...a factor influencing criminality. There is a common assumption that males often commit more crime than women. The study of criminology have tended to be dominated by males, therefore the studies are done by men about men. The official statistics suggest that gender is perhaps the most significant single factor in whether an individual is convicted of crime. The official statistics often comply with the common assumption that men commit more crimes then women. According to official statistics, in 2005, 1.8 million offenders were guilty in which 79% were male and 7% of these were aged fewer than 18. The ratio of male offenders to female offenders is four to one. The highest rates of offending for the most serious crimes were 17 year olds for males and 15 year olds for females. Pollak (1950) argued that official statistics on gender and crime were highly misleading. He claimed that statistics underestimated the extent of female criminality. Pollack claimed to have identified crimes that are usually committed by women but which are likely to go unreported. According to him, nearly all offences of shoplifting and all criminal abortion were carried out by women. Many unreported crimes are committed by female domestic servants. Pollack accepted official definitions of crime when he pointed out all the offences of prostitution that were not reported. He also suggested that women domestic roles gave them the opportunity to hide crimes such as poisoning relatives and sexually abusing...
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...labelled as deviant. Official statistics have proven that 80% of all crimes are committed by males. However the study of criminology have tended to be dominated by males, therefore the studies are done by men about men. The official statistics suggest that gender is perhaps the most significant single factor in whether an individual is convicted of crime. The official statistics often comply with the common assumption that men commit more crimes then women. According to official statistics, in 2005, 1.8 million offenders were guilty in which 79% were male and 7% of these were aged fewer than 18. The ratio of male offenders to female offenders is four to one. The highest rates of offending for the most serious crimes were 17 year olds for males and 15 year olds for females. Pollak (1950) argued that official statistics on gender and crime were highly misleading. He claimed that statistics underestimated the extent of female criminality. Pollack claimed to have identified crimes that are usually committed by women but which are likely to go unreported. According to him, nearly all offences of shoplifting and all criminal abortion were carried out by women. Many unreported crimes are committed by female domestic servants. Pollack accepted official definitions of crime when he pointed out all the offences of prostitution that were not reported. He also suggested that women domestic roles gave them the opportunity to hide crimes such as poisoning relatives and sexually abusing their...
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...DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN WEBUYE COUNTY- WESTERN KENYA A RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR THE FULFILLMENT OF A DIPLOMA COURSE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ………. A STUDY CONDUCTED BY MR. SHDRACK MOMANYI OCHENGO PRESENTED TO PROF. …….. DATE OF SUBMISSION AUGUST 3, 2012 Table of Contents Chapter One (Introduction) 4 1.1 Background Information 4 1.2 Justification of the Study 6 2.0 Chapter 2: Literature Review 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Factors related to Domestic Violence 9 2. 3 Remedy to Domestic Violence. 11 2.4 Challenges in Resolving Domestic Violence 15 2.5 The Legal Framework 15 3.0 Chapter 3: Methodology 17 3.1 Introduction 17 3.2 Sample Design, Sampling Procedure and Data Collection. 17 3.3 Data Source and Data Collection Methods 18 3.4 Choice and Limitations of the Research Methods 19 3.5 Data Analysis and Ethical Issues 20 3.6 Problems, Constraints and Limitations of the Study 21 4.0 Chapter 4: Discussion of the Findings 22 4.1 Causes of Domestic Violence 22 4.2 Consequences of domestic violence 25 5.0 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations 29 5.1 Conclusion 29 5.2 Recommendations 31 Chapter 6: References 32 Appendices 34 6.1 Appendix One (Questionnaire and Interview Guide) 34 Chapter One (Introduction) 1.1 Background Information Since the beginning of the 20th...
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...Shamika Banks Gender Difference in Manager Behavior In this case study there is a debate about how there may be a difference in the way a women and men handle their duties as a manager. Does it make a difference in the gender of the person? This is a case that is discussed and studied from a psychological stand point. In the case they looked at different aspects of the way either gender may handle certain thing the same or different. Some of the points that were looked at were: • Organizing • Leadership • Communication • Opportunity • Power • Numbers Organizing |Women |Men | |A type of manager that wants to be included in a project when she|The type of manager that wants to be in command and makes the | |is putting together a team. Not trying to come off as the one in |rules. He gives the orders and they are followed out by the | |charge, but a team player. Involved in all aspects of the |employees to complete assignments. May tell employees what is | |assignments. |needed, but not participating. | Leadership |Women |Men | |The type of manager that doesn’t offer an incentive,...
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...discrimination between men and women in Engineering has been the converse of many authors and researchers; each trying to search for a reason for its continuation and possible ways to decrease the existing gender gap. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new approach to understand and limit gender discrimination in Engineering. The approach consists of three components if they are present they will help decrease gender gap in Engineering. These components are a strong economy that is driven by the need for engineers, a culture that encourages and supports the development of women in engineering, and lastly the abundance of engineering opportunities. In this paper I will be using Qatar as a case study for my arguments because I believe that Qatar managed to include all three components and the results showed a real decrease in gender gap in engineering. Strong Economy Many studies have been carried out by authors arguing that economic gender inequality is likely to decline with economic growth. Numerous arguments believe that gender discrimination in employment and wages involves extra costs for companies, but in the presence of an economic growth that would limit it (Cuberes & Teignier‐Baqué 4). In addition some authors carried out studies that resulted in data proving that female labor participation increases with income and increases in per capita income lead to reductions in gender inequality (Cuberes & Teignier‐Baqué 11). A relevant case study for these arguments...
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...contribute to other students in the subject of Women in Management later. Throughout the writing of the thesis, I would like to thank several people that have been essential for conducting to my work. First and foremost, I would like to thank my beloved supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Khairudin Damhoeri for being supportive and for his valuable advices. Secondly, I would like to send a special gratitude to my respondent Puan Nor Rubaiha Mohamed Nor, CEO of Yayasan UEM, UEM Group Berhad. Last but not least, a special thanks goes to my husband, family and friends for putting a smile on my face every single day. ABSTRACT The topic of the thesis is Women in Leadership and Management. This essay concerns the subject of thesis work is to make research of women leadership attributes and management styles. In order to get clearer details about that, I have made some investigations or researches on women leadership starting from definition of it, followed by the data collection in order to strengthen the research topic. Data shows that women continue to increase their share of managerial positions but unfortunately the rate of progress is slow and uneven. Therefore, I decided to examine the barriers experienced by a woman leader and how a woman managerial approach, such as transformational leadership style, can be effective for organization to reach their goals. It is so obvious that leadership is normally dominated by men. While women have some advantages and disadvantages, also...
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...Vol. 9, No. 2, (Fall 2013) 09-22 Women Empowerment Through Microcredit: Step Towards Alleviating Feminization of Poverty Sara Wali Qazi* Sindh Madressatul Islam University (SMIU) Karachi Dr. Manzoor Isran* SZABIST Karachi Dr. Samina Isran* Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Dr. Nadeem A. Syed* SZABIST Karachi ABSTRACT Purpose - The study explores and evaluates the women‟s experiences with microcredit facility for the purpose of women empowerment. While there is a mutual understanding and general consensus on closer nexus between women empowerment and microcredit, women are disempowered for variety of reasons such as lacks of financial resources, being a member of patriarchy society, misinterpreted religious concepts about her role and position in the society, and cultural restraints. However, microcredit, globally promoted as a “miracle cure” for the financially weak, especially women who face so many problems accessing microcredit for variety of reason, which have been discussed in detail in this study. Methodology/Sample - This is qualitative study with inductive approach, and interpretive philosophy which allow the existence of multiple subjective perspectives and construction of knowledge. Women who availed microcredit from microfinance institutions (MFIs) were selected for the research study. The data was congregated through in-depth interviews and stopped at saturation level. Through phenomenological analysis, women lived experiences were analyzed. Findings...
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...Institution: Date of Submission: Introduction Feminism is the belief that men and women are of equal worth and should be treated equally despite the gender. Feminism has evolved from the years. The current generation, Generation Y has a different perspective of females than the former generations. There have been three major waves of feminism evolution. The first wave was in the 1800s, women were not allowed to vote or participate in any public or political opinions. During this time, women demanded their right to vote. The second wave of feminism developed in the 1960s where females of certain marginalized groups (working class women, blacks and prisoners) felt they weren't being treated equally and fairly like men and upper-class women. The civil rights activist fought very much for their rights during this time. However, not a lot resulted during this wave which led to the third wave of feminism evolution. The third wave developed to improve the second wave short comings. This is the new generation of feminists who know their rights and what gender equality is. Society generally favored men hence the need for social movements towards females rights to be heard. Feminism and Criminology Feminist criminology evolved during the time women were being judged on their gender rather than the type they committed. Gender inequality is basically due to men trying to control women and their sexuality. Feminists insist that sexism is the most common form of human...
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...Between men and women, there is a concept that exists called gender roles. Gender roles are the expectations given t each man and woman that outline how they should act. An example of this, to state clearer, is a man acting more assertive and a woman acting more nurturing. With these roles also comes something identified as gender stereotypes; Gender stereotypes are fixed ideas about what men and women do. For instance, saying that all men are the breadwinners and all women are housewives. Although these terms are seemingly quite similar, actually, they’re quite difference. Gender roles (although) they link with how men and women are supposed to act, they are respectful explanations describing men and women. They do not offend, unlike gender...
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...concerning this article should be addressed to Mahnaz Zhaleh, Department of Foreign Languages, Islamic Azad University of Isfahan. E-mail: ghalamgostar@gmail.com Abstract This is a quantitative study aim to examine gender differences in text messages sending by cell phones. 20 young girls and 20 young boys aging 20 to 28 participated this study and 150 text messages sent by girls to their female friends and relatives and 150 text messages sent by young boys to their male friends and relatives were randomly selected. All data were then categorized based on their senders' genders, contents, topics and styles. Finally, data were examined and compared based on study above said variables. The results indicated that females use more emotional and formal addressing terms when starting their communication in text messages by cell phones. They also use more emotional expresses. Moreover, girls send more acknowledgement messages. Men mostly send jokes and use informal terms or no term to address their communication partners. They also send shorter messages rather than females. Girls send more daily messages while boys prefer to use voice calls in the case of long time communications. The results of this study can shed lights for psychologists, sociologists and sociolinguists to develop their studies on human behaviors and gender differences. Key words: Gender differences, S.M.S messaging, cell phone, style and content Gender Differences in style and content of S.M.S Since 1992...
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...redundancy. Do not use slang, jargon, or foreign words. It only confuse your listener, you also avoid euphemisms that can create subtle ideas. Above all avoid self–favorite words. In this world of complex individual men and women are two distinct creatures, who actually had opposite expressions, ideas and choice of words. This is the main reason why conflicts arise. A lot of studies show the diversity of men to women. To start with let us explore the languages each one utilizes. Facilitating better connotation between sexes, doesn’t mean that men need to completely change their behaviors or that women need to change, but in order to improve communication and have more harmonious relationship and effective work environment, we each have to work harder to understand and respect our differences. The men speak “menglish” women say “it’s a girl thing“. It may sound the same the same but words and phrases have entirely different meanings thus leading to catastrophic communication issues between the sexes Men and women actually have their own unique languages But you can learn how to approach and respond to , in a way that will bring you into synch , and closer together. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The researcher will determine the effectiveness of language of men and women: Specifically it attempts to answer the following...
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...is a form of bullying or coercion of a sexual nature. The effect of sexual harassment differs from person to person and depends on the severity of the incidence, but in all the cases is affects the well-being of a person and environment of an organization negatively. This form of intimidation is not new in Australian workplace. NSW Tribunal Observation says that “a person is sexually harassed if he or she is subjected to unsolicited and unwelcome sexual conduct by a person who stands in a position of power in relation to him or her”. [O’Callaghan v Loder (no 2) [1983] 3 NSW LR 89 at 92] The Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) makes sexual harassment unlawful. Sexual harassment continues to be a gender issue where one third of the women have experienced some kind of harassment from the age of 15 compared to one in ten men. (AHRC 2008 National Survey finidings) Nearly one in five complaints received by the Australian Human Rights Commission under theSex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) relate to sexual harassment. The vast majority of these take place in the workplace.2 (Australian Human Rights Commission, 'Annual Report 2006-2007') A telephone poll commissioned by the Commission in 2003 found that over 28 per cent of women had experienced sexual harassment in the workplace, compared to seven per cent of men. Less than one third of interviewees from the Commission's telephone survey who experienced sexual harassment in the workplace made a formal report or complaint about the sexual...
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...WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND EDUCATION Introduction The domain of entrepreneurship education is now faced with ever more interesting choices about what to be, who to serve and from what principles to profess. Opportunities and challenges in teaching and training related to globalization, technology, political organization and shifting demographics and social views have created entirely new understandings of what is important and where attention should be directed. Entrepreneurship is exciting and valued and most agree that while academics and others can’t help every person to be an entrepreneur, but can help those who are interested with tools, skill acquisition and ideas. The emergence and growth of women-owned businesses have contributed to the global economy and to their surrounding communities. The presence of women around the world driving small and entrepreneurial organizations has had a tremendous impact on employment and on business environments worldwide. Women-owned firms comprise between one-quarter and one-third of all the businesses in the formal economy, and are expected to play an even larger role in informal sectors (Delaney, 2002). Entrepreneurship refers to an individual’s ability to turn ideas into action. It includes creativity, innovation and risk taking, as well as the ability to plan and manage projects in order to achieve objectives. To achieve success, growth and employment, we need to stimulate the entrepreneurial mindsets of young women, encourage...
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...expectancy between men and women Latesha Mays Dr. Davis SOCI 402 May 9, 2006 Differences 2 Reasoning for differences of life expectancy between women and men In most countries the life expectancy at birth of women is longer than that if men. Historically it has been assumed that this was generally due to biological reasons. But on the basis of my graveyard data which consisted of 50 cases of people from High Point North Carolina, tables and graphs, the relationship between race, gender, and average age of death are summarized with four empirical generalizations that I got from the data. I will only present three to adequately summarize the data because only three have similar commonalities to express why women live longer than men. The first empirical generalization was on the basis of the gender table. The data showed that males have a 36 percent average age of death and females have a 64 percent average age of death and therefore males have 28 percentage points lower average age of death than females. The second empirical generalization was on the basis of the race and gender graph. In this graph females had a higher median age of death than any other category. The last empirical generalization expresses a graph that shows the data of race and sex. The data showed that white females have a significantly higher median age of death than men and black females, as well as black females had a higher average than men. The paradigms I choose...
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...This study is to focus on the attitudes of the community towards violence against women, this study introduce: * the origin of domestic violence, * the definition of domestic violence against women, * how it affects the society, * forms of domestic violence , * the cause of domestic violence * A Review of Literature is to emphasize on the importance of the attitudes of the community towards the topic, the determinant, the suggested improvements and the limitations. This study will also conclude what is to be done to improve the attitudes of the community. Personal experiences and perspective The concern of this topic has sparked my interests as a Marketing student due to the recent reports of inhuman violent acts against women in India that has raised commotion all over the country, however this report is not pin-pointing at any countries, but as a general subject. You need also to link your topic and your personal experience to the theoretical perspectives (epistemologies and paradigms) that were discussed in class. Domestic Violence against Women The status of women has been seen as unequal to the status of men in terms of authority, opportunity as well as independence. Although the society has reached a tremendous change from degradation (1990s) to a position of equality (2000s), Violence against women which is defined as “an act of gender-based violence that results in, physical, sexual or psychological harm, or suffering to women including...
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