...The Manhattan Project was a top secret project during World War II conducted by the United States, Great Britain, and Canada to develop the first nuclear weapon (the atomic bomb). Once President Truman was informed of the Manhattan Project, he formed a committee to research and discuss the most effective way to use the bomb to shock Japan into surrendering. Based upon the massive loss of lives suffered by both the United States and Japan on Iwo Jima and Okinawa, President Truman knew that it was unlikely that Japan would surrender unconditionally as demanded by the Potsdam Declaration without an invasion of Japan itself. After conferring with advisers, President Truman considered, but ultimately rejected several alternatives to using the bomb....
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...Manhattan Project Research Paper Nuclear research all started when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, and the United States entered into World War II. When the United States realized that Germany attempted to build an atomic bomb, Americans began to concentrate on their research about creating an atomic bomb. President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Manhattan Project, which included a group of top scientists, under General Leslie R. Groves, who worked around the clock to try to develop an atomic bomb within three years. The Americans and the British combined their efforts to research the development of the bomb and created plants and factories to work in. They created plants for three separate processes: electromagnetic, gaseous diffusion, and thermal diffusion. These plants helped create the plutonium and uranium 235 needed to manufacture the atomic bomb. The secrecy of the Manhattan Project was essential in order to develop the atomic bombs to end World War II. The United States and Great Britain kept the development of the atomic bomb a secret. In order to keep the secret, Groves spread the work out between laboratories so that the people working on the bomb could not figure out they were manufacturing. The members of the Manhattan Project asked the scientists questions about the bomb, and they gave answers back, but they did not know what the responses were for. The project consisted of so many restrictions for the employees in order to keep the secrecy...
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...The Manhattan Project Nuclear research all started when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, and the United States entered into World War II. When the United States realized that Germany attempted to build an atomic bomb, Americans began to concentrate on their research about creating an atomic bomb more heavily. President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Manhattan Project, which included a group of top scientists, under General Leslie R. Groves, who worked around the clock to try to develop an atomic bomb within three years (Bondi 493). The Americans and the British combined their efforts to research the development of the bomb and created plants and factories to work in (“The Atomic Bomb…” 257). They created plants for three separate processes: electromagnetic, gaseous diffusion, and thermal diffusion. These plants helped create the plutonium and uranium 235 needed to manufacture the atomic bomb (Gerdes 142). The secrecy of the Manhattan Project was essential in order to develop the atomic bombs to end World War II. The United States and Great Britain kept the development of the atomic bomb a secret (Bondi 493). In order to keep the secret, Groves spread the work out between laboratories so that the people working on the bomb could not figure out they were manufacturing. The members of the Manhattan Project asked the scientists questions about the bomb, and they gave answers back, but they did not know what the responses were for. The project consisted of so many restrictions...
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...I’ve heard you ordered the use of the atomic bombs against Japan. After you’ve found out the Manhattan project had been successful, I know you had to make a decision to move forward with it or not. At first you and the Allies put out a demand for an immediate unconditional surrender, but Japan had refused. So since Japan had refused, you made a hard decision to drop the atomic bomb and put an end to the long four years of war with Japan. I understand why you strongly want to drop the bomb; however, for my sincere advice to you, I strongly suggest you don’t. Dropping to atomic bomb on Japan can lead to many disadvantages. For instance, when other countries realize that America had help this type of power, they will began the race to develop their own. Thousands of innocent Japanese people will die from the impact of this bomb and millions more will be affected by the residual radiation. Japan will be close to surrender anyways, and dropping the bomb will definitely insult in a major way. Most of all, it will forever create a great amount of animosity and anger between the two nations, that will exist for many years to come. Overall, the way you are using the atomic bomb is not justified because along with many others, we believe such...
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...United States. The Japanese fleet had to sail over 4,000 miles to launch airplanes to attack Hawaii. The Japanese were able to attack Pearl Harbor because America's intelligence community failed to notice them. Some reasons why it was hard for the American intelligence community to notice the Japanese on their long naval journey, was the Japanese would only travel at night and would not use any radio communication. Any form of radio interception was impossible (Truman). The Manhattan Project started when Albert Einstein left Germany to come to the United States to escape Nazi prosecution. A month after Einstein had left Germany he wrote a letter to Franklin Delano Roosevelt to develop nuclear technology and an atom bomb. Einstein said that German scientists might have already been working on a nuclear bomb. Roosevelt acted on the letter from Einstein and the government developed a top street secret project called the ‘‘Manhattan project’’ to build an atom bomb (World Book, 590-591). The director of the Manhattan...
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... 2. Segregated D. Discrimination & the Military 1. Many minorities questioned if it was their war to fight 2. Many minorities did join; but segregated units (beginning of the Civil Rights Movement) II. Production A. Industry 1. Switched to wartime production 2. Brought U.S. out of the Great Depression B. Labor Force 1. Faced discrimination and lower pay 2. Women became a permanent part of the work force (beginning of Women’s Rights Movement) III. Science A. OSRD (Created by FDR in 1941) 1. Pesticides (DDT), Radar, Sonar, and Penicillin B. Manhattan Project 1. Atomic Bomb 2. Einstein worked on project IV. Federal Government Control: A. OPA & WPA 1. Control Inflation 2. Encourage Americans to buy War Bonds (War Bonds financed the war) B. Rationing (limiting scare goods needed for war) 1. Gas & Metal 2. Black Market The War for Europe & North Africa I. The U.S. and Britain Join Forces A. FDR and Churchill worked out a war plan together B. Battle of the Atlantic 1. Germans wanted to prevent supplies from reaching Great Britain and the Soviet Union 2. Allies in control of the Atlantic by middle of 1943 II. The Eastern Front and the Mediterranean A...
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...area of the city. Three days later another bomber took off with another atomic bomb, its destination was Nagasaki. The bombing of Nagasaki was just as devastating as Hiroshima, thirty thousand people were killed and the city was destroyed. On August 10, 1945 Japan surrendered and the war came to an end. The Bombing of both Hiroshima and Nagasaki was necessary because of two reasons, the United States wanted to show its power to the Soviet Union and also prove that they had nuclear weapons and were willing to use them if deemed necessary to protect the United States. It was...
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...dropping of the second atomic bomb in Nagasaki, where eighty thousands people were vaporized, Japanese surrendered unconditionally and the World War II ended (“The Decision to Drop the Bomb” 5-6). But was it a right decision of Harry S Truman to end the war with two atomic bombs? Becoming the president of the United States on April 12, 1945 upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S Truman faced with a decision of unprecedented gravity in his life: dropping the atomic bombs in Japan to end the World War II. It was just a matter of opinion whether his decision was right or wrong. But at the time the bombs were dropped, most Americans as wells as Allied forces accepted President Truman’s decision and agreed that the atomic bombs were necessary to end the war quickly before the disastrous invasion of the Japanese mainland could occur. But after that, many people started questioning about President Truman’s decision to order the dropping of the atomic bombs. They believed that dropping two atomic bombs to destroy two cities of Japan helped America generally and President Truman specifically accomplishing several things. Most obviously, it was a way of Americans to revenge Japanese for the bombing of Pearl Harbor and for the atrocious treatment of American prisoners of war. Also, an atomic bombing of Japan was also the only thing that would justify the expense of the...
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...of their new weapon, still chose to use it rather than an alternative means to peace. Many people still argue whether or not it was necessary when Japanese surrender was considered to be a matter of time. Historians also dispute whether the campaign was a morally justified objective. This phrase alone brings up many interesting questions. Can killing thousands of innocent people ever be considered "justified"? Considering these circumstances, the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was not militarily or morally justified. In 1939 Franklin Roosevelt, the President of the United States received a verysignificant letter from the famous physicist, Albert Einstein.2 Contained in this letter were details concerning the importance of nuclear research with regards to gaining the upper hand in the war. Roosevelt agreed and approved $6,000 in initial funding. Many scientists began realizing the importance of nuclear fission and in 1940 The National Defense Research Committee was formed. This group's purpose was to oversee research and provide more funding. Many of the world's best physicists set up research all across America working on different aspects of the research.3 Among these scientists, many feared that what they were creating would cause disastrous effects throughout the world. The United States atomic research project that began as a small assignment with little funding grew to a large series of researchers experimenting with different aspects of nuclear...
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...The interview was in August 15, 1960. Why was their so fierce Opposition? In what Way did Truman Not Understand? These answers lie in the depths of the controversy about the Atomic Bomb. Introduction The atomic bomb was a topic of major controversy but the main debate was about the necessity of the atomic bomb. Many say that the atomic bomb was dropped because it would save millions of American lives. However at that period the Japanese were also at the point of surrendering. Huge amounts of incendiary bombs were used in large-scale cities against japan. Many of the scientists in the Manhattan Project were disturbed about it. The incendiary bombs reduced much morale from the Japanese army and crippled the will power. However this small cripple made Japan even angrier because these incendiary bombs were used on innocent civilians and not the Japanese army. Many think that it was necessary to use the Atomic Bombs because Japan attacked America first and not the other way around. It is a fact that when Hitler attacked Russia he expected Japan to attack from the East while Hitler attacked from the West and so Hitler might have won the battle of Stalingrad and captured Russia. Although this is not how it went. Japan respected the fighting force of Russia but however Fuehrer Franklin maneuvered them because he needed a war to maintain his presidency. Although even this statement is in deep controversy...
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...on Hiroshima, Japan by the United States of America. Three days later, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, in hopes to force Japan to finally surrender. There is much controversy, even to this day, as to whether to deployment of the first atomic bombs were warranted and absolutely necessary. While the bombings did end the treacherous World War II, they ended up killing over 240,000 people. While Samuel J. Walker, a World War II historian, claims that “The fundamental issue that has divided scholars over a period of nearly four decades is whether the use of the bomb was necessary to achieve victory in the war in the Pacific on terms satisfactory to the United States”, the debate also boils down to other factors, such as the fact that it was part of the total warfare that began in WWII, it was more desirable than invasion, and it actually saved lives but hastily ending the war. Arguments against the bombing of Japan revolve around the inherent morality of the atomic bomb, especially considering Japan’s underdeveloped nuclear advancements and the actual necessity of the Atomic bombs. The two atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan were absolutely necessary despite the immorality because of Japan’s refusal to surrender, the bombs ended up saving more lives than it spent, it was part of total warfare, and it was the most efficient way to force Japan to surrender. Part of the necessity of the atomic bombs was Japan’s refusal to surrender. Japan’s stubborn...
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...The interactions between science and ethics have long been a source of tension. Potential ethical conflicts have increased over biomedical research on the basis of science-based risk assessment or whether to take ethical values in consideration. Many of the greatest advances in medicine have been achieved by biomedical research. Biomedical researchers have been able to find cures or eliminate diseases, create vaccines, and medicines that heave cure and protected the health of millions of people. The National Institute of Health (NIH) is the federal Government’s primary agency for advancing knowledge in the biomedical and behavior sciences in order to understand and treat human disease. In the past, research process often involved many unethical practices where the research participants lacked adequate protection. To protect human research participants from undo harm, biomedical researchers must follow the four basic ethical principles on which standards of ethical research are based: autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Such ethical requirements on biomedical research are found in documents such as the Declaration of Helsinki or the Belmont Report. The four principles and Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are the principal regulations and ethical protocols when conducted human research. In the United States, the National Institute of Health (NIH) is the primary agency responsible in enforcing ethic in human research but the IRBs falls within the authority...
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...The Effects of Terminal Costs on Supply Chains with LTL Shipping Observed causes, effects and mathematical analysis Ryan Conrad Portland State University Civil and Environmental Engineering P.O. Box 751 Portland, OR 97207-0751 Phone: 503-725-4282 Fax: 503-725-5950 The effects of costs associated with terminal points of truck freight tours, called terminal costs, are analyzed. An overview of current U.S. government and public policies, business practices and transportation infrastructure issues affecting Less Than Truckload (LTL) shipping networks is presented. A qualitative model of supply chain interactions is constructed followed by a mathematical analysis of specific areas of interest where costs are sensitive to policy or operational changes. CE 553: Freight Transport and Logistics Dr. Miguel A. Figliozzi December 10th, 2008 1. Introduction Traffic congestion and delay are becoming increasingly significant problems for the U.S. freight trucking industry. While freight transportation has continued to grow steadily, the capital spending and construction of freeways and major highways has remained mostly stagnant since the mid-1970s when the interstate freeway system reached completion. Much attention has thus been paid to methods of most efficiently using the road space available, particularly in dense urban areas, with lane tolling, freeway ramp metering and other measures being utilized. Major freight...
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...America where Germans, Italians and Japanese Americans could be put in internment camps. Fueled by war hysteria and nationalism, the order served to deport the Americans who had Axis Power roots. In fact, the Korematsu vs. US court case was a consequence of this order as it questioned the constitutionality of excluding certain groups of people. And although the order was ultimately ruled constitutional, the case became very controversial and has impacted the United States citizenship laws till date. Because citizenship rights were being exploited by the Executive Order 9066, the Nisei – or the first generation children of Japanese immigrants – were being stripped of their natural born rights. These rulings against Japanese people were justified in terms of protecting America from any future harm while also limiting Axis Alliance power. Another protective method that America adopted was one of rationing. By the War Production Board and the Office of Price Administration, production of materials and distribution were closely controlled by the government. The OPA and the WPB were two very powerful WWII organizations. The function of the OPA was...
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...Adelphia Communications: A Family’s Power It started as a striving business dedicated to providing cable service to the public. What became of Adelphia Communications would be just another example of the vicious act known as fraud. Fraud is the intentional act of misleading others about financial information for profit, personal gain, or other dishonest advantage. As the new millennium dawned 14 years ago, we saw an unraveling of numerous fraudulent activities by organizations large and small. One of these organizations that became perpetrators of fraud was Adelphia Communications. During its existence, Adelphia Communications quickly became one of the largest cable companies in the U.S. Adelphia was unique and differed from several other successful corporations at the time, for one special reason: it was family generated. In fact, it became a quintessential example of how a family owned business can grow into a successful publicly traded business. However, the firm family which gave Adelphia Communications its tremendous success, quickly became the cause for its torrential downfall. John and his brother Gus Rigas founded Adelphia Communications in 1972 through the purchase of their first cable company Adelphia Cablevision Inc. in 1952 for $300. In Greek terms, “Adelphia” means brothers; clearly, John and Gus had long-term visions of their company being a family generated organization. Being the founders, the brothers seemed convinced to conduct the business how they wished...
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