it should include a detailed breakdown and assignment of each task of your project from beginning to end. The Planning Phase will also include a risk assessment, the scope of the project, refine the objectives and define the...
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...The marketing objective for the iPod MP3 player is to be the leading supplier of MP3 players in all markets in which the company operates and to increase brand awareness to 60 percent of its customers. iPod’s marketing strategies is differentiated the market for their products are characterized in gender, age, and the desire for image. The Apple iPod is targeted at teenagers and young adults. Music is the essential part of everyone’s life and that is why Apple iPod came out with the MP3 player that is available in attractive colors and accessories. With such a high demand for this product, Apple was able to produce the product as well as other products such as the memory sizes, iPod shuffle, and iPod mini. These iPod items were manufactured into the iPod family that in return Apples customers were able to purchase their needs. Needless to say, this products life cycle has not ended yet, but other companies have followed what has made this product successful for their own products. The Apple Inc. company has managed each stage of the life cycle for this product well, and will continue to do so. The introduction phase of the Apple iPod was the iPod Classic. The iPod Classic was a hard drive based iPod that was first launched in October of 2001. This product was marketed towards the young adults and teenagers. Apple mainly focused on the interface and the ways to capture people’s attention. The iPod interface was sleek and customizable. The product is easy to use for example...
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...EXPERIMENT NO: 1 AIM: To study Information Life Cycle Management. THEORY: INFORMATION LIFECYCLE: The information lifecycle is the “change in the value of information” over time. When data is first created, it often has the highest value and is used frequently. As data ages, it is accessed less frequently and is of less value to the organization. Understanding the information lifecycle helps to deploy appropriate storage infrastructure, according to the changing value of information. For example, in a sales order application, the value of the information changes from the time the order is placed until the time that the warranty becomes void (see Figure 1-7). The value of the information is highest when a company receives a new sales order and processes it to deliver the product. After order fulfillment, the customer or order data need not be available for real-time access. The company can transfer this data to less expensive secondary storage with lower accessibility and availability requirements unless or until a warranty claim or another event triggers its need. After the warranty becomes void, the company can archive or dispose of data to create space for other high-value information. Information Lifecycle Management Today’s business requires data to be protected and available 24 × 7. Data centers can accomplish this with the optimal and appropriate use of storage infrastructure. An effective information management policy is required to support this ...
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...Life Cycle Management Analysis for Apple’s iPod MKT / 230 September 6, 2009 Life Cycle Management – Page 2 The Apple iPod allows consumers to download music, videos, and various other entertainment items. The iPod can be seen everywhere from the gym to the local coffee shops. Even automakers have started to install iPod outlets in newer vehicles to draw a new kind of consumers to their autos. This report will provide some insight into Apple’s product objectives, marketing strategies, introduction phase, product growth, maturity stage, and decline of product in the market place. Product life cycle typically consists of five main aspects: (1) product development; (2) introduction; (3) growth; (4) maturity; and (5) decline. Various marketing objectives that will help the company achieve the overall product goal are as follows: Be the leading supplier of MP3 players in all markets in which Apple competes. Increase product sales. Increase company revenue. Increase brand awareness. Expand distribution to department stores. Develop a campaign to encourage current users to increase current use of product. Life Cycle Management – Page 3 During the introduction stage, Apple made careful choices with their marketing strategies by paying close attention to pricing, promotional and placement decisions. The introduction of the iPod transformed Apple into an entertainment giant. Apple’s approach to introducing the iPod to consumers was geared more towards...
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...Section A: Short Answers 1) It is difficult to improve service productivity because services cannot be stored on shelves for sale at a later date. Also, in the service sector, it is not always possible to increase output given the same number of input, as the input is usually people and the service experienced by them contains many variables, each of which can lead to a different outcome for the consumer. For example, whenever I visit my hairdresser in Jades Hair Salon, I come back very happy knowing that my hair will look neat and perfect. However, recently, my hairdresser seemed very rough while combing and trimming my hair and even at the end, my hair setup did not turn out quite well, and thus it made me very unhappy about it. Another example is my favorite restaurant Wishbone, recently the service quality seemed very poor to me as the staffs do not greet in a friendly manner plus the food takes so much time to get served which makes us even more frustrated. As with manufacturing firms, successful service businesses use marketing as a tool to strongly position themselves to selected target markets. These firms develop their positions by using marketing mix activities. Since services are different from tangible products, they need additional marketing approaches. For example, products of Pure Fiji are manufactured to the premier American Quality Control Criteria with the use of the proper manufacturing guidelines. Pure Fiji produces in bulk, stocks their outputs and sells...
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...PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE ON STRATEGIC ORIENTATION OF A ENTREPRISE Mohammad N. Shahidi, KIMEP, Almaty, Kazakhstan ABSTRCT The impact of product life cycle (PLC) on strategic orientation (SO) in dynamic environment, which is a subject that has interested strategic management scholars, is the focus of this proposal. The literature reviewed shows that despite the worldwide research on strategic management, there is still not a single definition for such a term. As a result, a wide range of conceptual frameworks exists for the formulation and implementation of strategies. There is no consensus on the factors among the scholars that affect strategic orientation of a enterprise. The consideration is mostly towards market/costumer satisfaction, technology, competition, with the enterprise’s capabilities affecting the most. Some of the scholars emphasize management issues and strategic thinking. Others such as Porter, focus on typology and resource bases. However, few scholars focus on the impact of product life cycle on strategic orientation. The attempt in this paper is to show that not only does the PLC orient strategy of an enterprise faster and straight forward than any other factors, but it also takes all other factors into account. The main question is “how product life cycle affects the strategic orientation of a enterprise”. This study began by defining strategic orientation, product life cycle, and their analysis. The study is focused on how the product life cycle has...
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...Product Life Cycle Stages Explained The product life cycle has 4 very clearly defined stages, each with its own characteristics that mean different things for business that are trying to manage the life cycle of their particular products. Introduction Stage – This stage of the cycle could be the most expensive for a company launching a new product. The size of the market for the product is small, which means sales are low, although they will be increasing. On the other hand, the cost of things like research and development, consumer testing, and the marketing needed to launch the product can be very high, especially if it’s a competitive sector. Growth Stage – The growth stage is typically characterized by a strong growth in sales and profits, and because the company can start to benefit from economies of scale in production, the profit margins, as well as the overall amount of profit, will increase. This makes it possible for businesses to invest more money in the promotional activity to maximize the potential of this growth stage. Maturity Stage – During the maturity stage, the product is established and the aim for the manufacturer is now to maintain the market share they have built up. This is probably the most competitive time for most products and businesses need to invest wisely in any marketing they undertake. They also need to consider any product modifications or improvements to the production process which might give them a competitive advantage. Decline Stage –...
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...MARKETING AND PLANNING MANAGEMENT COURSE CODE: MKTG 627 PARTICIPANTS NAME: SAITOT K JOEL REG //: 2015010034 NAME: STEPHEN L SULTAN REG //: 2015010035 LECTURER’S NAME: Dr. JANETH ASSIGNMENT N0 1 Describe the stages of the product life cycle and how marketing strategies change during the product life cycle. INTRODUCTION All products and services have certain life cycles. The product life cycle refers to the period from the product’s first launch into the market until its final withdrawal and it is split up in phases. During this period significant changes are made in the way that the product is behaving into the market i.e. its reflection in respect of sales to the company that introduced it into the market. Since an increase in profits is the major goal of a company that introduces a product into a market, the product’s life cycle management is very important. Some companies use strategic planning and others follow the basic rules of the different life cycle phase that are analyzed later. The understanding of a product’s life cycle, can help a company to understand and realize when it is time to introduce and withdraw a product from a market, its position in the market compared to competitors, and the product’s success or failure. For a company to fully understand the above and successfully manage a product’s life cycle, needs to develop strategies and methodologies. The product’s life cycle - period usually consists...
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...Product Life Cycle-------Nick Combs The concept of product life cycle concerns the life of a product in the market with respect to business/commercial costs and sales measures. The product life cycle proceeds through multiple phases, involves many professional disciplines, and requires many skills, tools and processes. Product life Cycle management makes three assumptions. They are: Products have a limited life and thus every product has life cycle. Product sales pass through distinct stages, each posing different challenges, opportunities, and problems to the seller. Products require different marketing, financing, manufacturing, purchasing, and human resource strategies in each life cycle stage. The product life cycle is broken down into 4 stages. The first is the market introduction phase. In this phase, cost are very high, there is very small competition, customers have to introduced to the product and there is very little profit. The second stage is the growth stage. Here, costs are reduced due to economies of sale, you begin to see a profit, consumers are aware of the product, there is more competition which leads to decreases in price. The third stage is the maturity stage. Costs are lowered as a result of production increasing and experience, increase in competitors in the market, and industrial profits start decreasing. The last stage is the saturation and decline stage. Here we have sales declining, profitability falls due to an abundance of competition and costs...
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...Product Life Cycle Description The Product Life Cycle is like a snapshot in time. Pick 3 of your favorite products and identify it's current Life Cycle Stage and the marketing activities they are using. Evaluate the applicability of their activities and the effectiveness of them. Provide recommendations for additional actions. 300 words Product life cycle is the concept according to which there are four phases a product goes through during its life. They are named as introduction, growth, maturity, and decline stages. In first stage of a product, the company normally does not earn profits. Since after the introduction, it takes a certain time for the people to know about the product. It is, however, dependent on the suitability of the way with which the company markets the product. The second stage is growth during which the product becomes pretty much popular, so more and more people tend to purchase it. During the third stage the revenue generated by the product reaches its culmination point. Beyond this point you may find the product demand gradually declining towards its end. Likewise, iPod touch is now viewed as in its final stage of product life cycle. Although, the company has taken a step by redesigning it but the sales are yet expected to be limited. One of the most reasonable suggestions for the company is to improve the product by adding more features. This will increase the possibility for the product to survive in the market. One of the most...
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...specifies what physical items, sensual benefits and psychological benefits the customer is to receive from the service. Design has a tremendous impact on the quality of product or service. An Effective Design Process 1) Matches the product or service characteristics with customers requirement 2) Ensures customers requirements are met in simplest and least costly manner 3) Reduces the time required to design a new product or services 4) Minimize the revisions necessary to make a design workable. Product Design and Development 1) New Product Design 2) Improvement in the design of existing product due to life cycle of a product Product Decision: 1) the selection, definition and design of the products. The existing of the organization depends upon how well it provides goods and services to society. Since every product has life cycle the old product live for some time and die and hence new product are required for society this is due to changing societies, habits, tastes, liking etc. Thus operation managers are required to design and develop product take it to the marketing support to the customer by training him how to use, provide warranty and repair services, distribution parts and upgrade the product with design improvement. Selection of a product is choosing the product or a service to provide customer which will give a reasonable satisfaction to customer in terms of profits,...
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...1 This is a report on a ideal product life cycle and its deviations from reality using the example of Volkswagen 2 Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction 2. The ideal product life cycle 2.1 Definition 2.2 Stages and characteristics 2.2.1 Market introduction stage 2.2.2 Growth stage 2.2.3 Maturity stage 2.2.4 Saturation and decline stage 3. Discrepancy between idealism and reality 3.1 Differences in product selection 3.2 Differences in duration 4. Conclusion 5. List of graphs 6. Reference section 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 3 2. Introduction The following report contains information about an ideal product life cycle and its characteristics unlike reality influences. It is an important part of managing marketing aspects and is classified as an economic basis of the instrumental marketing concept. Going back to the first models, Vernon, an American economist built up the theory that every product which is supplied to consumers changes in regard to the sales market and the productions function by passing different stages of lifetime (Kruber, 2008). Products such as other ephemeral objects or creatures take up a subordinate role to the cycle of life which remains to the process of life and death. They all go through similar stages of growth and decline until they disappear from the stage of life. Specific reasons for such a behavior of products include changes in population and hence resulting changes in demand. Other reasons to consider can be technological innovation and changes...
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...1FE103 The Offering, 30 credits The Offering, 30 credits Main field of study Business Administration Subject Group Business Administration Level First cycle Progression G1F Date of Ratification Approved by Organizational Committee 20091218 The syllabus is valid from the autumn term 2010 Prerequisites Program course from the customer's perspective Learning outcomes After completing the course students are expected Expected learning outcomes The student shall Have broad knowledge of * Competition Profile * Differences Between Product, Service & Experience * Product Life Cycles * Differentiation versus Commodification * Innovation and Product Development * Branding * Pricing Methods * Pricing Tactics Be able to apply * Competition profile as "brief" for product development * Strategies for Product Development * Management of Product Development * Pricing Understand * Differentiation and Commodification * Innovation and product development * Differences between products, services and experiences * Separation, "Detachment", the needs and solution information * Differentiation and Commodification * Innovation and product development * Differences between products, services and experiences * Separation, "Detachment", the needs and solution information * Innovation, product development against, for, with and by customer * Branding ...
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...Chapter 9 New-Product Development and Product Life-Cycle Strategies 1) What are the two ways that a company can obtain new products? A) line extension and brand management B) internal development and brand management C) new-product development and acquisition D) service development and product extension E) market mix modification and research and development Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 258 Skill: Concept Objective: 9-1 2) Product improvements, product modifications, and original products can all be classified as ________. A) pioneer products B) new products C) product concepts D) product ideas E) test products Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 258 Skill: Concept Objective: 9-1 3) Which of the following is NOT a potential reason for a new product to fail? A) an underestimated market size B) a poorly designed product C) an incorrectly positioned product D) higher than anticipated costs of product development E) ineffective advertising Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 258 Skill: Concept Objective: 9-1 4) Which of the following is NOT a challenge presented by the product life cycle that a firm must face? A) All products eventually decline. B) Changing tastes, technologies, and competition affect the marketing of the product as it passes through lifecycle stages. C) A firm must be good at developing new products to replace aging ones. D) A firm must be good at adapting its marketing strategies. E) It is difficult to plot the stages as...
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