...Mental Rotation: The Effect of Orientation towards the Reaction Time in Determining the Version of Letter UNIMKL- 012480 University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus Abstract This study is the replication of Cooper and Shepard’s (1973) study on mental rotation. This experiment is mainly designed to investigate a) the relationship between the angles of rotation of the alphabetical characters and the reaction time to determine whether the letter presented is normal or reversed position and b) whether the mean of the correlation coefficient is significantly greater than zero. A group of fifty- five first year undergraduate students who are studying Psychology course were recruited in the within- subjects experiment. In this experiment, the participants were showed the alphabetical characters (capital letter G and R) in both normal and reversed position in which oriented at different angles of rotation, the participants were required to determine whether the letter presented was in normal or reversed version as accurate and quickly as they can. The results obtains showed that the reaction time increases as the angle of rotation larger and the mean of the correlation coefficient was significantly greater than zero. Thus, this study suggesting that the orientation does affect the reaction time and correlate each other. Keywords: mental rotation, mental imagery, orientation, correlation coefficient, alphabetical characters, normal, reversed The Effect of Orientation towards the...
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...Abstract Mental rotation is a spatial task that involves the ability to mentally retain an object and rotate it in space. The purpose of this experiment was to replicate that of previously published studies like that of Shaperd and colleague to obtain the typical mental rotation effect. The independent variable in this experiment was the degree of rotation and the dependent variable was the response time. Participants were 14 male and 22 female undergraduate students who attended Douglas College, who were recruited from a 2nd year introductory cognitive psychology course. The task was to determine, as quickly as possible, whether two shapes, one of which was rotated to a certain degree relative to the orientation of the other shape, were the same or different. There was a minimum of 70 trials. For each pair of "same" and "different" stimuli, five trials were presented for each rotation angle. Only response times for which the participants were correct were used. The curve for the same shape stimuli is nearly a straight line except for the final degree of rotation. The curve for different shapes varied consistently with changes in rotation. The results of this study demonstrated the hypothesis that reaction time will increase as the angle of rotation increases. It demonstrates that people can mentally rotate images and it takes more time to react when the degrees of rotation increase. Mental Rotation Effect Mental rotation is a spatial task that involves the ability...
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...describe what the home looks like. Anderson (2010) defined mental imagery as the processing of perceptual information without an external source. Visual imagery is the brain’s way of processing information as if the individual is actually seeing it; whereas, verbal imagery is the processing of information as if the individual is saying or describing the information. Visual and verbal imagery can use cognitive maps to make sense of his or her environment. A careful analysis of visual and verbal imagery allows an individual to draw conclusions about which form of imagery is important to them. Types of Imagery Visual Imagery Visual imagery is activated within the individual’s occipital cortex area (Fery, 2003). Motor actions require individuals to assess the size and shape of objects; thus, visual imagery provides the positions and movements associated with these tasks (Fery, 2003). Fery (2003) conducted an experiment in which individuals were shown a movement and were required to imagine the movement. The individuals were asked to draw the movement in which they had seen (Fery, 2003). The results confirmed visual imagery is appropriate when individuals are required to replicate a drawing (Fery, 2003). This particular drawing required the individuals to focus on length discrimination (Fery, 2003). Visual imagery allows individuals to construct a mental image of an object, person, or place. The construction of these mental images allows individuals to coordinate between his or her...
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...peer-reviewed articles, in addition to the course text. Imaginations allow individuals to use information and construct his or her own ideas. For example, individuals can imagine what his or her dream home looks like. This individual can see the home and describe what the home looks like. Anderson (2010) defined mental imagery as the processing of perceptual information without an external source. Visual imagery is the brain’s way of processing information as if the individual is actually seeing it; whereas, verbal imagery is the processing of information as if the individual is saying or describing the information. Visual and verbal imagery can use cognitive maps to make sense of his or her environment. A careful analysis of visual and verbal imagery allows an individual to draw conclusions about which form of imagery is important to them. Types of Imagery Visual Imagery Visual imagery is activated within the individual’s occipital cortex area (Fery, 2003). Motor actions require individuals to assess the size and shape of objects; thus, visual imagery provides the positions and movements associated with these tasks (Fery, 2003). Fery (2003) conducted an experiment in which individuals were shown a movement and were required to imagine the movement. The individuals were asked to draw the movement in which they had seen (Fery, 2003). The results confirmed visual imagery is appropriate when individuals are required to replicate a drawing (Fery, 2003). This particular drawing required...
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...Mental Rotation: The Effect of Orientation towards the Reaction Time in Determining the Version of Letter UNIMKL- 012480 University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus Abstract This study is the replication of Cooper and Shepard’s (1973) study on mental rotation. This experiment is mainly designed to investigate a) the relationship between the angles of rotation of the alphabetical characters and the reaction time to determine whether the letter presented is normal or reversed position and b) whether the mean of the correlation coefficient is significantly greater than zero. A group of fifty- five first year undergraduate students who are studying Psychology course were recruited in the within- subjects experiment. In this experiment, the participants were showed the alphabetical characters (capital letter G and R) in both normal and reversed position in which oriented at different angles of rotation, the participants were required to determine whether the letter presented was in normal or reversed version as accurate and quickly as they can. The results obtains showed that the reaction time increases as the angle of rotation larger and the mean of the correlation coefficient was significantly greater than zero. Thus, this study suggesting that the orientation does affect the reaction time and correlate each other. Keywords: mental rotation, mental imagery, orientation, correlation coefficient, alphabetical characters, normal, reversed The Effect of Orientation towards the...
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...Mental rotation is the process of mentally revolving 3d and 2d figures (or letters) into different spatial orientations and often associated with the judging of ones spacial processing ability as well as a persons level of intelligence. Mental rotation ability is measured by testing the speed and accuracy in which one is able to decipher between which pairs of shapes have been revolved about a central point, and pairs of shapes which are mirrored versions of the initial figure. In 1971, Roger Shepard and Jacqueline Metzler introduced the concept of mental rotation to the field of Cognitive Psychology after performing a series of studies measuring the reaction time and degree of accuracy in which it took participants to recognize whether between a pair of figures, the second shape was identical to the first and had simply been rotated about a point or was a reflected/mirrored version of the original figure. It is my belief that both the reaction time and percentage correct are greatly affected by angular disparity and are negatively correlated as a function of angle. I predict that the highest reaction time and lowest percent of accurate shape identifications will occur when a shape has been mirrored and rotated more than 90 degrees from it’s initial starting point. I believe that there will be both lower reaction time and a higher percent correct when blocks are rotated to a position that has a lower degree of angular disparity when juxtiposed with the original arangement of blocks...
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...affects the descriptive statistics for that distribution. Hemispheric Specialization Purpose: To explain how research on split-brain patients has helped us understand the special abilities of the two halves of the brain. Summary: This activity describes what researchers have learned about the special abilities of the left and right sides of the brain. After a brief review of the way that information is carried from the main sensory channels to the brain, you will test the responses of a simulated “split-brain” patient to demonstrate that, for most right-handers, the main language center is located in the left hemisphere, while the right hemisphere is specialized for spatial tasks. Then you will carry out the same experiments with a simulated “normal” individual to...
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...Mental Health Interview Eben Ezer Lutheran Care Center This week my clinical rotation was at Eben Ezer Lutheran Care center with my medications and psychosocial interview. In this clinical rotation, I had the opportunity to gain more knowledge on different medications and interview a patient with a psychosocial mental illness. The neighbor that I had the privilege of interviewing was M.M. She is a 79-year-old female with dipolar disorder and mild depression. M.M is an extraordinary neighbor with so much enjoyment in life. She was diagnosed with this illness on September 19,2016. According to the charts at Eben Ezer, the do not do any behavior assessment due to no outbreaks of behavioral problems. This patient current medical history was unknown...
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...Inhibition Versus Incubation for Overcoming Mental Fixation: A Review Alyssa Di Mauro The University of Southern Mississippi Abstract This paper reviews current literature on mental fixation and how it can be overcome. The first paper looks at inhibition processes as a means to aid in creating problem solving. The second paper uses an incubation period as an alternative method for aiding in creative problem solving. Overall, both methods proved to be effective for understanding how to overcome mental fixation. All experiments explained in these two studies resulted in support of the researchers’ original hypotheses. This literature expands on some key concepts in problem solving and creativity discussed in Dr. Huff’s Cognitive Psychology...
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...implicit memory is intact and explicit memory is impaired. Examiners administered a mental rotation task, in which H.M. had to rotate certain letters (R, F, or L) mentally and decide whether the letter presented through a computer screen was mirror-reversed, or not. As a part of this task, he had to choose between two buttons labeled either “normal” or “reversed”. H.M. was able to practice this task for two days, and was tested at different timepoints. Two-three weeks after the initial testing, his results indicated that he significantly improved on the task; his reaction time for all three letters were at their shortest time, and he made fewer errors. His results in this task demonstrated that his implicit memory was still intact. However, he failed to remember what the computer was, and its function. Furthermore, he claimed not to know how to perform the task several times, but was able to perform it when presented with it. 6. Give 2 examples of a loss of H.M's anterograde episodic memory. (1) Although H.M. visited the M.I.T. throughout 20 years, he had no recollection of the people who experimented on him regularly if he met them after his operation. (2) He could not remember his 60th birthday party when asked about it later, demonstrating that he could not store or recall episodic memories. 7. What can you say about his anterograde semantic memories? There were few experiments done to test H.M.’s ability to encode and store semantic memories. He was tested on his...
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...science; steps in scientific method Naturalistic and laboratory settings Case studies and surveys Correlational technique Experimental approach and terms Placebo and the experimenter effects Conducting a real experiment Ethical concerns in conducting research Principles of critical thinking LO 1.1 Definition and goals of psychology What is Psychology? • Psychology - scientific study of behavior and mental processes. • Behavior - outward or overt actions and reactions. • Mental processes - internal, covert activity of our minds. • Psychology is a science • Prevent possible biases from leading to faulty observations • Precise and careful measurement Menu LO 1.1 Definition and goals of psychology Psychology’s Four Goals 1. Description • • • What is happening? Why is it happening? Theory - general explanation of a set of observations or facts Will it happen again? How can it be changed? 2. Explanation 3. Prediction • • 4. Control Menu LO 1.2 Structuralism and functionalism Structuralism • Structuralism - focused on structure or basic elements of the mind. • Wilhelm Wundt’s psychology laboratory • Germany in 1879 • Developed the technique of objective introspection – process of objectively examining and measuring one’s thoughts and mental activities. • Edward Titchener • Wundt’s student; brought structuralism to America. • Margaret Washburn • Titchener’s student; first woman to earn a Ph.D. in...
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...The PsychSim5 Activities PsychSim 5: PSYCHOLOGY’S TIMELINE Name: Abdul Hasssan Section: 6 Date: This activity will take you on a tour through the history of psychology. You will learn how psychology grew out of philosophy and medical physiology, and will become acquainted with some of the pioneers of psychology as a scientific discipline. Famous Psychologists Can you think of any famous psychologists from psychology’s history? The Early History: Philosophers and Scientists Match each of the philosophers and scientists with their descriptions AND write in the approximate year of their contribution. ______ Aristotle (______) 320 b.c. A. British philosopher, empiricist ______ Darwin (______) 360 b.c. B. Greek philosopher, nativist ______ Descartes (______) 1600 C. British biologist ______ Helmholz (______) 1700 D. German physiologist ______ Locke (______) 1830 E. French philosopher, nativist, and dualist ______ Plato (______) 1860 F. Greek philosopher, empiricist Pioneers of Psychology Match each of the pioneers of psychology with their descriptions AND write in the approximate year of their main contribution. ______ Calkins (______) 1879 A. Studied memory ______ Ebbinghaus (______) 1882 B. First psychotherapy ______ Freud (______) 1885 C. First lab in USA ______ Hall (______) 1888 D. Used introspection ______ James (______) 1890 E. First comprehensive textbook ...
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...科技文体翻译 – Practice Translation Exercise (Please translate the example sentences/paragraphs into English or Chinese where necessary.) 1 ．被动语态。 翻开任何一页科技文献，都可找到一定数量的被动语态，这正是科技英语的显著特征的表现：客观、真实，拒绝主观和臆断。 英语中，尤其在科技英语文体中，被动语态使用范围很广。这种语态能更客观、准确地描述事物的发展和变化。在汉语中，被动语态的使用范围有限，更多使用主动语态。在英译汉时，一般说来，大部分英语被动语态要译成汉语主动句、无主句、判断句，有时也译成被动语态，尤其是原文表示强调时。 |The machines should be handled with great care. |我们需要好好处理这些机器。 | |The results of the experiment should be plotted on a graph. |应该把实验结果用一个图表展示出来。 | |If there had not been any air in the cooling system, the temperature could |如果在冷冻系统里面没有任何空气，那么温度也不可能保持这么低。 | |not have been kept so low. | | |If air is passed through a drying agent, the moisture will be removed. |空气通过干燥器以后，能把湿气消除。 | 2 ．非谓语动词结构。 在科技英语中使用非谓语动词结构可以更好、更准确地描述各个事物之间的关系，事物的位置和状态的变化。 |Today computers are widely used in solving mathematical problems having to |现今，电脑在解决一些必须处理的天气预报的数学问题得到广泛应用。 | |do with weather forecast. | | |Non-mobile robots, capable of learning to perform an industrial task and |那些有能力学习工业任务操作，可以一直工作不知疲倦的非移动机器人，夏娜在已经...
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...There was an accident happened on HMAS Dechaineux when 55 sailors were 20 seconds from sinking to the bottom of the ocean two years ago when the submarine was flooded off the coast of Perth. It began when water flooded into the submarine's lower engine room after a seawater hose failed as the Dechaineux was at its deepest diving depth. Dechaineux crew members managed to stop the flood and rescue Seaman Geordie Bunting from the engine room. Internal factors: - Inefficient submariners, three of the six 45-crew submariners are non-operational. - High requirements: Include: 1. High standard of physical fitness (as table show) most of them are not easy to achieve. 2. Technical skills and an unique mental resourcefulness: sailors in both technical skills and an unique mental resourcefulness that enable them to endure being submerged for months at a time in close quarters. 3. Personel charateristics: submariners must be introverted and extroverted, meaning they must be able to build a close-knit camaraderie with fellow crew members, as well as being able to cope mentally with their confined environment Initiatives - Permit women eligible to serve as submariners - Offer potential disability allowance, and make the pay well and more attractive - Improve the recruitment process by giving more information on the job and lifestyle for newcomers as a submariner - The depth at which the accident occurred will be the maximum depth of submarine fleet is now capable...
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...PERCEIVED VALUES: FACE TO FACE VS. VIRTUAL TRAINING MSA 600 Foundations of Research Methods in Administration Central Michigan University Submitted by: Gregory X. Brown Project Instructor: Dr. Marty Meloche Submission Date: 10 August 2015 Table of Contents Page Number List of Tables ii List of Figures ii Chapter 1 Problem Definition 3 Chapter 2 Literature Review 10 Chapter 3 Research Methodology 21 Chapter 4 Data Analysis Future Chapter 5 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations Future Definition of Terms Future References Pages 29 Appendix A Permission to Conduct Study Chapter 1: Problem Definition Background Over the last decade Soldiers in the Headquarters Company of the 710th Brigade Support Battalion, 10th Mountain Division (HHC, 710th BSB) have deployed several times throughout the Middle East in support of combat operations. The way that Soldiers have trained has changed over that time. Training has shifted from a hands-on platform to more virtual world. Since the mid-2000s, the Soldiers of HHC, 710th BSB, 3/10 MTN have been prepared to execute combat operations based on the training that has been spearheaded by the Non Commissioned Officers (NCOs). Army Directorate Publication 7-0 (ADP 7-0) is a manual that describes the appropriate way to conduct unit training. According to ADP 7-0 “unit training is the Army’s life- blood and the NCOs are the...
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