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ISSN 1412-565X
PENGARUH MOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA TERHADAP PESTASI BELAJAR IPA
DI SEKOLAH DASAR
(Studi Kasus terhadap Siswa Kelas IV SDN Tarumanagara
Kecamatan Tawang Kota Tasikmalaya)
Oleh: Ghullam Hamdu, Lisa Agustina

ABSTRACT
Motivation is one of the several things which determines the successful of the student learning activity. Without motivation, learning process is difficult to achieve optimum success. The use of the principle of motivation is something essential in the learning and education process. This article trils to investigate the influence of learning motivation to the student science performance.
This correlation descriptive study was conducted as a case study on elementary school fourth grade students and the objective was to describe the level of influence of student's motivation toward science performance. A total of 26 fourth grade students at Tarumanagara Elementary
School District Tawang is used as a sample. Data was collected using a questionnaire as an instrument of learning motivation variables and test results as the average student achievement variable. Results of data processed with statistical calculations and the average correlation performed using SPSS 16.0. Results showed that on average, learning motivation and science learning performance of students achieve good interpretation. The Influence of student’s learning motivation showed significant high correlation and donate the influence of 48.1% on student’s science performance.
Keywords: Learning Motivation, Science Performance.
PENDAHULUAN
Pendidikan dan pengajaran adalah suatu proses yang sadar tujuan. Tujuan dapat diartikan sebagai suatu usaha untuk memberikan rumusan hasil yang diharapkan siswa setelah melaksanakan pengalaman belajar (Sadirman, 2004). Tercapai tidaknya tujuan pengajaran salah satunya adalah terlihat dari prestasi belajar yang diraih siswa. Dengan prestasi yang tinggi, para siswa mempunyai indikasi berpengetahuan yang baik.
Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi prestasi siswa adalah motivasi. Dengan adanya motivasi, siswa akan belajar lebih keras, ulet, tekun dan memiliki dan memiliki konsentrasi penuh dalam proses belajar pembelajaran. Dorongan motivasi dalam belajar merupakan salah satu hal yang perlu dibangkitkan dalam upaya pembelajaran di sekolah.
Penelitian Wasty Soemanto (2003) menyebutkan, pengenalan seseorang terhadap prestasi belajarnya adalah penting, karena dengan mengetahui hasil-hasil yang sudah dicapai maka siswa akan lebih berusaha meningkatkan prestasi belajarnya. Dengan demikian peningkatan prestasi belajar dapat lebih optimal karena siswa tersebut merasa termotivasi untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar yang telah diraih sebelumnya.
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Biggs dan Tefler (dalam Dimyati dan Mudjiono, 2006) mengungkapkan motivasi belajar siswa dapat menjadi lemah. Lemahnya motivasi atau tiadanya motivasi belajar akan melemahkan kegiatan, sehingga mutu prestasi belajar akan rendah. Oleh karena itu, mutu prestasi belajar pada siswa perlu diperkuat terus-menerus. Dengan tujuan agar siswa memiliki motivasi belajar yang kuat, sehingga prestasi belajar yang diraihnya dapat optimal.
Motivasi belajar yang dimiliki siswa dalam setiap kegiatan pembelajaran sangat berperan untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa dalam mata pelajaran tertentu (Nashar, 2004:11).
Siswa yang bermotivasi tinggi dalam belajar memungkinkan akan memperoleh hasil belajar yang tinggi pula, artinya semakin tinggi motivasinya, semakin intensitas usaha dan upaya yang dilakukan, maka semakin tinggi prestasi belajar yang diperolehnya.
IPA sebagai salah satu mata pelajaran di sekolah, dapat memberikan peranan dan pengalaman bagi siswa. Hasil pembelajaran IPA pun dapat sangat dipengaruhi oleh motivasi dari siswa. Baik itu motivasi internal maupun motivasi eksternal. Pembelajaran IPA dilakukan dengan berbagai upaya, yaitu salah satunya melalui peningkatan motivasi belajar. Dalam hal belajar siswa akan berhasil jika dalam dirinya sendiri ada kemauan untuk belajar dan keinginan atau dorongan untuk belajar, karena dengan peningkatan motivasi belajar maka siswa akan tergerak, terarahkan sikap dan perilaku siswa dalam belajar, dalam hal ini belajar IPA.
KAJIAN PUSTAKA
1. Pengertian Tentang Belajar dan pembelajaran
Slameto (2003) mengemukakan bahwa belajar adalah serangkaian kegiatan jiwa raga untuk memperoleh suatu perubahan tingkah laku sebagai hasil dari pengalaman individu dalam interaksi dengan lingkungannya menyangkut kognitif, afektif, dan psikomotorik. Dalam belajar, siswa mengalami sendiri proses dari tidak tahu menjadi tahu.
Mohamad Surya (2004) mengungkapkan bahwa pembelajaran merupakan suatu proses perubahan yaitu perubahan perilaku sebagai hasil interaksi antara dirinya dan lingkungannya dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Secara lengkap, pengertina pembelajaran dapat dirumuskan sebgai berikut: “pembelajaran ialah suatu proes yang dilakukan oleh individu untuk memperoleh perubahan perilaku yang baru secara keseluruhan, sebagai hasil dari pengalamn individu itu sendiri dalam interaksi dengan lingkungannya“.
2. Motivasi Belajar
Pada dasarnya motivasi adalah suatu usaha yang disadari untuk menggerakkan, menggarahkan dan menjaga tingkah laku seseorang agar ia terdorong untuk bertindak melakukan sesuatu sehingga mencapai hasil atau tujuan tertentu.
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Menurut Clayton Alderfer (dalam Nashar, 2004:42) Motivasi belajar adalah kecenderungan siswa dalam melakukan kegiatan belajar yang didorong oleh hasrat untuk mencapai prestasi atau hasil belajar sebaik mungkin.
Motivasi dipandang sebagai dorongan mental yang menggerakkan dan mengarahkan perilaku manusia, termasuk perilaku belajar. Dalam motivasi terkandung adanya keinginan yang mengaktifkan, menggerakkan, menyalurkan dan mengarahkan sikap serta perilaku pada individu belajar (Koeswara, 1989 ; Siagia, 1989 ; Sehein, 1991 ; Biggs dan Tefler, 1987 dalam Dimyati dan Mudjiono, 2006)
Untuk peningkatan motivasi belajar menurut Abin Syamsudin M (1996) yang dapat kita lakukan adalah mengidentifikasi beberapa indikatoryna dalam tahap-tahap tertentu. Indikator motivasi antara lain: 1) Durasi kegiatan, 2) Frekuensi kegiatan, 3) Presistensinya pada tujuan kegiatan, 4) Ketabahan, keuletan dan kemampuannya dalam menghadapi kegiatan dan kesulitan untuk mencapai tujuan, 5) Pengabdian dan pengorbanan untuk mencapai tujuan, 6) Tingkatan aspirasi yang hendak dicapai dengan kegiatan yang dilakukan, 7) Tingkat kualifikasi prestasi, 8)
Arah sikapnya terhadap sasaran kegiatan.
3. Prestasi Belajar
Poerwanto (2007) memberikan pengertian prestasi belajar yaitu “ hasil yang dicapai oleh seseorang dalam usaha belajar sebagaimana yang dinyatakan dalam raport” Selanjutnya Winkel
(1997) mengatakan bahwa “ prestasi belajar adalah suatu bukti keberhasilan belajar atau kemampuan seseorang siswa dalam melakukan kegiatan belajar sesuai dengan bobot yang dicapainya” Sedangkan menurut Nasution, S (1987) prestasi belajar adalah “ kesempurnaan yang dicapai seseorang dalam berfikir, merasa dan berbuat, prestasi belajar dikatakan sempurna apabila memenuhi tiga aspek yakni: kognitif, afektif dan psikomotor, sebaliknya dikatakan prestasi kurang memuaskan jika seseorang belum mampu memenuhi target dalam ketiga kriteria tersebut”
Berdasarkan pengertian diatas, maka dapat dijelaskan bahwa prestasi belajar merupakan tingkat kemanusiaan yang dimiliki siswa dalam menerima, menolak dan menilai informasiinformasi yang diperoleh dalam proses belajar mengajar. Prestasi belajar seseorang sesuai dengan tingkat keberhasilan sesuatu dalam mempelajari materi pelajaran yang dinyatakan dalam bentuk nilai atau raport setiap bidang studi setelah mengalami proses belajar mengajar. Prestasi belajar siswa dapat diketahui setelah diadakan evaluasi. Hasil dari evaluasi dapat memperlihatkan tentang tinggi atau rendahnya prestasi belajar siswa.

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METODE PENELITIAN
Penelitian dengan metode penelitian kuantitatif ini akan dilaksanakan di kelas IV SDN 18
Kecamatan Tawang Kota Tasikmalaya dengan sampel sebanyak 26 orang siswa dan dilakukan selama 4 bulan dari bulan Agustus sampai dengan November 2010. Variabel independen dalam penelitian ini yaitu motivasi belajar siswa dengan 8 indikator sebagaimana yang diungkapkan oleh
Abin Syamsudin M (2007:30) kemudian disusun dalam bentuk instrumen angket (skala likert) dengan jumlah 20 soal. Angket ini terlebih dahulu diuji validitas dan reliabilitas sebelum dipakai di lapangan. Sedangkan variabel dependen yaitu nilai tes formatif mata pelajaran IPA yang berasal dari data dokumentasi rata-rata prestasi belajar siswa dalam pembelajaran.
Data hasil penelitian dari angket dan data prestasi siswa diolah dengan merata-ratakan dan dihitung berdasarkan kategori dari Riduan (2009):
X ≥ Xid + 0,61sd

adalah dirasakan atau tinggi

Xid - 0,61sd < X < X id + 0,61 sd

adalah cukup dirasakan atau sedang

X ≤ Xid – 0,61sd

adalah kurang dirasakan atau kurang

Setelah itu dilakukan uji normalitas, uji korelasi dan Uji Koefisien Determinasi berdasarkan hipotesis: (H0) “Tidak terdapat pengaruh motivasi belajar terhadap prestasi belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran IPA”. Sedangkan Ha “Terdapat pengaruh motivasi belajar terhadap prestasi belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran IPA. Analisis dilakukan terhadap semua data yang diperoleh dengan bantuan program SPSS Statistik 16.0.

HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN
Hasil analisis terhadap hasil rata-rata angket dari total jumlah siswa menunjukan valid, reliabel dan terdistribusi normal. Berikut ini perhitungan deskripsi nilai dari motivasi belajar siswa: TABEL 1
DESKRIPTIF MOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA
N
Mean

Std.
Min Max
Deviation

Sum

87,46

7,596

2274

Valid Missing
X

26

0

72

99

Hasil deskriptif data motivasi belajar siswa dalam penelitian ini diterangkan bahwa terdapat jumlah kasus 26 orang siswa yang mengisi angket dengan rata-rata (mean) sebesar 87,46; simpangan baku (standar deviasi) = 7,596; skor minimun dari data motivasi belajar siswa yang
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ISSN 1412-565X paling rendah = 72 dan skor maksimum dari data motivasi belajar siswa = 99. Sedangkan jumlah skor keseluruhan sebesar 2274.
Sedangkan Perbandingan rata-rata setiap indikator dari jumlah total siswa dapat dilihat dari gambar dibawah ini:

Rata-rata skor

Indikator Motivasi
Gambar 1. Diagram Batang Hasil Rata-rata Angket Setiap Indikator

Hasil dari nilai prestasi belajar siswa dihitung dengan hasil perhitungan Deskriftif seperti
Tabel 4.20 sebagai berikut:
TABEL 2
DESKRIPTIF PRESTASI BELAJAR IPA
N
Mean
Valid Missing
Y

26

0

88,46

Std.
Min Max
Deviation
7,317

70

100

Sum
2300

Hasil deskriftif data prestasi belajar IPA dalam penelitian ini diterangkan bahwa terdapat
26 orang siswa yang mengisi angket dengan rata-rata (mean) sebesar 88,46; simpangan baku
(standar deviasi) = 7,317; skor minimun dari data motivasi belajar siswa yang paling rendah = 70 dan skor maksimum dari data motivasi belajar siswa = 100. Sedangkan jumlah skor keseluruhan sebesar 2300.
Berdasarkan uji hipotesis diperoleh, besarnya koefisien korelasi (r) yaitu sebesar 0,693 lebih besar dari 0,491 dengan taraf signifikan 1%. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa Ha diterima yaitu “terdapat hubungan motivasi belajar terhadap prestasi belajar IPA” Jika dikonsultasikan dengan pendapat Arikunto, S (2006) maka besarnya korelasi ini berada pada rentang 0,600 – 0,800 dengan tingkat hubungan yang tinggi. Dengan demikian data di atas

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ISSN 1412-565X memiliki tingkat hubungan yang tinggi anatara motivasi siswa dan prestasi belajar pada mata pelajaran IPA.
Sementara itu berdasarkan uji koefisien determinasi dengan rumusan KP

=

r2

x

100%,

menunjukkan kontribusi variabel X (motivasi siswa) terhadap variabel Y (prestasi belajar IPA) berpengaruh sebesar 48,1%, sedangkan 51,9% lainnya dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain yang tidak diketahui. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum motivasi belajar dan prestasi belajar siswa kelas IV SD N Tarumanagara tergolong baik. Analisis juga menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh motivasi belajar besar pengaruhnya terhadap prestasi belajar IPA dari siswa. Sehungga sebagaimana yang diungkapkan oleh Keller (dalam Nashar, 2004:77) bahwa prestasi belajar dapat dilihat dari terjadinya perubahan hasil masukan pribadi berupa motivasi dan harapan untuk berhasil. Peningkatan hasil belajar siswa dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor salah satunya adalah motivasi untuk belajar.
Hasil penelitian ini juga menginformasikan terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara motivasi terhadap prestasi belajar siswa. Hal ini berarti bahwa jika siswa memiliki motivasi dalam belajar, maka prestasi belajarnya pun akan baik (tinggi). Sebaliknya jika siswa memiliki kebiasaan yang buruk dalam belajar, maka prestasi belajarnya pun akan buruk (rendah).

KESIMPULAN
Tanggapan siswa kelas IV Tarumanagara Kota Tasikmalaya terhadap motivasi belajar diinterpretasikan baik karena nilai rata-rata (87,46) berada dalam kategori X ≥ 61. Prestasi tiap siswa berbeda-beda ada yang tinggi dan ada yang rendah. Prestasi belajar pada kelas IV SDN
Tarumanagara umumnya diinterpretasikan baik karena nilai rata-rata (88,46) berada dalam kategori X ≥ 61.
Berdasarkan pengolahan dan analisis data dengan dibantu program SPSS 16.0 diperoleh koefisien korelasi (r) sebesar 0,693 artinya motivasi belajar dengan prestasi belajar siswa memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan, dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh motivasi belajar terhadap prestasi belajar IPA”. Setelah dikorelasikan menunjukkan interprestasi tingkat reliabilitas tinggi besarnya pengaruh motivasi belajar terhadap prestasi belajar IPA siswa kelas IV SDN Tarumanagara Tawang Tasikmalaya adalah sebesar 48,1%.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abin Syamsudin. (1996). Psikologi Kependidikan. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosda Karya.
Arikunto, S. (2006). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
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Dimyati dan Mudjiono. (2006). Belajar dan Pembelajran. Jakarta: PT Rajagrafindo Persada.
Muhamad Surya. (2004). Psikologi Pembelajaran dan Pengajaran. Bandung: Pustaka Bani
Quraisyi.
Nashar. (2004). Peranan Motivasi dan Kemampuan Awal dalam Kegiatan Pembelajaran. Jakarta:
Delia Press.
Nasution, S. (1987). Berbagai Pendekatan dalam Proses Belajar Mengajar. Jakarta: Bina Aksara
Poerwanto, Ngalim. (2007). Psikologi Pendidikan. Bandung: PT Rosda Karya.
Riduan. (2009). Belajar Mudah Penelitian untuk Guru-Karyawan dan Peneliti Pemula. Bandung:
Alfabeta.
Sadirman. (2004). Interaksi dan Motivasi Belajar. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta.
Slameto. (2003). Belajar dan Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhinya. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta.
Wasty Soemanto. (2003). Psikologi Pendidikan. Malang: Rineka Cipta.
Winkel WS. (1997). Psikologi Pendidikan dan Evaluasi Belajar. Jakarta: Gramedia.
BIODATA SINGKAT
Penulis adalah staf pengajar tetap bidang pendidikan IPA di Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Kampus Tasikmalaya.

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