... The effect of Word Processing on Memory ability Tutor: Mary Christopoulou Student: Panagiotis Moschonas Submission Date: 25/3/13 The effect of Word Processing on Memory ability Many researchers have done experiments or had conducted studies about the memory and our ability to storage information inside our brain and recall them when we need them. We divide our memory in three “pieces” the short-term memory and the long-term memory and the sensory memory. This memory model was explained by the researchers Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968. First is the sensory memory, it can memorize things only for a few seconds. The visual system possesses iconic memory for visual stimuli like the shape, the size and the color of an object. Second is the short-term memory, in this case we can store some information for a longer period so that we can be able to use them for example we can memorize a telephone number long enough to dial it and use it, after that we are giving away the information if we don’t need it. According to Peterson & Peterson (1959) the duration of the short-term memory is approximately fifteen to thirty seconds. The third one is the long-term memory, which is the type of memory that makes us remember information from the minute that we learn something for the rest of our lifetime. Some memories may be stored from sensory...
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...to find new ways to understand and define the human brain. Our memory is quite important in how we function on a day-to-day basis. Our memories help us to remember important functions such as combing our hair, brushing our teeth or getting dressed in the morning. Memories also help us to learn more information. Cognitive psychology refers to the study of human mental processes and their role of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Cognitive psychology studies how people perceive, learn, remember, and think. Cognition is the area within psychology that examines how we acquire, store, transform, and use knowledge to help further our knowledge (Matlin, 2013). If cognition functions every time a person gains, stores, transforms, and uses information then, cognition requires mental processes. Cognitive processes are vital to human behavior. There are three cognitive processes, perception, attention, and memory. The first cognitive process is perception. Perception uses previous knowledge to gather and interpret stimuli registered by the senses (Matlin, 2013). Perception is our experience of the world and the environment around us. It’s the set of front-end processing that allows an individual to organize and interpret incoming information. We gain information about properties of our environment and use it in our everyday lives. Perception involves bottom-up processing as well as top-down processing. Bottom-up processing is when we use the lower levels of information to process the much...
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...of implicit learning and memory: A review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging research Paul J. Reber n Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, United States art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t Article history: Received 6 November 2012 Received in revised form 14 June 2013 Accepted 15 June 2013 Available online 24 June 2013 Memory systems research has typically described the different types of long-term memory in the brain as either declarative versus non-declarative or implicit versus explicit. These descriptions reflect the difference between declarative, conscious, and explicit memory that is dependent on the medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system, and all other expressions of learning and memory. The other type of memory is generally defined by an absence: either the lack of dependence on the MTL memory system (nondeclarative) or the lack of conscious awareness of the information acquired (implicit). However, definition by absence is inherently underspecified and leaves open questions of how this type of memory operates, its neural basis, and how it differs from explicit, declarative memory. Drawing on a variety of studies of implicit learning that have attempted to identify the neural correlates of implicit learning using functional neuroimaging and neuropsychology, a theory of implicit memory is presented that describes it as a form of general plasticity within processing networks that adaptively...
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...hormone was still released during sleep, supporting the role of the SWS and release of neurotransmitter, and showing the importance of sleep as a restorative function. Another aspect of the restorative theory as an explanation of sleep, is the idea that brain development takes place during the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage, which is why babies have longer REM sleep, as they are processing information such as memories, as well as secreting growth hormone etc. This view is a biological view, and contrasts with the evolutionary theory of sleep which suggests babies have longer REM sleep as an adaptive response for parents to be able to work, hunt etc. However, it has been found that length of REM sleep is directly proportional to the immaturity of the species, for example dolphins have no REM sleep and can swim from birth, compared to the platypus, which is immature at birth and has 8 hours REM sleep. Another restorative function of sleep is the idea that during REM sleep you are processing memory. It has been suggested by Crick and Mitchison that unwanted memories are discarded and wanted memories are made more accessible; but a more complex link that this has been found, suggesting slow wave Sleep (SWS) is needed for semantic and episodic...
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...emission tomography study. (using a computerized radiographic technique to examine the metabolic activity in various tissues (especially in the brain). http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu Summary: The theory that the investigators came up with was that the deeper and more elobrative encoding leads to better memory. ( Encoding refers to the process of forming a memory code, putting information into memory.) the theory suggest the more elaborative the encoding the better the memory. Examples listed: if given a list of words to memorize, one way to try to encode would be structural ie (the font , phonemic characteristics, how the sound) The meaning of the words (semantic encoding) and self-referent encoding (which researchers have found to be the best) Objectives: One main objective of the experimenter was to see or determine what areas of the brain were activated when the processing task involved the self According to reading the left prefrontal cortex is the area associated with process of meaning. Right brain might be the area in the brain where the self is represented. Method of research: laboratory : pet scan Correlation: experimental: more elaborative encoding causes better memory, Method: Paricipants were eight-right handed participants( 4 males and 4 females) Procedure: research participants were presented with eight lists of personality traits that they were asked to encode using four encoding tasks( two lists for each tak) Self-task- judged how well the word described...
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...In this article, Anthony Pearce recounts 76-year-old Malcolm Baker’s experience of forgetting where he parked his car—a dementia-related memory mishap that cost two months of searching until Tesco representatives identified the missing vehicle. Through Baker’s experience, readers gain insight into dementia’s devastating impact on memory and cognitive functioning. Although the article notes that Baker is only in the early stages of dementia (an acquired mental impairment now formally known as neurocognitive disorder), the already evident memory decline foreshadows the severity of cognitive deterioration that has yet to manifest itself. Whereas some weakening in memory is characteristic of the aging process, the significant brain cell deterioration...
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...Psychology? How did they influence Cognitive Psychology? 4. What are the assumptions of Cognitive Psychology? What does each of them mean? 5. Why do we use time and accuracy measures? What can time and accuracy measures show us? 6. What do eye movement and ERP measures show us? Are there any hypotheses or rationales for using these methods? 7. What is fMRI? What should we be cautious about? 8. What is sensation and perception? 9. What is iconic and echoic memory? 10. What did Sperling do? Why is this important? Be able to describe each experiment—what do the manipulations show us? 11. What is the evidence for echoic memory? 12. Why do we have sensory stores? 13. What are the models/theories of pattern recognition? What is evidence for each model/theory—evidence against each model/theory? Be able to describe research experiments that support or show evidence against each model. 14. What are bottom-up/ top-down processing? What role do these mechanisms play in pattern recognition? 15. What are the different components of attention? 16. What is inattentional blindness? Why does this happen? What is the evidence for this? 17. What models/theories explain our filtering system? What is evidence for each—evidence against? Be able to describe in detail! 18. What is the spotlight of attention? What is evidence for this mechanism? 19. What is the...
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...Cognitive Psychology Linda is an ex substance abuser and has experienced a few relapses. Linda is 33 and is in good health besides damage to her lungs due to smoking crack cocaine. She is concerned about her memory, since she misplaces her car keys at home and losing her car in the parking lot. Linda is also telling stories regarding her children and is later corrected for telling the story about the wrong child. Linda has no brain damage, besides the decay of her memory due to her substance abuse. When one has brain damage, or anyone uses any illicit drug, it affects the function of the brain. She believes she might be suffering from a neurological disorder. I believe the effect she is experiencing is due to her past substance use. Cocaine is known to cause several neurological disorders due to the fact that the crystalline free-base form is water insoluble which when smoking or free basing results in an instantaneous high contributing to the rapid absorption through the large pulmonary surface area and swift penetration to the brain. Cocaine can be absorbed from the mucous membrane, therefore causing neurological complications (Agarwal, 2013). Since she is healthy I would rule out that it is a neurological disorder and that it is just poor memory. Substance abuse affects the brain stem, the limbic system, and the cerebral cortex since drugs are chemicals. Cocaine causes nerve cells to release excessive amounts of natural neurotransmitters or prevent the normal...
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...Witnesses rely on their memories to testify as to what they believe is a true account of the event. However, memories have been found to be fallible with no guarantee of corresponding with objective reality (Johnson, 2001). Research has found that false memories (FM), where a person recalls an event that did not occur and mistakes it to be a true representation of that event (Gleaves & Smith, 2004; Johnson, 2001) exists within the realm of eyewitness testimony (ET) (Loftus, Miller & Burns, 1978). This raises the issue of how well does ET reflect reality. Some theories that explain FM include the source monitoring failure theory (Johnson, Hastroudi & Lindsay, 1993), activation monitoring theory (Roediger, Balota &Watson, 2001) and fuzzy trace theory (Brianerd & Reyna, 1998; Reyna & Brainerd, 1995). Due to word count limitations, this paper will explore the concept of FM using fuzzy trace theory, source monitoring errors and the misinformation effect to explain how FM occurs in the context of ET and why ET can never the representation of the complete truth. The FTT proposes that there are two parallel memory traces, the verbatim trace and the gist trace (Brianerd & Reyna, 1998; Reyna & Brainerd, 1995). The verbatim trace stores information item-by-item and is a verdicial representation of an event. The gist trace stores a generalised meaning based representation of an event. The FTT proposes that verbatim trace decays quickly whereas the gist trace lingers in memory longer resulting...
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...Research Common sense is defined as sound and prudent judgment based on a simple perception of the situation or facts. In layman’s terms, common sense is the knowledge and experience which most people already have, or which the person using the term believes that they do or should have. The limitations of this approach can be grouped into three categories: extrinsic limitations (the result of factors extraneous to experience), limitations of common sense as a social practice (ensuing from the way knowledge is shared and communicated) and intrinsic limitations (limited viewpoint). Extrinsic limitations Extrinsic limitations can be bias or dogmatic. Bias limitations is insights based on personal experiences are difficult to distinguish from one's preferences, desires or fears. Dogmatism limitation is when beliefs based on common sense become embedded in a particular cultural framework, they are very difficult to change and often become dogmatic. Limitations of common sense as a social practice Limitations can be intangible or elusiveness in nature. According to this limitation, common sense is based on clues often too complex and subtle to be rationally explained and systematically described. Intrinsic limitations Intrinsic limitations are limited in scope and inaccurate in nature. Limited scope means that common sense is limited one’s own experiences which is not taking into account all aspects of reality. Imprecision limitations mean that common sense relies on ‘rule...
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...Memory Failure Memory Failure Memory failure is a main focus of extensive psychological research, after memory construction was delineated into three stages; encoding, storage, and retrieval, the origin of thought behind memory failure was solely on the breakdown of the first two stages, encoding and storage, until shifting its focus at the hands of Endel Tulving, who discovered the actual primary cause was due to a disruption in the third stage, thus termed retrieval failure. Retrieval failure is simply defined as the inability to access information, and the reason behind the ‘tip of the tongue’ phenomenon. My Failed Memory As I walked with my patient into my first school meeting to test my ability as a community liaison, I felt confident. Not only did I wake up early enough to study her chart, background, and write down her effective coping mechanisms; I brewed a fresh cup of coffee, reminiscent of the one I drink each day and night, and arrived on-site just in time to see her arrive. As I sipped my coffee, watched her mothers van park, mouthed the words to a song on my playlist while checking my timing, I felt on top of all my tasks – surely going to impress. Shortly there after, unbeknownst to me, getting my patient out of the van and into the school was much more challenging then I planned for. Employing my verbal de-escalation skills, and helping communication tactics for Mom and daughter, I successfully aided her out of the van and onto school grounds. Leaving my...
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...Introduction Consumers’ memory can be influenced by product placement in advertisement, and the placement are able to change consumers’ attitudes toward the products even toward the brands. It is important to understand the consumer’s memory that can use in how to improve the placement. This literature review is to discuss the processes of information transfers to memory, what type of memory can be developed, how consumers use these memory, the relationship between those memory and product placement. This literature review will focus on the study area of consumer behavior, consumer research, marketing and advertising research. In this research, the memory processes will be discussed, including encoding, and retrieval. Then, the factors of influence retrieval will be outlined. At the same time, the applications of product placement will be examined throughout. Memory have ability to encode, store and retrieval information. Encoding can categorize the information which is perceived from advertisements or experiences and converted it into a construct that can be stored in the brain. Retrieval is calling back the stored information with some cues. Encoding Friestad and Thorson (1993) who base on several theories to propose that there are two types of encoding. The first one is called experimental processing. People do not have any particular goals or task when they are watching advertising. Their cognitive resources are distributed...
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...Memory is a constructive process through which humans organize and shape information received constantly (Huffman, 2010). This process is divided on two major approaches called information-processing model and the traditional three-stage memory model. In this paper, I will talk about three basic operations that are part of the information-processing model. These basic operations are known as encoding, storage and retrieval. The encoding operation is responsible for processing the information received into the memory system (Huffman, 2010). For instance, when a new word is learned, the encoding operation carries it over to the memory system for the next step. The storage operation is then responsible for preserving information over time. The word learned is then kept in our memory system to be used later on thanks to the storage operation. And the retrieval operation recovers all information needed from the memory storage. For example, the word learned now has to be used; the retrieval operation goes and finds it in the memory system for us to apply. One concept that I commonly use to improve my memory is making notes of tasks or information that I need to learn or remember. Making this notes not only makes my information easily remembered, it is also being stored in my brain while I am writing it. There are many useful techniques out there to better help improve our memory. Cuesta College provides students a list of memory tips on their website that will help them...
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...Chapter 6: Analyzing Consumer Markets GENERAL CONCEPT QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. ________ is the study of how individuals, groups, and organizations select, buy, use, and dispose of goods, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants. 1. Target marketing 2. Psychographic segmentation 3. Psychology 4. Consumer behavior 5. Product differentiation Answer: d Page: 150 Difficulty: Easy AACSB: Analytic Skills 2. The fundamental determinant of a person’s wants and behavior is the person’s ________. 1. psyche 2. national origin 3. culture 4. peer group 5. family tree Answer: c Page: 150 Difficulty: Medium AACSB: Analytic Skills 3. A child growing up in the United States is exposed to all of the following values EXCEPT ________. 1. achievement and success 2. activity 3. efficiency and practicality 4. the importance of the group in daily life 5. freedom Answer: d Page: 150 Difficulty: Medium AACSB: Reflective Thinking 4. Which of the following would be the best illustration of a subculture? 1. A religion 2. A group of close friends 3. Your university 4. A fraternity or sorority 5. Your occupation Answer: a Page: 150 Difficulty: Hard 5. Based on information provided in the text, which of the following trends has lead to increased household consumption? 1. Growing female economic power ...
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...Neuropsychology is the branch of psychology which investigates the function and structure of the brain as it relates to processes of cognition such as; memory, perception, thinking, recognition and the human ability to solve problems, ( Jansari, 2010 p.60). Since the second half of the nineteenth century neurologist began studying brain damage in patients, more specifically their research has examined the effect of brain damage and its implication for normal cognitive functions. It has therefore being argued that in order to understand a working system, one must understand how it can fail, (Jansari, 2010 p. 59). This can refine and possibly constrain existing theories, as well as inspire the formulation of future concepts with regards to the structure of normal cognition. Evidence is based on case studies of individual brain damaged patients who show deficits in particular areas of the brain, from such studies researchers infer that different areas of the brain are highly specialized. Furthermore the development of more accurate techniques, aided by more effective research paradigms has increased our understanding of cognitive functions, in areas such as disassociation, plasticity, memory, localization and face processing, which would be explored later in the essay. Cognitive neuropsychology has however shown that there are limitations in understanding cognition where questions regarding methodology may arise, for instance studying single patient symptoms may pose problem for...
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