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总第 417 期 /2012 年第 09 期
MangZhong
Literature

作家论丛

论欧 · 亨利式结尾的固化及其精神内涵




、“欧·亨利式结尾” 的形成和固化

欧·亨利以其欧·亨利式的结尾被世界文坛奉
为经典。正如王永年在 《欧·亨利小说全集》 译者
前言里的概括:
他先在故事情节发展过程中透露一些情况,
作为铺垫,埋下伏笔,但对最重要的事实却一
直秘而不宣,结尾时 峰 回 路 转,豁 然 开 朗,产
生了意料不及、画龙点睛的效果,向读者揭示
了整个故事的意义和人物性格及行为的全部真
实,使读者在惊愕之 余,不 禁 拍 案 叫 绝,不 能
不 承 认 故 事 的 合 情 合 理, 赞 叹 作 者 构 思 的
[1

巧妙。
在欧·亨利的小说集中,作品结尾极少出现其
,“欧·亨利式结尾” 已经具有一定的
他的创作模式
固化倾向。这一风格的出现、成熟和固化,是作家
在文学创作中,由初见个性风格到逐渐成熟再到难
于突破和创新的自然过程。

从他开始正式发表短篇小说开始 “欧·亨利式
结尾” 已经初现端倪,如在 《四百万》 中欧·亨利
已经能比较成熟地运用这样出人意料的结尾来吸引
读者的注意了。
名篇 《最后的常春藤叶》 将 “欧·亨利式结尾”
运用得极为出色,结尾处与前文中医生提出的 “要
将贝尔曼送进医院,让他舒服点儿地走向死亡” 这
个铺垫前后呼应,情节的发展流畅自然,无刻意造
作的感觉。同时更使这篇小说想要揭示的人性的美
丽这个主题在结尾处得到了升华。可以说,这篇作
品的问世,代 表 了 欧 · 亨 利 短 篇 小 说 创 作 的 高 峰,
也是他 “欧·亨利式结尾” 创作的成熟表现。
有时作家的创作难以摆脱自己已经成熟的创作
模式,成为创作突破的瓶颈。由于欧 ·亨利的创作
时间比较短暂,还要考虑到迎合消费者需要而连篇
,“欧·亨利式结尾” 在成为经典的同
累牍式的创作
时也就难免一定的固化倾向。

二 “欧·亨利式结尾” 的精神内涵
既然作者已经形成了稳定的创作风格,作家创
作有了固定的模式,对于读者来说,只要熟读其中
的某一篇就能够以偏概全,那么欧 ·亨利的魅力长
存的原因何在呢? 我们认为欧·亨利式的结尾不仅
仅是叙事技巧,而是蕴涵着深厚的精神内涵,这是
他的小说结尾虽然有一定的固化倾向,却仍吸引读

062





者的内在原因。下文将探讨欧·亨利创作的短篇小
说是以怎样的精神内涵来吸引读者的注意力和阅读
兴趣的。
时代是影响文学创作的一个因素,欧·亨利出
生于 1862 年,去世于 1910 年,在这段时期里,美国
社会中发生的一系列问题是肯定对其创作有一定影
响的。
南北战争之后的美国小说转向了现实主义,
强调可信性和真实性。这个时期的美国地域扩
张、不断 发 现 新 的 资 源、不 断 做 出 新 的 发 明,
不断涌现新的工业,美国小说的发展也达到了
最有活力的一个时期。此时的美国小说的数量
剧增,同时反映了蓬勃发展的社会生活的方方
[2

面面。
美国内战以后是美国历史发展最快的一个时期,
这个时期美国一跃成为世界上首屈一指的资本主义
工业大国,发展的同时也带来了不少社会问题。美
。城市里
国社会变成了一个适者生存的 “原始森林”
嘈杂肮脏、失业率居高不下、工厂主的投机盈利等
使得这个城市充斥着疾病贫困和暴力犯罪。
这一时期的美国文学不可避免地都带有了一些
映衬时代社会混乱的色彩,着力描写着真实的社会,
尤其是社会的黑暗,表现了一定的社会悲观主义色
彩,比如马克 ·吐温。他所处的时代背景与 欧·亨
利所处的时代背景比较接近,欧·亨利创作时所处
的时代社会的模样也正是马克·吐温所感同身受的。

欧·亨利的作品风格也是幽默的 “类似马克·吐温
那 种 讽 刺、 幽 默、 滑 稽、 诙 谐、 风 趣 的 艺 术 风
[3
]23
格” 。但是他们的文学创作还是有所区别的,分
别代表了两种不同的创作态度。
马克·吐温的作品,比较多的是揭示人性真实
的伪善一面,他对现实认识深刻,并且多采用直截
了当的叙述的表现手法来展现现实,他的作品能让
读者在阅读之后产生对现实赤裸裸的几乎失望的念
头。欧·亨利的作品较多显示的是人性真善的一面,
他对现实的认识很深刻,并且是做了一定的艺术处
理的,他的作品更多的是让读者见识到现实中仍然
有真善美,虽然描写的是贫困窘迫的小人物,但是
在他们身上不缺乏对美的发现,使读者更容易产生
对未来美好的期望。
欧·亨利有着像马克 ·吐温一样对现实清醒的
认识。在逃亡岁月里,欧·亨利有过残酷、奇特的
生活体 验,作 家 把 美 国 这 个 名 利 场 看 得 十 分 透 彻,

总第 417 期 /2012 年第 09 期
MangZhong
Literature

作家论丛

那些 “丛林中的孩子们” 尔虞我诈、勾心斗角、巧
作观念的无意识是什么? 在欧·亨利传记的材料中,
。残忍遇到狠毒,小
取豪夺,行的都是 “丛林法则”
曾有一封没有写完的信件,是作家去世前不久写下
骗子遇到大骗子,更可悲的是,在这种财富的角逐
的,这是欧·亨利小说研究中一件极其重要的手稿。
中,人们的灵魂也受到了腐蚀。
他在信中曾这样叙述道:
社会黑暗的真实和可悲,在欧·亨利小说中常
在书上把 “全部真实” 说出来是不可能的。
《供应家具的房间》 所描写的死亡
常有所体现。如
我想描写一个人的生平,我准备让他经历生活
与 《最后的常 春 藤 叶》 中 的 死 亡 是 完 全 不 一 样 的。
中的主要情景。我准备让他得到经验所能所能
《最后的常春藤叶》 中的死亡是一种救人活命的自我
给他的一切人情世故,然而始终保持着纯真的、
牺牲,是一种人性精神的升华,因而能从死亡中看
合乎 人 性 的 观 点, 让 他 说 出 一 切 事 物 的
[3
]48
到光明,从 痛 苦 中 获 得 力 量,从 悲 剧 中 受 到 感 奋。
真实。
而 《供应家具的房间》 则十分残酷,通过年轻人寻
欧·亨利 希 望 他 描 写 的 人 始 终 保 持 着 纯 真 的、
找爱人的痛苦经历,作者为我们展示了一个令人绝
合乎人性的观点,这个观点流淌于他的小说塑造的
望的环境,对现实进行了严肃的揭露与批判。
人物性格血液中,这是他创作观的根基。因此他的
同样是建立在作家对现实清醒的认识基础上的文

小说中必然存在着爱与善对心灵的救赎 《最后的常
学创作,欧·亨利却体现出与马克·吐温所代表的创
春藤叶》 里的主人公正是以这样的人性心理拯救了
作观不一样的选择。欧亨利的选择,是在对现实的深

青年画家 《索利托牧场的卫生学》 中的牧场主雷德
刻的认识基础上有着乐观积极的心态,也就是说在深
勒也是以这样的人性心理把一个酒鬼、赌棍、凶手
刻的悲伤之后还能有温暖的心,这样的创作心态使得
改造成 一 个 痛 改 前 非 的 新 人,救 赎 了 犯 罪 的 灵 魂,
他的小说有了两难的选择,既要再现现实又要温暖人
这样的心理和精神内涵在欧·亨利小说中随处可见。
心,这种两难选择是他的小说令人啼笑皆非的幽默和
而正是这样的一种创作心理,使得欧 ·亨利的语言
突转式结尾的内在基础。欧·亨利的幽默通常是善意
本身也充满了夸张和幽默,而幽默能起到淡化事物
的,但这并不意味着就不能揭示现实,他的小说也能
本质悲剧性的作用,从而更符合生活的本质,使大
令人震惊地揭示出人生的真谛。比如在他的小说 《钟
众读者更能接受。
摆》一文中,在约翰与妻子凯蒂婚后两年一成不变的
虽然欧·亨利创作的结尾形成一定的固定模式
生活中,平静的生活使得约翰不断地想逃离妻子获得
却依旧对读者深具魅力,作家透析人世悲凉后仍选
婚姻的自由,因妻子的母亲生病妻子匆忙离家之后, 择在作品中对人 性 和 生 活 寄 予 美 好 的 希 望 和 信 心,
平静的生活起了波折,令约翰无所适从,但妻子回来
对这一温暖立场的持守正是他写作的出发点,这也
之后的生活又触发了约翰的逃离。这体现了欧·亨利
是欧·亨利结尾 独 特 的 精 神 内 涵 和 艺 术 魅 力 所 在。
透视生活本质的能力。
所以欧·亨利的短篇小说还是无愧于 “美国生活的
对时代社会有着清醒的认识,是时代大环境赋
百科全书” 之誉的,它还是 “以崭新的人性观点和
予作家的。欧·亨利对人性和世界的认识是深刻的
超凡的技巧在美国文学界引起震响,流传深远,给
甚至是悲观的,但在大多数的作品里,他却宁愿选
刚跨进 20 世纪的美国文坛吹来了一股生机盎然的春
择乐观 的 结 尾,那 么 欧 · 亨 利 又 为 何 做 这 样 的 选

天气息,令人神清气爽,耳目一新。
择呢?
这样的创作选择,显然是怀着人性善的信念和 [参考文献]

1][
对生活充满希望的感情的,这种信念和爱的希望在
美]欧·亨利. 欧·亨利小说全集( 第一卷) [C].
2003.
王永年, 北京: 人民文学出版社,
译.

他的小说创作中显示得尤为明显——小人物身上也
[ 朱刚. 新编美国文学史( 第二卷) [M] 上海: 上海外
2]

有真善美。正是由于欧 ·亨利这样的创作选择,他
2002: 15.
语教育出版社,
笔下的善与恶,并不那么截然分开,泾渭分明,它
[ 阮温凌. 走进迷宫——欧·亨利的艺术世界[
3]

M]. 北
们之间有着一个广阔的中间地带,其中存在着良心
1997.
京: 中国社会科学出版社,
发现,幡然悔悟,重新做人的种种可能性。决心洗
[ 巴赫金. 弗洛伊德主义[M]. 佟景韩, 上海: 上海
4]
译.
手不干的保险箱盗窃犯为了救出把自己反锁在保险
1988: 67.
文艺出版社,
库里的 孩 子,当 众 拿 出 自 己 的 看 家 本 领 泄 露 行 踪,
[ 王 晶 红. 美 国 小 说 殿 堂 的 一 块 基 石——我 读 欧 亨
5]

准备跟着警察再去蹲监狱; 一个二流子坏蛋在镇上,

2007( 09) .
利[J] 科教文汇( 上旬刊) ,
用枪和愤怒破坏着居民的财产,因母亲的到来而决
[ 朱雯,
6]

朱碧恒. 欧·亨利名作欣赏[M] 北京: 中国和
定痛改前非; 一个背弃了情人的男人,毕竟还能尽
1996.
平出版社,
自己的 努 力,让 青 梅 竹 马 的 姑 娘 断 了 对 他 的 思 念,
快快活活地去开始新的生活。

作者简介]

弗洛伊德指出 “诙谐无非是被压抑的无意识能
赵峻( 1969— ) , 江苏扬州人,
女,
淮阴师范学院文学院
量的通风口,也就是说,它归根到底也是为这种无
副教授,
文学 硕 士,
研究 方 向 为 比 较 文 学 与 世 界 文 学; 李 娜
[4

( 1990— ) , 江苏淮安人,
女,
淮阴师范学院文学院学生。
意识服务的,受无意识的支配” 。决定欧·亨利创

063

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...Greetings friends! Today I will talk about why I believe that bombing Japan was the only option to end the war between these two countries. The war was almost over. Germany and the axis powers had succumbed to defeat by the allies who had taken over. With Europe dealt with, the United states turned its eyes eastward towards another problem that had to be settled. That problem was Japan. Japan had bombed pearl harbor and pretty much just acting like a bunch of jerks. Well, America had been developing this new weapon under the name of ''The Manhattan Project'' because of intelligence that Germany was working on an A-bomb. Two atom bombs named "little boy" and "fat man" were dropped on Hiroshima and Potsdam in the course of three days....

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The Pros And Cons Of The Manhattan Project

...scientists of the Manhattan Project, described the scientific importance of the discovery of the atomic bomb. Immediately after the droppings of the atomic bombs on Japan until the present day, there were many debates on whether the Manhattan Project was justified or if nuclear weapons are even ethical. Seeing the destruction of the “Little Man” and “Fat Boy” bombs in the moment arose great fear and discontent. However, looking at the Manhattan Project in retrospect shows that the advantages gained through the years greatly outweigh the consequences of the nuclear weapons. The Manhattan Project was a pivotal endeavor in America’s history...

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Why Is The Manhattan Project Wrong

...The Manhattan Project was morally incorrect, and may have seemed like it was for good cause, but ultimately lead to violence and death. The intentions were to end the war, but it did much more than that. Causing over 150,000 deaths and many more injuries. It all started when nuclear scientists in Germany discovered the secret to splitting the uranium atom. This enabled weapons of mass destruction to be made, but first scientists needed to learn how to harness the power of the splitting of the atom, and convert it into a destructive force. Nazi Germany was first to start research on creating a bomb capable of destroying whole cities. Word got out, and the U.S. government knew they had to finish creating a bomb before Germany or else it could...

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Manhattan Project Research Paper

...The Manhattan Project, the program behind the development of the first nuclear weapons, affected the world greatly in many ways. The Manhattan Project was a secret, $2 billion project created by the U.S. The project was so secretive that only 6 of the scientists knew the nature of the manhattan project; Niels Bohr, Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, Richard Feynman, J. Robert Oppenheimer, and Harold Urey. The people working on it were forbidden to speak about anything involving this, military security guarded the grounds, and the communications in and out were monitored. In 1939, the U.S. was warned that Nazi scientists had split an atom and could use that to build an atomic bomb. The U.S. started the top-secret program known as the manhattan project, it was named this after the Manhattan Engineering district of the War Department which was where it began....

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Why Is The Manhattan Project Wrong

...sustained nuclear reaction could be produced and constructed in to a very powerful bombs. He also told him how German had already exported uranium from the Czech mines to their new territory. With in a month Roosevelt had a team of researchers working on nuclear weapons before Germany and Japan could make their. The Manhattan project is an industrial complex in New Mexico; thousands of the West’s...

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Manhattan Project Research Paper

...The Manhattan Project was the name of a scientific project conducted during World War II by the United States with help from the United Kingdom and Canada. This project started the beginning of nuclear weapons which were an integral part of the arms race during the Cold War. The ultimate goal of the project was to develop the first atomic bomb before Germany could. The scientific research was led by physicist Julius Robert Oppenheimer while security and military operations were carried out by General Leslie Richard Groves. The project was carried out in numerous research centers; the most important being the Manhattan Engineering District located at the site now known as Los Alamos National Laboratory. The project brought together a large number...

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The Manhattan Project: The First Atomic Bomb

...The Manhattan Project (1942-1945) was the research project that produced the first atomic bombs. It was ‘born’ from the fear that Hitler started researching and made atomic bombs since the 1930’s, and was ready to fire at a moment’s notice. The country’s top minds, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer and Glenn Seaborg, were a major part in the development of the nuclear bombs. They, along with 130,000 workers, helped produce the first nuclear bombs. A lot of the scientists that worked in the Manhattan Project were refugees of the fascist countries of Europe that used the newly recognized fission process to greatly advance the Manhattan Project.. Not only did it take years to research, develop, and produce, but it also took $2 billion, even though...

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