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Meat

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Submitted By amalvis
Words 873
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INTRODUCCION

La carne es el tejido animal principalmente muscular, que se consume como alimento, desde el punto de vista nutricional la carne es una fuente habitual de proteínas, grasas y minerales en la dieta humana. De todos los alimentos que se obtienen de los animales y plantas, la carne es el que mayores valoraciones y apreciaciones alcanza en los mercados.
La mayor parte del consumo de carne de los seres humanos proviene de mamíferos, si bien apenas se usa para alimentación de una pequeña cantidad de las 3.000 especies que existen.[] Se consume sobre todo carne de animales ungulados, domesticados para proveer alimento. Las especies de abasto básicas para el consumo son el ganado ovino, bovino, porcino y las aves de corral, mientras que las especies complementarias son el ganado caprino, equino y la caza (mayor y menor). La industria cárnica es la industria de alimentación que mayor volumen de ventas mueve.[]
Las carnes están compuestas, en forma natural, de agua, músculo, tejido conectivo, grasas y huesos. Las personas comen carne proveniente del músculo. El músculo es aproximadamente un 75 % agua (aunque diferentes cortes podrían contener más o menos cantidad de agua) y un 20 % proteína, con un restante de 5 % de una combinación de grasa, carbohidratos y minerales. El por ciento de agua que ocurre en forma natural en la carne varía con el tipo de músculo, el tipo de carne, la época del año y el pH de la carne. La grasa en las carnes se encuentra tanto entre los músculos, como también dentro de los músculos. En ambos lugares, la grasa contribuye al sabor completo y a la jugosidad de las carnes.

Las cenizas de un alimento son un termino analítico equivalente al residuo inorgánico que queda después de quemar la materia orgánica; representan el contenido mineral, es decir el conjunto de nutrientes elementales que están presentes en determinada muestra. El análisis de las cenizas se lleva a cabo por incineración total de la muestra a temperaturas elevadas y la determinación de su masa.

OBJETIVO GENERAL

• Determinar los porcentajes de: humedad, extracto seco, acidez y ceniza que se encuentran en la carne.

OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS

• Determinar el porcentaje de humedad en la carne por medio del método de secado utilizando estufa de desecación.

• Determinar el porcentaje extracto seco de una muestra de carne por medio del método de secado.

• Determinar el porcentaje de ceniza y acidez en una muestra de carne.

DETERMINACION DE % DE HUMEDAD Y EXTRACTO SECO EN LA CARNE

La determinación de humedad es una técnica a utilizar en análisis de los alimentos para valorar la calidad del mismo en la desecación por estufas a 105-130ºC durante 1 a 5 horas, los resultados dependen del grado de división del material, tiempo, temperatura y presión mantenida en la estufa. La materia seca que permanece en el alimento posterior a la remoción del agua se conoce como sólidos totales.

La determinación de humedad por pérdida de peso, se basa en la reducción de peso que experimenta un alimento cuando se elimina el agua que contiene por calentamiento; bajo condiciones normalizadas de presión, temperatura y tiempo, después de haberlo pesado previamente. La diferencia entre el peso restante después de haber eliminado el agua es la humedad. En este método se emplea por tanto, una técnica de volatilización.

Procedimiento:

1. pesamos cápsula de porcelana vacía para obtener un valor X. 2. agregamos a la cápsula aproximadamente 10 gramos de muestra de carne y pesamos para obtener un valor Y. 3. luego llevamos a la estufa de desecación por 1 hora. 4. dejamos enfriar la cápsula y pesamos para obtener un valor Z.

Datos:

-cápsula vacía (X)= 73.76 gr
-cápsula + muestra (Y)= 83.61 gr
-cápsula + muestra desecada (Z)= 78.43 gr

Cálculos:

- valor muestra: M=Y-X
M= 83.61gr - 73.76gr = 9.85gr
-valor muestra desecada: MD= Z-X
MD= 78.43gr – 73.76gr = 4.67gr

% humedad = [pic]
% H= [pic]

%H= 52.58
DETERMINACION % CENIZA EN LA CARNE

Las cenizas de los productos alimentarios están constituidas por el residuo inorgánico que queda después de que la materia orgánica se ha quemado. Las cenizas obtenidas no tienen necesariamente la misma composición que la materia mineral presente en el alimento original, ya que puede haber habido pérdidas por volatilización o alguna interacción entre los constituyentes.

Procedimiento:

1. pesamos crisol vacío para obtener valor X. 2. pesamos crisol + muestra de carne 3gramos aproximadamente para obtener un valor Y. 3. llevamos a la mufla hasta obtener 660ºC 4. luego retiramos de la mufla, dejamos enfriar y pesamos para obtener un valor Z.

Datos:

- crisol vacío (X)= 19.30gr - crisol + muestra (Y)= 22.56gr - crisol + ceniza (Z)= 19.36gr

Cálculos:

DETERMINACION % DE ACIDEZ EN LA CARNE

Se puede determinar por métodos volumétricos. Ésta medición se realiza mediante una titulación, la cual implica siempre tres agentes o medios: el titulante, el titulado (o analito) y el colorante.

Procedimiento:

1. preparamos una muestra de carne de 5 gramos aproximadamente en un Elenmeyer, agregamos 40 ml de agua y llevamos al calor por 5 minutos. 2. dejamos enfriar y agregamos 2-3 gotas de indicador de fenolftalina. 3. Titulamos con NaHO al 0.1N hasta lograr color rojo para obtener el volumen desalojado.

Datos:

Cálculos:
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAFIA

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