...1943, Abraham Maslow proposed Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory in his paper “A Theory of Human Motivation” in Psychological Review. Maslow wanted to understand what motivates people. He believed that people possess a set of motivation systems unrelated to rewards or unconscious desires. There is a pyramid with five levels of needs which is used to represent Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory. Starting from the bottom of the pyramid, the term of ‘physiological’, ‘safety’, ‘belongingness’, ‘esteem’, and ‘self-actualization’ are used by Maslow to describe the pattern of human motivations generally moving through. • Physiological needs – A person’s needs for basic life needs such as air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep and other physical requirements. • Safety needs – A person’s needs for protection and security from physical and emotional harm, order, law, limits and stability in order to assure that physical needs will continue to be met. • Belongingness and love needs – A person’s needs for family, affection, relationship and group work. • Esteem needs – A person’s needs for internal esteem factors such as self-respect, autonomy and achievement and external esteem such as status, recognition and attention. • Self-actualization needs – A person’s needs for growth, achieving one’s potential and self-fulfillment; the drive to become what one is capable of becoming. Maslow argued that each level in the needs hierarchy must be substantially satisfied...
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...Critical Analysis A) Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy Theory: Abraham Maslow is well renowned for proposing the Hierarchy of Needs Theory in 1943. This theory is a classical depiction of human motivation. This theory is based on the assumption that there is a hierarchy of five needs within each individual. The urgency of these needs varies. These five needs are as follows- FIGURE: Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Model 1. Physiological needs- These are the basic needs of air, water, food, clothing and shelter. In other words, physiological needs are the needs for basic amenities of life. 2. Safety needs- Safety needs include physical, environmental and emotional safety and protection. For instance- Job security, financial security, protection from animals, family security, health security, etc. 3. Social needs- Social needs include the need for love, affection, care, belongingness, and friendship. 4. Esteem needs- Esteem needs are of two types: internal esteem needs (self- respect, confidence, competence, achievement and freedom) and external esteem needs (recognition, power, status, attention and admiration). 5. Self-actualization need- This include the urge to become what you are capable of becoming / what you have the potential to become. It includes the need for growth and self-contentment. It also includes desire for gaining more knowledge, social- service, creativity and being aesthetic. The self- actualization needs are never fully satiable. As an individual...
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...Abstract Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory was developed with motivation in mind. We set goals or motivators daily and attempt to achieve these goals. While some are survival motivators others are the need for self-actualization. Feeling needed and important to others is what we all strive for. Maslow’s and the ERG Theory will help us understand what the needs are and the different levels of the needs. Maslow’s Hierarchy Theory vs. ERG Theory Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need is five levels of fundamental human needs or motivators that are essential to be satisfied in a set order beginning with the lowest level. The need for endurance and safety are the paramount and most needed. The theory of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need states that once a necessity is fulfilled it is no longer a motivator and we then move on to the next need. Used in the business setting it is used as a course of action (Maslow’s, 2013). The five levels that Mr. Maslow speaks about have been criticized by others. It is said that there is no scientific proof for the ranking of the needs and that they are in hierarchical order (Cherry, 2013). In 1943, Abraham Maslow proposed the Hierarchy of Needs Theory. This theory is meant to describe the levels at which an individual moves through for self-motivation. The levels are described as (Maslows’ Hierarchy, 2013, Management): • The lowest level is the need to survive also known as physiological needs. • The second level known as safety needs consists of the...
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...Critically evaluate Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as way of understanding employee motivation in contemporary Chinese business Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a famous psychological theory developed by Abraham Maslow in 1943. This theory says that there is a hierarchy of human needs which reflects their motivations. He divided human needs into five hierarchies: physical needs, security needs, social needs, self-esteem and self-actualization needs. He stated that human motivations approximately change through these five levels. As a result, it has been considered as a useful tool in management in western countries because motivation is an important factor of human behaviors. Motivation plays an important role in employment. Well motivated workers work harder with higher efficiency and have a stronger sense of participation. However, some criticisms point out that Maslow’s theory may not be able to applied in some other culture contexts like China because it is based on a narrow research with particular targets in America. That is to say that Maslow’s theory is not correct in all nations because of cultural differences, especially in China. This essay will give a critical evaluation of this theory by considering its advantages and defects of Maslow’s theory to see whether it is useful in China. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is generally useful and makes a great contribution to business management. There are several advantages of Maslow’s theory. First, this theory clearly reflects human...
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...Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Theory of Personality Euphemia Cruz PSY/250 Dr. Karen Williams, Ph.D. 8/23/2012 Psychologist Abraham H. Maslow developed a theory of human motivation and personality known as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s hierarchy attaches human behavior with the need to fulfill basic essentials for survival and growth. He first identified various categories of deficiency needs, known as “D-needs”, which are required for survival (FRIEDMAN & SCHUSTACK, 2012). Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, and esteem needs are all categorized as “D-needs”. Each of these “D-needs” motivates humans to fill a void and obtain homeostasis (FRIEDMAN & SCHUSTACK, 2012). For humans to function daily basic requirements such as water, food, and oxygen must be satisfied, and therefore placed at the base level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Much importance is placed on this level as these needs must be fulfilled before any other. Needs above the base level are considered less significant for actual survival and desired mostly for mental comfort and growth. These needs are directly stimulated through formal education, lifestyle, and experiences. As a result of placing human needs in levels of importance, a pyramid is usually depicted as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Physiological needs, basic requirements for human survival, are located at the base level of the pyramid. In addition to the basic requirements listed earlier, shelter...
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...Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory Assumes that some needs are more important than others and must be satisfied before the other needs can serve as motivators Identifies five levels of individual needs • Physiology (hunger, thirst, sleep, etc.) • Safety/Security/Shelter/Health • Belongingness/Love/Friendship • Self-esteem/Recognition/Achievement • Self actualization Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid, with the largest and most fundamental levels of needs at the bottom, and the need for self-actualization at the top. The most fundamental and basic four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called "deficiency needs" or "d-needs": esteem , friendship and love, security, and physical needs. With the exception of the most fundamental (physiological) needs, if these "deficiency needs" are not met, the body gives no physical indication but the individual feels anxious and tense. Maslow's theory suggests that the most basic level of needs must be met before the individual will strongly desire (or focus motivation upon) the secondary or higher level needs. Maslow also coined the term Metamotivation to describe the motivation of people who go beyond the scope of the basic needs and strive for constant betterment. Metamotivated people are driven by B-needs (Being Needs), instead of deficiency needs (D-Needs). Physiological needs For the most part, physiological needs are obvious — they are the literal requirements...
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...for his theory, the Hierarchy of Needs. Depicted in a pyramid, the theory explains the different levels and importance of human psychological and physical needs. It can be used by business managers to better understand employee motivation. The general needs in Maslow's hierarchy include physiological needs (food and clothing), safety needs (job security), social needs (friendship), self-esteem, and self-actualization. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs relates to organizational theory and behavior due to it's exploration of worker motivation, enabling better managerial practices and higher job satisfaction. Managers must be perceptive and empathetic to their employees—they must listen to what their employees' needs are and work to fulfill them. Maslow is best known for his theory, the Hierarchy of Needs. Depicted in a pyramid, the theory explains the different levels and importance of human psychological and physical needs. It can be used by business managers to better understand employee motivation. The general needs in Maslow's hierarchy include physiological needs (food and clothing), safety needs (job security), social needs (friendship), self-esteem, and self-actualization. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs relates to organizational theory and behavior due to it's exploration of worker motivation, enabling better managerial practices and higher job satisfaction. Managers must be perceptive and empathetic to their employees—they must listen to what their employees' needs are and...
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...July 2014 Need Theories: Comparing Maslow, Alderfer, and McClelland Most theories of motivation revolve around the idea an employee’s needs influence their motivation. Needs are physiological or psychological scarcities that stimulate behavior therefore are necessary to live a healthy, productive lives both in personal and work lives. “If work is meaningless, then life comes close to being meaningless”(Maslow, Stephens Heil 39). These needs, whether weak or strong and are greatly influenced by environmental factors, thus causing human needs to vary over time and place. The general idea behind need theories of motivation is that unmet needs motivate people to placate them. On the contrary, people are not motivated to pursue a satisfied or achieved need. “In general terms, motivation can be defined as the desire to achieve a goal, combined with the energy, determination and opportunity to achieve it”(Compare and Contrast Clayton Paul Alderfer’s Erg Theory of Motivation and Abraham Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy). Let us now consider three popular content theories of motivation: Maslow’s need hierarchy theory, Alderfer’s ERG theory, and McClelland’s need theory. Abraham Maslow, a psychologist, first published his need hierarchy theory of motivation in 1943. According to Maslow, we all have five levels of need. The first, and most basic level is the need for survival or physiological needs, followed by the need for safety, together these two level represent our basic needs. While...
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...The Content Theories of Motivation – Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, Alderfer and McClleland’s Theories of Motivation – are all about the factors within a person and the needs that motivate people. Choose TWO of the above theories and answer the following questions: * First, compare and contrast the theories. What are the differences/similarities? * What are some of the criticisms of the two theories that you select? * Are these theories applicable today given that business today is so different from Maslow’s time (1940’s), Alderfer (1960’s), and Herberg and McClelland (1950’s)? Given the many changes in business from when these theories were first proposed, do these theories still provide us with the tools to be effective as managers? ------------------------ Motivational Theories explain how to stimulate people to reach their goals and objectives. There are two theories that I have chosen to analyze: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Alderfer’s ERG Theory. Both of them caught my attention because they were very similar in structure yet different in their overall approach. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is based on five motivational needs arranged in a pyramidal hierarchical level. The base contains physiological needs and the top self-actualization needs. Alderfer’s ERG Theory is similar to Maslow’s because it is also structured in a hierarchical level. The multi-level system of this theories makes them easy to organize and follow as...
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...Health status Title: Personality theories paper [...] In psychology, personality is a collection of emotional, thought and behavioral models of a certain person. Maslow has greatly contributed to personality theories. He has developed the Hierarchy of Needs model in which people develop via several stages. Though just a small number reach the highest stage and their full potential. Both women and men have been analyzed to develop his model (Maslow, 1987, p.87). [...] The Hierarchy of Needs theory by Maslow stays valid for understanding people’s motivation and personal development. Nowadays Maslow's ideas stated in the Hierarchy of Needs about the responsibility of employers to give workplace that makes it possible for employees to perform their potential are very appropriate. Abraham Maslow has got the degree in psychology at the University of Wisconsin where the foundation of his motivational investigation was laid and where he studied rhesus monkeys (Maslow, 1987, p.61). [...] Maslow's primary Hierarchy of Needs model that consists of five stages can be attributed to Maslow. Every person has his own needs and he is motivated by them. The most basic people’s needs are inborn. They have been developed during the entire human’s evolution. Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is aimed to explain the way needs motivate people. According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs people must satisfy every need after the other, beginning with the first one that concerns the most urgent...
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...motivation explain maslows theory of motivation? What is motivation explain maslows theory of motivation? In: Business & Finance, Human Behavior, Psychological Disciplines [Edit categories] Distance Learning MBAwww.regenesys.co.zaAchieve an exclusive MBA, or BBA through E-Learning 011 669 5000 Zimbabwe Classifiedswww.classifieds.co.zwproperty, cars, jobs, computers, dating, travel, hardware, furniture Ads Answer: Maslow's Theory of Motivation - Hierarchy of Needs In 1943, Dr. Abraham Maslow 's article "A Theory of Human Motivation " appeared in Psychological Review, which were further expanded upon in his book: Toward a Psychology of Being In this article, Abraham H. Maslow attempted to formulate a needs-based framework of human motivation and based upon his clinical experiences with people, rather than as did the prior psychology theories of his day from authors such as Freud and B.F. Skinner, which were largely theoretical or based upon animal behavior. From this theory of motivation, modern leaders and executive managers find means of motivation for the purposes of employee and workforce management. Abraham Maslow's book Motivation and Personality (1954), formally introduced the Hierarchy of Needs. The basis of Maslow's motivation theory is that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower factors need to be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied. According to Maslow, there are general types of needs (physiological, survival,...
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...Hierarchy of needs theory, which is a theory in psychology, is written by Abraham Maslow in his paper “A Theory of Human Motivation” in 1943 (Maslow's hierarchy of needs, 2012). This hierarchy of needs theory is described in the shape of a pyramid. This pyramid is divided into five categories. This five needs are physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs. In generally, lower level needs are satisfied externally such as physiological needs and safety needs. In contrast, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs are satisfied internally. In this theory, the lower level of needs must be met or achieve before one will desire the higher level needs. For example, people are not going to desire the safety needs if they did not meet the physiological needs. First, physiological needs are required for human survival. People who fail to meet this requirement mean that they are not able to survive anymore. This is the most fundamental needs in the pyramid. One will not desire for higher needs if these needs are not fulfilled. For example, individual who is lack of foods, safety, and friendship will definitely consider food as the most important needs at that time because one will not able to survive without foods. According to Maslow, sexual reproduction is also included in this level due to it is essential to the survival of the species. Safety needs are the next level in the pyramid. It includes personal security, financial security, health and well being...
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...Maslow's Theory of Motivation - Hierarchy of Needs In 1943, Dr. Abraham Maslow 's article "A Theory of Human Motivation " appeared in Psychological Review, which were further expanded upon in his book: Toward a Psychology of Being In this article, Abraham H. Maslow attempted to formulate a needs-based framework of human motivation and based upon his clinical experiences with people, rather than as did the prior psychology theories of his day from authors such as Freud and B.F. Skinner, which were largely theoretical or based upon animal behavior. From this theory of motivation, modern leaders and executive managers find means of motivation for the purposes of employee and workforce management. Abraham Maslow's book Motivation and Personality (1954), formally introduced the Hierarchy of Needs. The basis of Maslow's motivation theory is that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower factors need to be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied. According to Maslow, there are general types of needs (physiological, survival, safety, love, and esteem) that must be satisfied before a person can act unselfishly. He called these needs "deficiency needs." As long as we are motivated to satisfy these cravings, we are moving towards growth, toward self-actualization. Satisfying needs is healthy, while preventing gratification makes us sick or act evilly. As a result, for adequate workplace motivation, it is important that leadership understands...
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...According to Chevalier (2007), the motivation defines as a force of moving enthusiasm towards within individual, not an outside to enhance workplace management. Actually, it arrives from the theory of hierarchy of needs which is one of the main criticisms of Abraham Maslow’s “eupsychian” approach to management. The critical point of Maslow is that people can only be motivated by unsatisfied need. When people’s basic need is satisfied, they are motivated by the next higher level or abundant needs. This theory is known to be successful adopted and developed for managing working environment in United States. However, it is wondering if the needs theories of motivation are appropriate in other parts of the world such as Asia. This essay will examine some discussions about this issue to clarify that question. Colvin & Rutland (2008) claimed that Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a content of motivation theory which its model identifies five basic needs categories constructed ascending hierarchy order to clarify them as arranged elements to arise employee’s motivation. They are psychological needs, safety need, love and belongings needs, esteem needs and lastly needs of self-actualization. Normally employee’s lower level of needs is requested to be satisfied before the progress of seeking into higher level gratification. Due to the fact that the most difficult part of motivating approach in workplace’s supervision is satisfying the mutual benefits between employee and organisation...
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...ERG Theory of Motivation - Clayton P. Alderfer In 1969, Clayton Alderfer's revision of Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, called the ERG Theory appeared in Psychological Review in an article titled "An Empirical Test of a New Theory of Human Need." Alderfer's contribution to organizational behavior was dubbed the ERG theory (Existence, Relatedness, and Growth), and was created to align Maslow's motivation theory more closely with empirical research. Similarities to Maslow's Needs Hierarchy After the original formulation of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, studies had shown that the middle levels of Maslow's hierarchy overlap. Alderfer addressed this issue by reducing the number of levels to three. The letters ERG represent these three levels of needs: • Existence refers to our concern with basic material existence motivators. • Relatedness refers to the motivation we have for maintaining interpersonal relationships. • Growth refers to an intrinsic desire for personal development. Like Maslow's model, the ERG motivation is hierarchical, and creates a pyramid or triangle appearance. Existence needs motivate at a more fundamental level than relatedness needs, which, in turn supercedes growth needs. Growth Self-Actualization External Esteem Needs Relatedness Internal Esteem Needs Social Needs Existence Safety Needs Physiological Needs Differences from Maslow's Needs Hierarchy Beyond simply reducing the distinction between overlapping...
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