...Viewpoints Paper MGT/521 May 12, 2016 Management is defined as the pursuit of organizational goals efficiently and effectively (Kinicki 4). This chapter it discusses two types of management perspectives historical perspective and contemporary perspective both of these perspective have been some type of influence to managers from the past to the present. The historical perspective breaks down into three different viewpoints: classical, behavioral, and quantitative. The contemporary perspective also breaks down into three viewpoints: system, contingency, quality. The viewpoint that I decided to focus on is the contingency viewpoint. Contingency viewpoint is defined as the emphasis that a manager’s approach should vary according to-i.e., be contingent on the individual environmental situation (Kinicki 57-60). The contingency viewpoint suggests that employees are motivated with small and large incentives depending on the size and type of business. Smaller businesses might not be able to afford to pay incentives like many of the larger companies. One company offers yoga instruction twice per week while another allows workers to bring their pets to work on certain days. Likewise larger companies like Netflix allow its employees to take time off when needed trusting that act accordingly and not take advantage of the system. Utilizing the contingency viewpoint as Netflix does also gives employees a sense of ownership and responsibility for their actions. This view produces...
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...outside the manager’s immediate work unit and chain of command. Decisions processers are highly political, and most planning is informed and adaptive. (Ref Page – 17) 2. Decision making and problem solving – different people involved in making a decision after disagree about the true nature of a problem and the likely outcomes of various solutions, due to different perspectives, assumptions and values typical of managers from different functional background and specialties. A prolonged, highly political decision involve important and complex problems for which no-ready –made, good solution are available when many affected parties have conflicting interests and when diffusion of power exists among the parties (Ref Page- 4) Planning- as a formal process of written objectives, strategies, polices, and budgets, cascading from top management down hierarchy. Some planning occurs but managers develop agendas consisting of goals and plans related to their job responsibilities and involving a variety of short term and long term issues. 3. Leaders Role- Managers are responsible for leading the subunit function as an integrated whole in pursuit of basic purpose. Provide guidance to subordinates, motivates and in hiring, training, directing, praising, critizing, promoting and dismissing, pervades all managerial activates. Liaison Role- includes behavior intend to establish and maintain a web of relationships with individuals and groups outside of a manager’s organizational...
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...JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Political Economy. http://www.jstor.org Agency Problems and the Theory of the Firm Eugene F. Fama Universityof Chicago This paper attempts to explain how the separation of security ownership and control, typical of large corporations, can be an efficient form of economic organization. We first set aside the presumption that a corporation has owners in any meaningful sense. The entrepreneur is also laid to rest, at least for the purposes of the large modern corporation. The two functions usually attributed to the entrepreneur-management and risk bearing-are treated as naturally separate factors within the set of contracts called a firm. The firm is disciplined by competition from other firms, which forces the evolution of devices for efficiently monitoring the performance of the entire team and of its individual members. Individual participants in the firm, and in particular...
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...country of origin and industry in which they are competing. This research paper is approached to give a review, put together and find out the limitations on the earlier scattered literature on the respective sections which consists of mainly two topics. The first topic is rooted in and originated from traditional economic theory and industrial organization tradition. The second one has originated from a resource and competency based view of business organizations. Both approaches are centered on techno-economic factors of sustainable competitive advantage. Very less importance is given to the role and impact of top manager’s actions and their organizational behavior in the overall profitability and competitiveness of a business firm. The loyalty, commitment and pro-activeness of top level management is seen and tried to be proven as potential source of competitive advantage for business organization by this research paper. It is very commonly and frequently found that, top level management usually tend to be self-serving, avoiding risks and not motivated and loyal to the growth and long run profitability of their respective business organizations. In the earlier period of business culture, these issues and problems were not as much important as they are in today’s era of global competition due to extensive globalization. Using non parametric tests on a Canadian sample, we found evidence of top manager’s opportunism. It is also unveiled that, owner controlled business organizations...
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...focus entails. Effective Research and Writing Modules take a similar pathway as it describes the didactic approach to produce a graduate student quality research paper with the proper American Psychological Association (APA) writing style. This paper will demonstrate the summary of the interest of two functional areas of business. In addition, an explanation of the role managers would have within these areas of business will be described. With the use of supporting peer-review articles from University of Phoenix, an effort will be made to illustrate in detail the appropriate use of the aforementioned points to give the readers the clear understanding of the MBA student’s perspective. Furthermore, students pursue furthering his or her education for various reasons, for example, career growth, personal goal or to start a new career, therefore it is significantly important for each student to use the necessary tools in the most efficient and effective manner to achieve his or her ultimate success of graduation. In the pursuit of a graduate degree, specifically at the MBA program level, it is essential to discover a focal point in the functional areas of business that one may be interested in achieving success. The University of Phoenix MBA overview provides several options to examine, but for the purpose of this paper an emphasis will be drawn to these areas, management, and...
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...MGT600-1205A-03: Business Research for Decision Making Unit 1 IP Dr. Anthony Matias MGT600-1205A-03 Christine Blewett Abstract This paper will show the differences and similarities between formal research and a business proposal. After looking at different findings, the differences between both concepts exceed the similarities. It will then look at different studies done by many researchers to support the Hypothesis that Organizational Learning is indeed a predictor of effective strategic management. This paper will present how organizational learning can help managers with their strategic thinking to better execute goals and tasks. In the world today, we are surrounded by millions of businesses. We rely on these businesses for many of our essential needs. They provide us with food, clothes, entertainment and so much more. So, when problems occur in a business, it does not only affect the company itself but us as well. It is crucial that businesses run smoothly, and those who are in command know of solutions when certain problems arise to avoid negative outcomes. Those in charge are often called Business Manager’s. Business manager's come across problems on a day to day basis, whether big or small, managers must resolve these problems by making the right decision(Uma Sekaran, 2010, p. 2). Depending on the dilemma, decisions and solutions can be quite difficult to come up with so a process to make this task easier can be extremely helpful to the manager. Also...
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...The following is an example of the process involved in writing a Case Study paper. The Case Study is found at the end of Chapter 1 of your textbook; Elektra Products, Inc. Items in red font are explanatory notes and would not be included in the finished product. Charles A. Student 20 Nov 2011 Elektra Products, Inc. The following summary identifies the basic substance of the situation, the key individuals involved, and the dilemma faced by the responsible manager. Summary: Barbara Russell, Elektra's Vice President of Manufacturing, has been tasked by Martin Griffin, Elektra's new President, to head one of the teams that will devise a plan to change Elektra's management style from a traditional top-down firm to a de-centralized organization that emphasizes employee empowerment in the management process. Ms. Russell forms an enthusiastic team that works extra hours to compile management changes that would allow employees at all levels to make decisions appropriate to their positions. However, When the recommendations are presented to department heads, they receive a cold reception when Mr. Griffin is called away from the meeting. Ms. Russell is now faced with the problem of implementing change against the resistance of the mid-level management. Question 1: How might top management have done a better job changing Elektra Products into a new kind of organization? What might they do now to get the empowerment process back on track? Note: Question 1 asks two...
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...Critical Perspectives on Accounting (1996) 7 , 409 – 435 RECONSIDERING THE ‘‘SOCIAL’’ IN POSITIVE ACCOUNTING THEORY: THE CASE OF SITE RESTORATION COSTS DEAN NEU AND CYNTHIA SIMMONS University of Calgary This paper seeks to challenge the hegemony of positive accounting theory explanations of managerial behaviour. We argue that the decontextualized perspective of positive accounting theory is limiting and that changing the perspective offers a more complete explanation of behaviour. Starting from the notion of social relations developed by Marx, we reinterpret positive theory variables as proxies for a subset of the social relations in which managers are embedded. From this perspective, a more inclusive explanation of behaviour can be obtained by considering the entire web of social relations that influence behaviour. To demonstrate the ‘‘cash value’’ of a social relations perspective, accounting for site restoration costs is used as an illustration. The results are consistent with a broad social relations perspective. ÷ 1996 Academic Press Limited Introduction ‘‘[I]t is clear there is a relation between firm’s accounting choice and other firm variables, such as leverage and size and the signs of the relations are mostly consistent across studies. Positive accounting research guided the search for empirical regularities and provided explanations for them. To date, there are no systematic alternative sets of explanations for those regularities articulated and tested...
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...Interview-A Theoretical Perspective Ford Gerald Kamanga Atlantic International University October 13, 201 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 SCREENING INTERVIEW 5 TELEPHONE INTERVIEW 5 ONLINE INTERVIEW 6 VIDEO INTERVIEWS 6 STRUCTURED INTERVIEW 7 UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW 7 MULTIPLE INTERVIEWS 7 BEHAVIORAL INTERVIEW 8 SITUATIONAL INTERVIEW 8 SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW 9 PANEL INTERVIEW 10 DEPTH INTERVIEW 10 STRESS INTERVIEW 11 EXIT INTERVIEW. 11 PREPARATION FOR INTERVIEW 12 INTERVIEW SKILLS 13 REFERENCES 16 Abstract It is believed that every employee goes through an interview before employment. Therefore, an interview is indispensable as regard to recruitment. In other words, employees don’t just happen to be found working in an organization haphazardly. They have to be interviewed before they actually get employed. It sounds ridiculous to see some one being picked from a street and offered a job at a company by an employer without being interviewed. Every organization has objectives to achieve or goals to arrive at. Therefore, the organization needs qualified people to bring about tremendous success and development. How does a company come up with the right employees? Precisely, the right members of staff are sourced through the interview. There are several kinds of interviews. However, this paper will focus on a number of employment interviews. Different organizations use different types of employment interviews according to their choice. INTRODUCTION ...
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...Timothy Flaherty Section 11121 Professor Hale October 6, 2014 Abstract The scenario in this medical devise case revolves around the training of a new sales representative. Specifically, this case addresses the effectiveness of the Sales Manager in dealing with the skill set development of the new salesman in selling the medical devise. This paper addresses the actual process the sales manager uses with the salesman and how it can be improved going forward for the mutual benefit of all stakeholders. The Genie Model 465 Sales Process Analysis Contained below are the case questions to be explored: “How might this sales manager's post-sales coaching session have been improved? What would you have done differently? Please provide your rationale to support your response? Make some recommendations about how the sales manager could have been more effective in his feedback to Joe. What could he have said? How could he have helped Joe during the sales call. Should the sales manager have behaved differently on the call?” My first impression based on the audio comments in the case; suggest to me that the sales manager’s demeanor was terrible. He was negative and talking down to the new representative during his post sales call debriefing. First of all, during the sales call I would have allowed myself to also have an exchange with the lab decision maker if I were the sales manager. It’s silly to be there and say nothing while passing notes to the new representative. Leading...
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...wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . Academy of Management is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Academy of Management Review. http://www.jstor.org ? Academy of Management Review, 1987, Vol. 12, No. 1, 38-51. Are the Classical Management Functions Useful in Describing Managerial Work? STEPHEN . CARROLL J University of Maryland DENNISJ. GILLEN Syracuse University This paper attempts to evaluate the usefulness of the classical management functions perspective for describing managerial work and for serving as the basis for management education. It also examines some of the newer conceptualizations of the manager's job and relates these to each other and to the earlier classical approach. As Miner (1971, 1982) noted, most management textbooks are organized on the basis of the original classical management functions first introduced by Fayol (1949) and elaborated and extended by others such as Urwick (1952). The Fayol functions are planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling (POC3 elements). Many management books are subdivided into major segments under each of these five categories, although the function, coordinating, is not used as often as the others. To check if Miner's assertion fits contemporary ...
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...researchers began to study the actual effectiveness of pre-departure and cross cultural training from various perspectives, some of which will be discussed below. Tung (1987) was perhaps one of the earliest researchers to study the importance of pre-departure training. The paper begins by describing a typical situation of Mr. X who migrates to Japan from the US but is unable to perform due to cultural issues faced by his family. Although hypothetical, this example could be true for any individual who moves to another nation along with his family and has not been provided with adequate training. Tung conducted a survey among 80 US multinational firms and found that the top most reason for expatriate failure was “inability of the manager’s spouse to adjust to a different physical or cultural environment” (Tung, 1987). This alarming result clearly indicates that pre departure training is essential not only for the employee, but for his family as well. Lau (2007) wrote her thesis that focused specifically on the impact of pre-departure training for employees migrating to China. The main factors to consider during training for China are culture, guanxi and language (Lau, 2007). The author also acknowledged the fact that only handful of US organizations and a little more of European organizations provide useful cross cultural training to employees moving to China. Therefore the paper concludes by stating that a common practice adopted by firms is to outsource cross cultural training to...
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...Introduction Manager role is to help his people to get the best out of themselves. Motivation is a key area which is of utmost attention to most manager and human resource department of organisations. Retention of prime talent is a major challenge organisations are facing in current scenario. Therefore it’s imperative for manager’s to be well aware of all the motivation theories and their applications in real life scenarios. Motivation is generally considered a basic principal in running a successful business. To deliver this concept it delves into different motivational theories and shows the importance of these theories from managerial aspect. The paper begins with the history of motivation and its importance from organisational point of view, and then it explains various types of motivational theories which include Maslow’s Theory, Herzberg’s Dual Structure Theory etc. Finally it concludes by highlighting the importance of these theories in strengthening management skills. Importance of Motivational Theories Psychologists writing in 19th and early 20th centuries explained that human beings are basically automated to behave in certain ways, which depends upon behavioural cues to which they were exposed. As per motivation and leadership at Work (Steers, Porte, and Bigley, 1996), in earlier 20th century researchers started to look for other possibilities to account for difference in individual motivation. Some other researchers were trying to explain...
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...Aviation Maintenance from A Manger’s Perspective Lisa A. Williams Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Management 203 Christopher Urdzik April 26, 2015 Abstract This paper explores aviation maintenance from a Manager’s perspective. There are various governing bodies that control or oversee how maintenance is performed on a routine basis for commercial aircraft. The main governing body that is discussed here is the FAA. Also discussed is the required training of the Airframe and Powerplant mechanic and how management can be assured that mechanics are qualified to release aircraft after performing maintenance certifying these aircraft are safe to fly. Also, in this paper, the attempt is made to show where mechanics need ongoing training to assure management that the mechanic is trained on new technologies that are developed and used in commercial and corporate aviation. The answers are not mapped out by the FAA or training programs so it is up to the company to be sure that the mechanic is made aware of these new technologies through FAA study groups that managers can attend and brief technicians on new developments. Human error cannot be eradicated it is indispensable fact of the human behavior (Maddox, 1998). Although, aviation maintenance managers have acquired high levels of technological skills training related to their profession, the above statement from Dr. Michael Maddox is true in regards to human error. Research in the industrial...
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...outstanding competence. Every organisation must cope with changes caused by internal and external sources. These challenges are occurring more frequently and if not properly faced, they can create chaos and confusion. To avoid such disorder, the role of a leader in an organisation becomes crucial in establishing the vision and directing subordinates towards that vision. “Leadership is required to make sure we are continually reaching our peaks and that we are constantly moving on to the next new thing” (Tompkins, 2008). This paper is an effort to spot a leader in an organization and gauge the effectiveness of his (her) leadership qualities. The paper begins by introducing the leader, the organisation that he is leading and the context in which the effectiveness will be analysed. The paper will continue by observing certain relevant indications for an effective leader and analyse the behaviour of the corresponding leader against these indications. The paper will conclude by finalising the analysis. Organisation The organisation is a prominent national oil company in the Middle East with operations in Saudi Arabia and abroad. The company employs over 54,000 permanent employees and over 70,000 contractors in order to carry out its daily operations. Major activities cover exploration, production, marketing and transport of hydrocarbons which are primarily comprised of crude oil, refined products and gas. Support...
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