...| MEMORY AND MEMORY RECALL | | | | 5/17/2012 | Abstract Recalling items from memory is not always an easy thing to do. Many times people will fail to write down a phone number or a shopping item because they are sure they will remember. Too often when needing to make that call the number cannot be recalled or they return home from the store and then realize they forgot the item they initially went to the store for in the first place. It has happened to us all. This paper will look at memory, reasons for memory loss, and offer ways to help consolidate and retrieve the information we receive. | Computers and humans both have memory that work in similar ways. Both require information to be input, stored, and retrieved. Computers use Rapid Access Memory, or RAM and Read Only Memory, or ROM. In 1968 Richard Arkinson and Richard Shiffrin developed the stage model of memory. This model has three different memory systems; sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory [ (Editorial Board, 2011) ]. Sensory memory is a very brief memory of something sensed through one of our five senses that if not passed on to short term memory and is forgotten quite quickly. Short term memory lasts a bit longer than sensory memory but doesn’t have the capacity of sensory memory [ (Course Materials, n.d.) ]. Finally, long term memory is the memory that last longer than sensory memory and short term memory. Episodic memory and semantic memory are two types of...
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...In the article, the author talks about the effects of recall on a person's memory and how that memory can be affected by the recall. Kirsten Weir describes recall as a process, every time the memory is brought up the details may be changed and that may affect the memory you are recalling. (Weir 2016). Compared to what most people think of recall as a clip that you remember the same thing over and over with no change. (Weir 2016). You do retrieve the memory every time but your knowledge on the memory depending on the influences around you. There are many examples of this they include things like multiple choice tests, or when you asked to describe someone to a police officer. There is also another type of memory retrieval that is called recognition. Recognition is not based on things you learned a...
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...Eyewitness Memory in Accuracy on Recall of 2nd Year Students of Daughters of Mary Immaculate School (DMI) Beginning from the conception until our present condition, we possess a certain characteristics which can only be found in ourselves. It is a unique way to see that everyone can speak in different way and act in different manner. We perceive different things in accordance with what our sensation sense. We can see, hear, smell, taste, and feel a stimulus and tend to bring that information in the brain for our own interpretation. After reaching it to the brain, the person produces reactions whether it is acceptable or not on particular setting. If it is unanimously acceptable to all, it doesn’t mean that we all have the same way of thinking or in a state of group mind. Every individual can still showcase another different facial expression after they come up to a decision. This is why individual differences are obviously seen to all individual. One of the basic parts of the body that can be the medium for accepting information towards our environment are eyes. It plays a vital role in encoding all perceived stimuli to our brain. From the part of the retina which is rods and cones, the information is relay to the ganglion cells and transmitted to the optic nerve until it reached to the occipital lobe. This is one part of the brain that responsible for the process of visual information. Stimulus that reached to the brain can either be remembered or not. Memory has the ability...
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...Gender Differences in Verbal and Non-Verbal Tasks and Memory Recall Abstract Females are better at recall tasks than males. To test the level of recall a study was administered to test recall abilities in verbal and non verbal tasks and also immediate and delayed recall among males and females. It is often believed that males have a more superior recall memory than females due to the fact that more men are hired over women in jobs. And also men make more money than women. While females may earn less than men, through this study, females proved to be just as capable as males, in fact, more so, in the ability to recall memory. Introduction and Literature Review Comparing males and females is a natural occurrence: it occurs in the work force as well as in everyday happenings. Men are often hired over women, and men make more money than women. Psychologists Agneta Herlitz and Jenny Rehnman in Stockholm, Sweden asked a complicated question of human predisposition: Does one’s sex influence his or her ability to remember every day events? Their surprising findings did in fact determine significant sex differences in episodic memory, a type of long-term memory based on personal experiences, favouring women. Specific results indicated that women excelled in verbal episodic memory tasks, such as remembering words, objects, pictures or everyday events, and men outperformed women in remembering symbolic, non-linguistic information, known as visuospatial processing. For example, the...
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...that are involved in memory management, proving that the three stores present in multistore models are valid. It will do that by collecting evidence on both short- and long-term memory, by calculating the recency and primacy effects with regards to words recollection. Meeting this objective involved engaging 65 participants of both genders and were between 17 and 34 years of age. The participants were subjected to recall tests the included both high- and low-frequency words. The results showed that 75% of the respondents were female with the average participants’ age being 19.49 years and 81.5% of them being native English speakers. The results further showed that there were higher recall rates for both the first and last items, as opposed to the middle items that reported lower recall rates. Additionally, the high-frequency words reported higher recall rates for the first-word items than the low-frequency words. The research concludes that memory management makes use of both short- and long-term memory. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Methodology 6 Participants 6 Apparatus 7 Design 7 Procedure 7 Results 8 Discussion 10 Conclusion 12 References 14 Appendix I 15 Primacy and Recency Effects Introduction From as early as mid 1960’s, there have been increasing evidence to support the suggestions that memory processes required different cognitive components (Parkin, 2014). The suggestions have been modelled on the notion that memory consists of discrete storage...
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...stores and retrieves memory. Exactly how do we store memory? How come we can remember specific memories such as people, places, things, or ideas? It is so interesting to find out how the human brain stores and retrieves memory and how important it is to us in our everyday lives. In the first three paragraphs I will specifically talk about each form of memory, how they work, and how they are stored, then I will continue to discuss how humans remember/retrieve important information. Sensory is one of the first forms of memory, it is also the smallest and quickest form. Sensory memory is the shortest form of memory humans have. As you can tell by the name sensory memory...
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...A Literature Review: Memory Distortions, Repressed Memories, and Autobiographical Memory Psych. 560 June 17, 2013 Prof. Pitt A Literature Review: Memory Distortions, Repressed Memories, and Autobiographical Memory Memory helps to build and shape you into the person that you have become. It allows you to identify people, places that you have been, what things are, when things are supposed to happen or have happened, and it also allows you to piece knowledge together so that you can make perceptions or assumptions as to why things happen the way they do. Your short term memory helps you to recollect things in your present day life while your long term memory stores things for retrieval at a later time. Although you rely on your memory to recount information day to day, there are also instances in which your memory denies retrieval in the way that it was stored or retrieve the information just as you stored it. Memory distortions, repressed, memories, and autobiographical memory each describe different ways in which your memory responds when you try to recall the information. “Memory distortion refers to a memory report that differs from what actually occurred” (Bernstein & Loftus, 2008). Repressed memories occur when traumatic events are unconsciously recorded in the mind as a defense mechanism to avoid anxiety or other issues that might arise from the occasion. Autobiographical memory suggests that a person retains and retrieves information...
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...pertaining to effective learning and retention by pupils. Memory and recall can be influenced in various ways by abilities of sensory, working and long term memory; existing knowledge; and metacognitive processes. It is the aim of teachers to assist students in utilising these processes to the best of their ability. Among some ways this can be achieved are by providing opportunity to make mnemonic associations for themselves with knowledge which is familiar and by ensuring understanding exists surrounding the importance and usefulness of techniques such as elaboration. This essay will outline the above factors and suggest ways that teachers can assist students in effective learning and recall. Memory can be defined as “an essential part of the information-processing system that governs learning and is of utmost importance for the maintenance of learning over time” (Langan-Fox, 2002, p110). The information processing system senses all external events, pays attention to what is relevant, encodes this information in line with prior knowledge and stores it in long-term memory until retrieval is required (Woolfolk & Margetts, 2010). The structures of memory can be classified into three groups: sensory memory, working memory and long-term memory. Sensory memory is the site of initial processing and is where sensory information is processed very briefly, normally only for about one to three seconds. The capacity of sensory memory is very large enabling us to receive all sensory information...
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...What is memory? Memory is involved in all aspects of our lives, is it a cognitive thinking process or a way of retaining information or is it a number of connected stores or even actual information retained. According to Reber (1985), it is possibly all of these. Memory has not been defined as a single process or fact and several theories exist about its nature, character and structure. We have vast amounts of information stored in our memory systems which we are able to access quickly and effortlessly, this implies that knowledge stored must be highly organised to allow us to retrieve the appropriate information for a given situation. This organising will be determined by the way that information is encoded into memory. The way the knowledge is organised will determine the type of process required to access that information in the future. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1969) suggested that memory comprised of three separate stores. The sensory memory store, the short-term memory and the long term-memory each store has a specific and relatively inflexible function. This was called the multi-store model. There are two main memory stores short term memory (stm) and long term memory (ltm),they are studies in terms of there ability to encode, which means make sense of information, also by there capacity, how much information is stored and by duration ,how long the information can be stored. How does the short-term memory store work? Conrad (1964) suggested that short-term...
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...Coding, capacity and duration of memory Coding – the format in which info is stored in the various memory stores. Capacity – The amount of info that can be held in a memory store. Duration- the length of time info can be held in memory STM – coding is acoustic Capacity between 5 and 9 Duration between 18 and 30 seconds LTM – coding is mainly sematic Unlimited capacity Stores memory up to life time Multi store model – representation of how memory works in terms of three stores – sensory register- STM – LTM Describes how info is transferred from one store to another , how it is remembered and forgotten Multi- store model Atkinson and Shiffrin’s ( 1968 , 1971) Three stores Sensory register Stimulus from environment will pass into sensory register Main stores are iconic memory ( visual memory ) ( coded visually ) Echoic memory ( sound memory ) ( coded acoustically ) Memory lasts only briefly duration is less than half a second High capacity Key processes is paying attention Short term memory limited capacity capacity is between 5 and 9 items info is coded acoustically lasts about 30 secs unless rehearsed maintenance rehearsal – occurs when we repeat material if rehearsed long enough it will go into the LTM Long Term Memory capacity is unlimited memory can last many years When we want to recall memory it has to be transferred back into STM by retrieval. ...
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...of verbal learning will be described. The similarities and differences of serial learning, paired associated learning, and free call will be discussed. Finally, the concept of mnemonics in the recall...
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...Memory In psychology, memory is an organism's ability to store, retain, and recall information and experiences. Traditional studies of memory began in the fields of philosophy, including techniques of artificially enhancing memory. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, scientists have put memory within the example of cognitive psychology. In recent decades, it has become one of the principal pillars of a branch of science called cognitive neuroscience, an interdisciplinary link between cognitive psychology and neuroscience. Processes From information processing perspective there are three main stages and 3 types of memories in the formation and retrieval of memory: Encoding or registration (receiving, processing and combining of received information) Storage (creation of a permanent record of the encoded information) Retrieval, recall or recollection (calling back the stored information in response to some cue for use in a process or activity). A. Sensory memory * The ability to look at an item, and remember what it looked like with just a second of observation, or memorization, is an example of sensory memory. * The capacity of sensory memory was approximately 12 items, but that it degraded very quickly (within a few hundred milliseconds). * This type of memory cannot be delayed via rehearsal. * Iconic memory is a type of sensory memory that briefly stores an image which has been perceived for a small duration. * Echoic...
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...AGE ON SHORT TERM MEMORY ABSTRACT: Age associated declines in cognitive processes are important to the understanding of the human mind. This study investigates the relationship between ageing and short term memory in particular, by first exploring current cognitive and neuroscientific research involving concepts such as short term/working memory, long term memory and ageing, and secondly, by means of a short term memory experiment involving verbal and numerical stimuli, that was administered to two age groups- 20 to 40 year old adults and 50 to 70 year olds. The results of the experiment were then analysed using the ANOVA statistical software programme. The results did not conclusively show age related decline in short term memory performance in all segments of the test. Memory decline with increased age was apparent in the free recall word stimuli, and in the analyses of the number of incorrectly remembered words. The serial recall digit sequence did not show any statistically significant effects. The final section of this study addresses the possible explanations for the results, as well as the limitations of the study. Contents 1.Introduction 5 2.What is memory? 5 2.1 short term memory 5 2.2 working memory 7 2.3 the relationship between ageing and memory 8 2.4 long term memory ...
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...1 Grade: ……. The effect of organisation of visual material on subsequent recall Abstract Fifteen participants were tested in a repeated measures experiment. They were shown two sheets of visual images, one of which was organised into categories, while the other one was uncategorised. Recall was significantly higher in the categorised condition. This supports the view that organised materials can provides cues, even when they do not appear obvious. The study suggests that cues are also available for visual material, not just verbal material. Introduction Memory is a very complex and interesting area of psychology. It can take several different forms and is made up of a variety of different cognitive and social processes. As memory is a regularly occurring phenomenon which an individual will use every day, it is important to carry out research into the different aspects of memory to gain a better understanding of it and to be able to manage and control it. There has been a lot of interest in improving memory through organisation. Miller (1956) showed that one way of improving recall from short-term memory is by ‘chunking’ the information as it comes in. This is the process of breaking a large object, such as a phone number down into several smaller sections to make it easier to remember. There has been more work carried out into recall from long-term memory, where items have recently been presented and/or learned. Mandler (1967, cited...
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...Memory Without it, you’d be constantly living in one moment to the next. You wouldn’t know who you are, where you came from or where you are going. But what is it? And how does it work? To answer these questions, early memory researchers decided to break memory down into simple structures. The mysterious power of our mind to store images, words and sounds, was reduced into several components. All of these components were then thought to interact through simple processes. Simplifying memory in this way was a necessary step in developing our understanding of how memory functions. From this structured view of memory, two important models of memory were developed: the Multi-store Model and the Working-Memory Model. Section 1: Multi-store model of memory Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) Do you think you have a good memory? What is your earliest memory? The multi-store model is a structural model which states that memory is made up of 3 distinct, separate stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Each of the stores can be analysed based on three factors: 1) Capacity: how much information can be stored 2) Duration: the amount of time the information can be stored 3) Encoding: how the information is represented by the memory system Sensory memory The first store in the multi-store model is the sensory memory store. This store provides an account of the environment as experienced by our senses. A copy of the stimulus is kept here until we determine...
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