... P.V.P Siddhartha instate of technology ramesh_612@yahoo.c ABSTRACT This paper will provide an overview of the smart materials. The various types of smart material are also presented in this paper. To get the clear idea about the smart materials, its definition and types are explained briefly. Some of the types of these include piezoelectric materials, magneto-rheostatic materials, electro-rheostatic materials, and shape memory alloys piezoelectric, Varieties of smart materials already exist, and research is being carried out extensively to derive new materials. Applications of various types of smart materials are clearly explained. Some of applications of already existing smart materials are studied. The expectations of the smart materials and the predictions of future applications have been presented on the later part of the paper. And it is concluded that the application of smart material in future becomes a trend in various fields in engineering. INTRODUCTION Smart...
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...composite materials are strongly dependent on micro structural parameters of the system. The evolution of microstructure depends largely on the cooling rate during phase change. Though the microstructure evolution depends on many process parameters, the final structure is decided by cooling conditions during solidifications. The mould material has a decided effect on the structure formation. The use of end chills during casting not only favours directional solidification but also accelrates solidification. Faster cooling rates give rise to finer structures and improved mechanical properties. In this work an attempt is made to prepare Al-B4C composites cast using stainless steel and cast iron chills in a colplete adiabatic system. The microstrucutre and micro-hardness of the chill cast specimens are analyzed and reported. It is observed that the chill material has a significant influence on the microstructure and properties of the cast specimens. Finner structure and better mechanical properties were observed with the specimen cast using stainless-steel chill whereas cast iron chill gave rise to coarse structure with reduces mechanical properties. INTRODUCTION Engineering Materials There are more than 50,000 materials available to engineers for the design and manufacturing of products for various applications. These materials range from copper, cast iron, brass, which have been available for so many years, to the more recently developed advanced materials such as composites...
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...what happens in USA, corrosion of metals costs the economy almost $300 billion per year at current prices, which translates to 3-4% of GDP. Besides the economic concern, corrosion may adversely affect the environment. Worse than all those mentioned, corrosion can cause unexpected death from corrosion-related accidents. For example, the sudden collapse caused by corrosion fatigue of the Silver Bridge over the Ohio River in 1967 cost 46 lives on top of the needless-to-say millions of dollars material loss. Therefore, the benefits brought about by corrosion are outweighed by its detriments. The fact is, about 33% of these costs could be diminished by using corrosion-resistant materials. Being defined as the sideways displacement of material from its original position on a solid surface performed by the action of another surface, wear is another mechanical property of materials that materials scientists consider when selecting materials in a design task. In order to be wear-resistant, a material must be hard and strong. The demand for corrosion- and wear- resistant coatings is nowadays rapidly increasing, especially in oil and gas industries. The most common solutions are Hard Cr and Quench-Polish-Quench (QPQ) processes. However, these two processes affect the environment adversely. As alternatives, coating layers can be introduced to metal samples. Coatings can be done with or without electricity. If electricity is involved, the process is called electroplating. It is done by immersing...
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...scene of the incident, and detect the presence of the hazardous materials and quantity. Next I would isolate the area that the spill has occurred. By isolating the area were the spill has occurred this would keep employees out of harms way. Alert all the personnel and other workers that are working in the plant and evacuate them to a safer location away from the plant. After I have evacuated the plant personnel I would the call my supervisor and apprise with my information of the plant. My next procedure would be to call the fire department the police and the Environment Health and Safety Specialist to report the incident and request medical assistance as well. My next procedure is to request the Material Safety Data Sheets on the chemical that has been spilled inside the facility. Now that I have located the MSDS I will start looking for these main points: A) Flammability: Flash point and Vapor Pressure, B) Toxicity: PEL, TLV, C) Corrosiveness: PH level, D) Reactivity level to air or water. Next procedure is to have all the machines, shut any doors and HVAC vents if possible. Once I have located the information on the chemical I then proceed to give instruction to my crew on putting on the appropriate PPE for this type of chemical spill. Once the crew have put on their PPE gear there next instructions is to confine the spill. My next instructions to my crew are to have them place absorbent material over the spill making sure the liquid do not spread to any drains...
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...Drew Kelly IET 307 HW5 Dr. Nair 1) 2) 3) 4) I speculate that the type of corrosion was called Hydrogen Embrittlement. Various metal alloys, specifically some steels, experience a reduction in ductility and tensile strength when atomic hydrogen penetrates into the material. Basically it is a type of failure, the brittle fracture occurs as the cracks grow and rapidly propagate. HE is very similar to stress corrosion in that a normally ductile metal is exposed to a stress and a corrosive atmosphere. For HE to occur some source of Hydrogen has to be present and also there must be a possibility of formation of its atomic species. High strength steels are very susceptible to HE and increasing the materials strength tends to enhance the chance the material can become HE. This form seems to fit the applied situation. 5) Yes it is possible to have reinforced steel bars that can corrode while still inside the concrete. Another perfect example of this is, as mentioned in the above answer, is Hydrogen Embrittlement. Again He is when a hydrogen atom gets inside the material and causes it to corrode, a good way to prevent the chances of corrosion are to add in inhibitors. Inhibitors are substances that when added at low concentrations that can prevent corrosion. Another way you can prevent corrosion is called Cathodic Protection. This is when you apply an external source, electrons to the metal, making it a cathode. Then the action of corroding is put in...
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...AND MATERIAL MANAGEMENT TOPIC: WAREHOUSING AND STORES MANAGEMENT Presenter Sr. No. | NAMES | ROLL NO. | 1 | | | 2 | | | 3 | | | 4 | | | GROUP NO: 07 INTRODUCTION Receiving and storing are important flow control activities in the materials management chain. In industries, materials have to be stock to meet the consumption requirements during the lead time or during extension of lead time due to delays by suppliers or due to unexpected increase in the consumption rate. WARE HOUSING Ware housing is not the simple act of storing materials, but rather a package of services which enables the smooth flow of materials through the production department without causing stoppage of production due to shortage of materials. STORE MANAGEMENT Store keeping is a primarily a service function in which the store keeper acts as a custodian of all items carried in the store. Store management should aim at providing the service as efficiently as possible with minimum possible cost. Store keeping may be defined as a function of receiving, storing and issue of raw materials, bought-out parts and components, spare parts, tools, consumables, supplies and stationery items etc. to the user departments. FUNCTIONS OF STORE MANAGEMENT * To receive raw materials, components, tools, equipments and other items and account for them. * To provide adequate and proper storage and preservation of various kinds of materials. ...
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...TENSILE TESTING OF MATERIALS Lecturer: Dr. Fadi Ghaith Submitted by___________________________________________ Sminoy Mohandas - 101668769 CONTENTS 1. Summary........................................................................................................3 2. Introduction ..................................................................................................3 3. Applications * Aerospace Industry ...............................................................................4 * Automotive Industry .............................................................................4 4. Theory ...........................................................................................................5 5. Experimental Method....................................................................................6 6. Results ...........................................................................................................6 7. Conclusion…...................................................................................................9 8. References ....................................................................................................9 Summary: Tensile testing is one of the simplest and most widely used mechanical tests. By measuring the force required to elongate a specimen to breaking point, material properties can be determined that will allow designers and quality managers to predict how materials and products will...
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...powerful and efficient energy sources and secondly to obtain maximum possible motive power from the available energy. The second development is heavily dependent on the properties of engineering materials. In aircraft and aerospace industries, a union of opposites i.e., lightweight in combination with high stiffness is demanded. In pressure vessels technology, high strength and corrosion resistance are both prerequisites for efficient operation. Whenever a designer faces such situations composite materials provide an efficient solution to such problems. The flexibility that can be achieved with composite materials is immense. Merely by changing...
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...CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Assignment – 1 (a) Make a list of materials that are (i) commonly used in construction industry, (ii) rarely / sparingly used materials in the construction industry, (iii) materials that are not used but can be used in the construction industry (b) Visit the Sports Complex and the Community Centre at IIT Madras and find out the materials used for construction and prepare a report. Materials commonly used in the construction industry * Concrete – Cement, Lime, Sand, Aggregates, Fly Ash, Water * Wood, Bamboo, Timber * Stones – Granite, Basalt, Limestone, Marble, Quartizite, Shale, Slate * Silt, Clay, Mud, Moorum, Puzzolona, Thatch * Gypsum * Brick, Crushed Bricks * Metals – Aluminum, Bronze, Copper, Nickel * Galvanized Iron, cast Iron, Ductile Iron, Stainless Steel, Mild Steel * Asbestos * Glass * Gypsum Plaster * PVC, HDPE, Plastics * Ceramics, Mosaic * Epoxy Coating * Paint * PTFE Roofing, Terracotta Tiles * Coal Tar, Bitumen * Plaster Boards * Fabric, Rubber, Foam Board, Plywood * Admixtures – Lignosulphonates, Vinyl Polymers, Polycarboxylate Ethers * Plaster Boards * Epoxy, Neoprene Materials rarely / sparingly used in the construction industry * Stones – Flag Stones * Asphalt * Metals – Chromium, Titanium, Gold, Silver * Silica Fumes * Glass Fiber * Fiber Cement Sheeting * Ice * Aluminum Composite Wall Claddings Materials not used...
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...Marmara University Engineering Faculty Metallurgy & Materials Engineering MSE 432 Foundry Technology Semi Solid Metal Casting Project Prepared By İsmail Elmadağlı Çağlar KELEŞ Göktürk Bayram İskender Submitted To Prof. Dr. Altan Türkeli Introduction Semi-solid metal casting (SSM), also known as thixocasting, rheocasting, thixoforming or thixomolding, is a near net shape process in the production of parts out of non-ferrous metals, such as aluminium, copper, or magnesium. The process combines the advantages of casting and forging. The process is named after the fluid property thixotropy, which is the phenomenon that allows this process to work. Simply, thixotropic fluids shear when the material flows, but thicken when standing. The potential for this type of process was first recognized in the early 1970s. SSM is done at a temperature that puts the metal between its liquidus and solidus temperature. Ideally the metal should be 30 to 65% solid. The metal must have a low viscosity to be usable, and to reach this low viscosity the material needs a globular primary surrounded by the liquid phase. The temperature range possible depends on the material and for aluminum alloys is 5-10oC, but for narrow melting range copper alloys can be only several tenths of a degree. Semi-solid casting is typically used for high-end castings. For aluminum alloys typical parts include engine suspension mounts, air manifold sensor harness, engine blocks...
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...Composite Materials in Building and Construction Applications Presented at: ACMA’s CORROSION, MINING, INFRASTRUCTURE & ARCHITECTURE CONFERENCE May 15, 2013 - Denver, CO Course Description Composites have been used extensively in industries such as marine and transportation for more than 50 years. Yet in some industries composites are just now becoming a primary material of choice. The use of composites in the building industry is growing rapidly. Traditional benefits offered by composites are being recognized and utilized to address design limitations and can be used to reduce life cycle environmental and cost impacts. Learning Objectives • Define ‘Composite Materials’ and learn the history of composites in multiple industries and the factors that led the growth of composites in these industries. • Identify the design and performance attributes of composites used in other industries that are applicable to the building / construction market. • Review case studies that demonstrate how the inherent attributes of composites such as low weight, durability and low thermal conductivity, result in environmental and cost effective material options. • Explore web based education tools that offer case studies on the use of composites in construction and allow users to connect with composite fabricators that specialize in design, fabrication and installation of composite building materials. What is a Composite? Composite An engineered combination...
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...NATURE OF RAW MATERIAL MANAGEMENT PROBLEM IN THE NIGERIAN MANUFACTURING SECTOR There are critical problems associated with raw material management in manufacturing organizations in Nigeria today. These are rarely given adequate attentions due to inability of people involved to trace the problems to raw material management. This writer had in an empirical study traced the following problems to inefficiency in raw material/inventory management in Nigeria: 1. The inefficient use of production time, labour and other resources due to delays or incessant short down and interruptions during production have become inherent part of operations in many manufacturing organization in Nigeria. This often led to inability to meet customers’ order and eventual loss of market shares. Low capacity utilization and loss of revenue as consequence of these problems led to closure of many manufacturing firms in the country. 2. The poor liquidity position of many manufacturing concerns in Nigeria is a matter of concern to many shareholders and stakeholders alike. To hold too much stock than necessary will lead to capital lock-up in inventory of raw materials. The materials held idle in stores have values attached to them; and the likelihood is that the organization will never regain the money in them if they become obsolete and useless. 3. In many manufacturing concerns in Nigeria, there is inadequate provision of good quality manpower in stock maintenance and material management. This...
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...feels that Russia’s main (and some may say only) contribution to global trade is in raw materials (Lally, 2012). I am curious to learn more about raw materials and what makes Russia such a heavy player in this arena. EXPLANATION OF THE KEY TERM Raw materials are “inventory items that are used in the manufacturer’s conversion process to produce components, subassemblies, or finished products” (Satterlee, 2009). These inventory items are “unfinished goods” such as “a steelmaker uses iron ore and other metals in producing steel” (Raw material, 2006). When determining whether to conduct business in a particular region, the availability and relative proximity to raw materials should be a determining factor in the decision making process. While it can be beneficial for emerging businesses when the cost of raw materials is low in a particular region, it can become financially problematic when the vast majority of a nation’s economic system is wrapped up in the production and cost of raw materials. MAJOR ARTICLE SUMMARY This article is a general overview of the Russian economy as of December 2008 that reflects on the causes for a “slowdown” the preceding October. Even though there was a “slowdown” in the economy, growth was still taking place as evidenced in the GDP. For October of that year, GDP growth was 5.9% relative to the 7.7% seen in January-September. The price of oil and raw materials fell during that period which accounted for a greater decline in exports. Retail sales...
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...Chapter 1 – Materials Engineering Concepts * 1.1 Economic Factors * Availability and cost of raw materials * Manufacturing costs * Transportation * Placing * Maintenance * 1.2 Mechanical Properties * Loading conditions * Static load – A sustained loading of the structure over a period of time * Dynamic load – A load that generates a shock or vibration in the structure (periodic – repeats itself with time, random- load pattern never repeats, or transient- impulse load applied over short interval) * Dead load- Static load, always applied (weight of the structure) * Live load- Dynamic loads, (people in a building or movable objects) * Stress-Strain Relations * Stress : σ=FA (psi, ksi, kPa, MPa, GPa) * Strain: ε=Change in LengthOriginal Length (%, in/in, mm/mm) * Elastic behavior * Elasticity- instantaneous response (deformation to load) and must return to its original shape when the load is removed. Stretches the bonds between atoms-doesn’t change arrangement of atoms * Young’s Modulus (Modulus of Elasticity)- Slope of the linear portion of the stress-strain curve E=σε * Poisson’s ratio- Ratio of the lateral strain to the axial strain (must be between 0.0(compressible material)-0.5(does not change volume when load applied)) Usually between 0.1 and 0.45 ν=-εlεa * Generalized Hooke’s Law * εx=σx-ν(σy+σz)E ...
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...MRP II is manufacturing resource planning. MRP II provides planning for many areas of manufacturing companies which includes purchasing, inventory, material planning, shop floor scheduling, capacity planning, and accounting. MRP II allows for standardization and streamlines automation of business processes which leads to improvements in cost control and revenue. The MRP system assists the manufacturing company by suggesting purchase orders to be placed and exactly when to place them so that the materials required for the specific task arrive on time. The MRP system also recommends a start date for each work task required to perform the job. By knowing the materials needed parts and the start dates of the work tasks means that it is possible to pinpoint material shortages before they occur so that they can be avoided rather than finding out when it’s too late. MRP systems assists companies particularly manufacturing companies in various ways, the most important contribution that the MRP inventory system gives are in: • On-time material ordering which reduces expediting and material shortages. • Combining of material orders to suppliers which reduces order placement. • Real time planning of work which reduces rescheduling and increase productivity. • Makes company information more integrated and gives it the accessibility which improves task specific progress. Advantages: MRP II helps to standardize business processes by providing the business with automated methods...
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