...execute it. Thus, the true challenge for any leader is a human capital challenge. But what exactly is human capital and how does it relate to an organization’s chances for successfully executing its strategy? In short, human capital is the sum of knowledge, abilities, skills, values, personality, ideas, motivation, behaviors and experiences owned and offered by the people within an organization. All things being equal, the better the quality of an organization’s human capital the more successful it will be. The importance of human capital to an organization’s success is even more pronounced today due to a number of crucial trends. These include: * Demographic changes – an aging workforce along with increasing diversity is forcing organizations to fight a “war for talent” * Increased focus on growth – after cutting costs to improve the bottom line there is a renewed focus on growing the top line * Knowledge, innovation, adaptability and collaboration as key drivers of success – to grow the top line, leaders have recognized that the primary sources of success are things that reside within their people * Increased importance of intangible assets, such as brand, reputation, leadership and strategy – these assets are more and more a result of the efforts and skills of the people in the organization * Recognition that human capital is the main source of sustainable competitive advantage – not access to capital or the means of production This last point is best exemplified...
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...Human Resource Management TABLE OF CONTENTS Part A: ESSAY Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3 Construction/main body………………………………………………………………………………………………3 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7 Part B: REPORT Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..8 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8 Discussion/literature review: A. The current recruitment strategy. The advantages/disadvantages, suggesting the need for change………………………………………………………………………………………………..9 B. A definition and identification of the major advantages and disadvantages of Talent Management Programmes…………………………………………………………………10 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11 Part A: INTRODUCTION In response to harsh competition in a rapidly changing world managers and executives at the beginning following the hierarchical theory of business, built on equity and driven by profit were seeking ways to improve the competitiveness by dismissing people, selling enterprises and demanding more from those who remained. Though, for companies to get out of their problems using the chosen strategy was getting harder and harder. The universal competition has made the traditional model of management obsolete. In contrast to the old model of management, the new one focuses on not how much we produce, but on how we satisfy the demand of consumers. The key points that have...
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...SBL SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND LAW MANAGING HUMAN CAPITAL Module Tutor: Dr. Rajendra Kumar Student: Iryna Viter Student Ref: 0188SBMA1109 Course: MBA1 D, APR 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS: I. INTRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------------3 II. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT--------------------------------4 III. STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT --------------6 IV. HUMAN RESOURCES PLANNING-------------------------------------8 V. JOB ANALYSIS--------------------------------------------------------------9 VI. JOD DESIGN/DESCRIPTION--------------------------------------------10 VII. RECRUITMENT/SELECTION-------------------------------------------11 VIII. TRAINING AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT------------------------14 IX. PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL------------------------------------------18 X. REMUNERATION---------------------------------------------------------19 XI. MOTIVATION--------------------------------------------------------------21 XII. ROOM FOR IMPROVEMENT-------------------------------------------24 XIII. RECOMMENDATIONS---------------------------------------------------25 XIV. CONCLUSIONS-------------------------------------------------------------25 XV. REFERENCES---------------------------------------------------------------27 XVI. BIBLIOGRAPHY-----------------------------------------------------------28 I. Introduction In today’s tough competitive market many companies are faced...
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...2008 10.2478/v10061-008-0005-y Intellectual Capital Measurement Methods Jolanta Jurczak* Introduction Evolution of economy has caused important changes in activity of companies on the global market. Nowadays we are observing a growth the importance of intellectual resources as an effective tool for increasing corporate competitiveness. This fact has caused the need to manage companies and to measure their performance in a new way. Measuring Intellectual Capital is essential and very important in order to compare different companies, to estimate their real value or even to control their improvement year by year. Also to improve the way in which companies manage its intellectual resources that generate value and give back some benefits in consequences maximizing advantages for the company. Authors like Kaplan and Norton (1996), Stewart (1997), and Kerssens (1999) use phrases like “If you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it” to justify the search for new Measurement Methods.1 But to measure Intellectual Capital is necessary to determine exactly what the Measurement Methods are, which are the best and which the company should choose to evaluate its assets in proper way. Properly using Intellectual Capital Measurement Methods can cause the creation of competitive advantage and in consequence create development of the whole company at the present day. The Concept and Classification of Intellectual Capital Intellectual Capital (IC) are an increasingly important part of running...
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...ABSTRACT Nobel Prize-winning economist Gary S. Becker, who coined the term “human capital,” says that “the basic resource in any company is the people. Loosely speaking, human capital corresponds to any stock of knowledge or characteristics the worker has (either innate or acquired) that contributes to his or her “productivity”. Human capital – the productive capacity that is embedded in people – is one of the most important contributors to the growth in nations’ output and standard of living. Many organizations in developed countries now are highly dependent on their human capital for their competitive advantage. Their market value increasingly depends on their intangible assets, such as their knowledge, core competencies, and organizational capabilities (Ulrich and Smallwood, 2003) Globalisation and technological changes have also increased the importance of human capital in recent years, to the point that there are now only two options to sustain high profits and high wages in developed nations: escalating the skill levels of individuals or developing superior capacity for managing those skills and “human capital” more broadly. Employers have responded to these new phenomena by increasing wages for employees with more skills and by increasing their use of downsizing and other methods (such as “offshoring”) intended to reduce labour costs. Human capital is a valuable concept; it recognizes that people should be treated as assets rather than as an expense. The most successful...
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...Human Resources Management Homework Week 1 Chapter 1 Question 1 I do think people are an organization's most valuable assets because people bring human capital to the organization. One would think that nowadays in times with so much technology, we would not need people as much in a company, but the truth is that without people a company or organization would not be able to succeed. Human capital is one of the most valuable assets a company could have. Having good employees and investing in them will ensure a company will keep growing and succeeding. The primary reason for the need of people in an organization is that, people are the fuel of an organization to run, maintaining the organization's structure and so forth. Without people, an organization will not exist and will never accomplish their function. Then, numerous grounds can be linked to the importance of human capital. (Becker) I also think that cultural diversity could be an asset to an organization because each person brings unique experiences and perceptions. Each employee in a diverse workplace possesses unique strengths, knowledge and skills derived from their culture, and when managed properly it can influence the strengths and complement the weakness of each worker to make a greater workforce. Chapter 2 Question 2 Some of the forces that influence a firm's strategy are the company's rival, new entrants, substitutes, and supplies. The factors...
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...Human Capital Human Capital is a set of skills which an employee acquires on the job, through training and experience, and which increase that employee's value in the marketplace. It is also the skills and knowledge acquired thru education. A computer training course, schooling and lectures on the virtues of punctuality and honesty are also capital because they raise earnings, improve health, or add to a person’s good habits over much of his lifetime. Therefore, economists regard expenditures on EDUCATION, training, medical care, and so on as investments in human capital. They are called human capital because people cannot be separated from their knowledge, skills, health, or values in the way they can be separated from their financial and physical assets. Human capital can be viewed in general terms, such as the ability to read and write, or in specific terms, such as the acquisition of a particular skill with a limited industrial application. Critics of the theory argue that it is difficult to separate human capital investment from personal consumption. I think in my opinion there is is no difference between human capital investment and personal consumption because both help in improving a person’s life. For example a skill in particular field could help a person get a job and that brings in money which could be used to feed the family. Adam Smith a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy defines four types of fixed capital (which is characterized...
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...interest in Intellectual Capital (IC) has been the core factor it is being developed rapidly (Juma and Paine, 2004; Bontis, 2001). IC was first being acknowledged in 1995 by Skandia when it published the world’s first IC yearly report (Edvinsson and Malone, 1997). Definition of Intellectual Capital (IC) There have been tremendously abundant definitions of IC (refer to Appendix 1). In general it may seen synonymous with knowledge capital and asset, intangible and visible assets (refer to Appendix 2). This also includes human capital, information assets as well as the enclose value of organisations (Bontis, 2001; Tseng and Goo, 2005). Itami (1987) refers IC as organisation’s intangible assets that consist of experience, customer relationship and information, organisation’s repute and culture and intellectual property. This consistent with what mentioned by Stewart (1997) where IC comprises intellectual material that is able to generate wealth. The closest definition of IC would be from Roos et al. (2005) where IC is said to be the non-physical besides non-monetary capitals controlled by organisations that leads to value formation. According to Stewart (1997), there are three components for IC, which are human capital, structural capital as well as relational capital (refer to Appendix 3). Components of IC Human capital happens to be the capital, embedded in a person’s mind and stays together in a person. When a worker quits, the human capital that includes skills, innovativeness...
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...Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development Human capital reporting An internal perspective a guide 1 – a CIPD guide for personnel professionals to help them identify, collate, analyse and communicate data on human capital Written by Jim Matthewman and Floriane Matignon of Mercer Human Resource Consulting Acknowledgements The document draws on the perspectives, experience and measurement methods set out in the recent book by Haig R. Nalbantian, Richard A. Guzzo, Dave Kieffer and Jay Doherty, Play to Your Strengths: Managing your internal labour markets for lasting competitive advantage (New York: McGraw Hill, 2004). We are grateful to members of the CIPD Human Capital Working Party who provided input and advice: Greg Aitken, Head of Employee Research and Measurement, Royal Bank of Scotland Group Ron Collard, Partner, PricewaterhouseCoopers Andrew Mayo, Director, Mayo Learning International Tim Miller, Group Head of Human Resources, Standard Chartered Bank Tony Palmer, Head of the Marple Partnership Vicky Wright, Partner, Human Capital, Ernst & Young Human capital reporting Human capital reporting: an internal perspective 3 Human capital reprting Contents Preface 4 Introduction 6 Step 1 – Setting human capital management in context 10 Step 2 – Getting started: gathering and collating the data 21 Step 3 – Measuring human capital: tools and methodologies 27 Step 4 – Reporting the data:...
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...Human resource accounting Human Resource Accounting is a method to measure the effectiveness of personnel management activities and the use of people in an organization. Historical cost approach This approach is developed by Brummet, Flamholtz and Pyle but the first attempt towards employee valuation made by R. G. Barry Corporation of Columbus, Ohio in the year 1967. This method measures the organization’s investment in employees using the five parameters: recruiting, acquisition; formal training and, familiarization; informal training, Informal familiarization; experience; and development. The costs were amortized over the expected working lives of individuals and unamortized costs (for example, when an individual left the firm) were written off. Limitations * The valuation method is based on false assumption that the dollar is stable. * Since the assets cannot be sold there is no independent check of valuation. * This method measures only the costs to the organization but ignores completely any measure of the value of the employee to the organization (Cascio 3). Replacement Cost approach This approach measures the cost of replacing an employee. According to Likert (1985) replacement cost include recruitment, selection, compensation, and training cost (including the income foregone during the training period). The data derived from this method could be useful in deciding whether to dismiss or replace the staff. Limitations * Substitution of replacement...
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...Advances in Developing Human Resources http://adh.sagepub.com/ National Human Resource Development: What in the World Is It? Gary N. McLean Advances in Developing Human Resources 2004 6: 269 DOI: 10.1177/1523422304266086 The online version of this article can be found at: http://adh.sagepub.com/content/6/3/269 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: Academy of Human Resource Development Additional services and information for Advances in Developing Human Resources can be found at: Email Alerts: http://adh.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://adh.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://adh.sagepub.com/content/6/3/269.refs.html >> Version of Record - Aug 1, 2004 What is This? Downloaded from adh.sagepub.com at Anglia Ruskin University on May 2, 2014 Issue Overview 10.1177/1523422304266086 Advances in Developing Human Resources McLean / INTRODUCTION TO NHRD National Human Resource Development: What in the World Is It? Gary N. McLean The problem and the solution. Recent exploratory research has affirmed the variations in understanding of the meaning of human resource development (HRD) from country to country based on a number of identifiable characteristics of the country. One area identified in the definitions of some countries, which was different from that found in the United States and in some other countries...
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...MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Human capital investment consists of: a. any activity that enhances the quality of labor b. expenditures for formal schooling only c. expenditures for on-the-job training only d. any activity that leads to the substitution of physical capital for labor 2. “Expenditures on education and training can be treated as investment in human capital.” This statement is: a. true—current expenses are incurred with the expectation they will be more than compensated for by greater future returns b. true—education must be financed by borrowing money c. false—the market for college loans is too imperfect to be consistent with investment models d. false—education is purchased for its current (consumption) value, not its future (investment) value 3. Approximately what percentage of the U.S. population had completed four or more years of college by the year 2006? a. 8% b. 14% c. 29% d. 41% 4. Age-earnings data show that: a. differences in earnings by education level disappear for workers age 55 and over b. men’s earnings increase with educational level but not women’s earnings c. earnings rise with factors such as family background and personal drive, but not education level d. higher educational levels are consistently associated with higher earnings 5. Available evidence indicates that: a. age-earnings profiles vary with education, but not with age b. age-earnings profiles vary with age, but not with education c. age-earnings profiles of...
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...TI 2011-061/3 Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper Entrepreneurship and Role Models Niels BosmaA Jolanda HesselsB,C Veronique SchutjensA Mirjam van PraagD Ingrid VerheulE Utrecht University; B EIM Business and Policy Research, Zoetermeer; C Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam; D Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Amsterdam; E Rotterdam School of Economics; all in the Netherlands. A Tinbergen Institute is the graduate school and research institute in economics of Erasmus University Rotterdam, the University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam. More TI discussion papers can be downloaded at http://www.tinbergen.nl Tinbergen Institute has two locations: Tinbergen Institute Amsterdam Gustav Mahlerplein 117 1082 MS Amsterdam The Netherlands Tel.: +31(0)20 525 1600 Tinbergen Institute Rotterdam Burg. Oudlaan 50 3062 PA Rotterdam The Netherlands Tel.: +31(0)10 408 8900 Fax: +31(0)10 408 9031 Duisenberg school of finance is a collaboration of the Dutch financial sector and universities, with the ambition to support innovative research and offer top quality academic education in core areas of finance. DSF research papers can be downloaded at: http://www.dsf.nl/ Duisenberg school of finance Gustav Mahlerplein 117 1082 MS Amsterdam The Netherlands Tel.: +31(0)20 525 8579 ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ROLE MODELS Niels Bosma A, Jolanda Hessels B, C, Veronique Schutjens A, Mirjam van Praag D, Ingrid Verheul E A Faculty of Geosciences, Department...
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...Emphasis on human capital is a recent development. For a long time, concern has been placed on other factors of production. It was not until recently that attention shifted to Human capital which has led to a massive wave of investment in human capital development. Human capital development is the term used in referring to factors such as education, health, and other variables that can raise productivity. It refers to the ability to perform work so as to produce economic value. To a large extent this a function of the skills and knowledge workers acquired through education and experience. When viewed from a macro perspective, Human capital represents the human factor in an organization and this consists of the combined intelligence, skills and expertise of workers that gives the organization its distinctive character. It consists of those elements of the organization that are capable of learning, changing, innovating and providing the creative thrust which if properly motivated can ensure the long-term survival of an organization. Increasing attention is being given to Human capital due to globalization and its attendant saturation of the labour market. Concern about the issue has been being compounded by the recent downturn in the various economies of the world. This has led Organisations to appreciate the need to leverage on the workforce for competitive advantage in order to thrive and keep ahead of the competition. One major way of doing this is through human capital development...
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...1. Introduction - The role of Human Resource During the early 20th century, the primary role of human resource is a care taker. Primarily they are involve in record keeping of the employee personal information, the most administrative job scoop. Hence during that period of time most human resource personnel is not required to go through formal training. Moving forward to 21st century, the primary role of human resource has been shift from a care taker to strategic planner which is vital for all companies. Not only they are required to maintain employees' record, in addition human resource personnel is required to think of strategy and ways to bridge between the employee and company management. Not only they are required to go through formal training, experience plays an important part as well. In modern days, human resource is known as a "people" profession. Their main asset are human and intellectual capital. As a human resource personnel, they are required to plan and execute plans to retain talent at the same time they have to ensure that human resource strategy is in line with their organization strategy. The foundation of an organisation is employee, in other words is intellectual capital in this main asset of an organisation. Even though in 21st century most company is moving towards machinery and technology but all these is build on intellectual capital. According to most researches, not only Human resource increase employees' capabilities in discovering business...
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