...Empirical Corporate Finance * Table of Content Table of Content i 1 The Porsche Takeover 1 2 FPL Case 3 2.1 Expected Reaction of Stock Price 3 2.1.1 The Modigliani/Miller Theorem 3 2.1.2 The Tax Theory of Dividends 4 2.1.3 The Signaling Theory of Dividends 5 2.1.4 Agency Costs 5 2.1.5 Theory of Dividends Based on Tax Clienteles 6 2.2 Chart in the Light of Previous Theories 7 3 Elton and Gruber (1970): “Marginal Stock Holders tax Rates and the Clientele effect”, Review of Economics and Statistics 52, p. 68-74 8 3.1 Investors’ Marginal Tax Rate 8 3.2 Ex-Dividend Price Decline 8 3.3 Equal Tax Rates 9 4 Reference List 9 Allen, F., Bernardo, A.E., & Welch, I. (2000). A theory of dividends based on tax 9 clienteles. The Journal of Finance, 55(6), S. 2499-2536 9 * The Porsche Takeover To answer the question it has to be distinguished between common stocks (ordinary shares) and preferred stocks: Common stock (ordinary stock) can be defined as a “security representing ownership of a corporation” (Brealey, Myers, & Allen, 2011, p. 913). In this context ownership means “the right to the cash flows and the right to take all financing, and investment decisions, and full cash flow and full control rights”. Preferred stock on the other hand can be defined as a “stock that takes priority over common stock in regard to dividends. Dividends may not be paid on common stocks unless dividend is paid on all preferred stocks. The dividend...
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...Globalization diversifies markets for vehicle manufactures where regions like Japan, North America and Western Europe are established big manufactures with over 18 vehicle manufactures across the board. This accounts for almost 90 percent of vehicle produced thus a scramble for available markets, attention now turns to upcoming economies like Russia, Latin America and Eastern Europe, Governments in developing economies aware of the value of their prospective growth auction off their market share to the highest bidders, like BMW, this investors hoping to increase manufacturing capacities so as to build their intended market bid away their economic returns and in so doing multiply the overcapacity problem on a large scale (Griffin & Pustay 2009). Risks involved in venturing into new markets weigh in and most companies aware of the consequences of losing a market place bid, this either plays out in the company over bidding or throwing in the towel and losing the market. Differentiation Successful ECO-Specialties must emphasize their differentiation. Differentiation means that the marketing mix is distinct from and better than what is available from the competitor; product differentiation is the core to a healthy market share. An abundance of option for the vehicle buyers exists with vehicle models with almost similar functional characteristics, BMW is now forced to manufacture unique products for a particular region at a point in time, and this is to cope with tastes and fickle...
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...manufacturing hubs in China, India and ASEAN,” said Dave Schoch, group vice president and president, Ford Asia Pacific” (Ford Motor Company, 2013). With these expectations there will need to be some changes to be monitored. The changes in the automotive industry can be broken down into the following areas. There are new companies entering the market, mergers and acquisitions and globalization that affect pricing and sustainability of profits. There are government policies and regulations, currently and in the future, that will affect the industry. With global competition there will be decisions made by management that will change the way we compete in the industry in the future. New Companies Entering Market Major issues to consider with the many companies entering the automotive market are the many forms of mergers and acquisitions and opportunities that will become available. The slight difference between an acquisition and a merger is that a purchase of a company via an acquisition results in new ownership by the purchaser and the original company no longer in existing. In a merger that is not necessarily the case. A merger is the...
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...2 2 2 4 5 5 6 8 8 10 12 12 15 16 17 18 3 Strategy Planning 3.1 3.2 Overall Strategy Strategy 2018 4 Business Risk Analysis 4.1 4.2 Porter’s Five Forces Resources and Capabilities 5 Financial Risk Analysis 5.1 5.2 Key Financial Figures Risks 6 7 8 SWOT-Analysis Conclusion References 1 Business Strategy & International Management 1. Introduction Whenever you visit another country and you say that you come from Germany on of the first things you ever hear is “Germany, oh I like German cars” and then they say e.g. BMW, Mercedes or Audi. That shows that German cars are not really German cars, instead they are world cars, produced and sold in countries all over the world. In my case I choose the Volkswagen Group because it is the biggest German car manufacturer and the second largest in the world. Moreover the strategy of Volkswagen is to be the largest car manufacturer until 2018. To reach this goal it is very important to understand the globalized world to compete with their competitors in a more and more competitive environment. Furthermore it is very important to show attention to emerging markets to increase the company’s sales especially when some markets like America and Europe are satisfied. In this report I want to analyze the Volkswagen Group. First of all I give a short overview over the Volkswagen Group and look back to the beginnings of this successful company. After that I want to...
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...|University of Wisconsin-Madison | |School of Business | |Business Strategy MHR 723 | |Monday evening 6:15 -9:00 | |Spring 2008 | Ms. Lori Cross Telephone : (608) 298-0058 Mobile : (608) 692-2000 e-Mail : lcross@bus.wisc.edu or lj_cross@msn.com Office : Grainger 4281 Office Hours : 4 - 6 (before scheduled classes) by appointment Course Description and Objectives Few leaders would disagree that a firm’s performance is directly linked with their chosen strategy and their ability to implement that strategy. Traditionally, books and articles on strategy have focused on the development of a strategic plan, based on situational and competitive analyses and forward-looking forecasts. In today’s world, these traditional methods are no longer sufficient to address rapidly changing environments and the challenge of executing global strategies. This course will explore...
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...Case Study # 7: BMW Automobiles INTRODUCTION PROBLEM BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Pestel Analysis Political * Geopolitical tensions and concerns about oil supplies, added to the uncertainty about the political environment due to war. * Employment laws vary in Europe, US and Asia. Economical * The financial crisis reduces the disposable income of consumers. * Taxes imposed by governments due to car’s emissions. * Equity prices fell. * Oil price went up so the derived product’s prices when up as well. Social * BMW have diversified into many different markets and countries meaning that they are dealing with different cultures, expectations, values and incomes. * Customers’ predisposition to select design and prefer brand appeal. Technological * BMW has had to invest in technology in order to maintain its competitive advantage and be able to offer high quality vehicles. * Developing eco-friendly technologies. Environmental * CO2 emission laws * Development of eco-friendly vehicles Legal * CO2 emission laws * Taxation laws in the countries where BWM has presence. As a result from the PESTEL Analysis we can conclude that BMW will require a good marketing plan to preserve their market position. Also, their employees will need to have to skills to develop sustainable technology; they will need to have the knowledge of the current legislation and how to implement it. We can conclude as well that...
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...General: Process of attaining close and seamless coordination between several departments, groups, organizations, systems, etc. 2.Companies: Merger of two or more firms resulting in a new legal entity. 3.Contracts: Amalgamation of two or more agreements into one contract that serves as a full expression of the intent of the contracting parties. A term used to describe the use of the Internet to replace physical components of a company with information. A business engaged in virtual integration owns only their brand and their clients. This eliminates the need to physically produce, ship or handle any products as they are now outsourced. Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/virtual-integration.html#ixzz3EphPUex0 ://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/integration.html#ixzz3EpfP12T2 DEFINITION of 'Vertical Integration' When a company expands its business into areas that are at different points on the same production path, such as when a manufacturer owns its supplier and/or distributor. Vertical integration can help companies reduce costs and improve efficiency by decreasing transportation expenses and reducing turnaround time, among other advantages. However, sometimes it is more effective for a company to rely on the expertise and economies of scale of other vendors rather than be vertically integrated. INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS 'Vertical Integration' Backward and forward integration are types of vertical integration. A company that expands backward...
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...Company Overview Industry Analysis Porter Five Force Model Analysis We will define BMW’s industry as the luxury and exclusive car industry which is a specific sector of the automobile industry. This market refers to automobiles that provide pleasant or desirable features beyond the necessary need. The additional value can be reflected in the equipment, performance, comfort, design, status and prestige that the product supplies. Threat of new entrants: The threat of new entrants to the luxury car industry is relatively low. In order to enter the automotive market, an enormous amount of capital is required. Besides capital, a new firm that is interested in entering the market needs to conduct in-depth research beforehand. An entering firm would need a tremendous amount of implicit and explicit knowledge in order to design and manufacture a product that has never been presented or offered before. An automobile manufacturing facility is very specific and specialized; therefore in the event of a failure or malfunction, the cost of repair is extensive. Brand equity is an additional barrier to entry. Exclusive high quality luxury car brands have established extremely high brand equity- value over time. This is one of the main reasons why the public is willing to pay premium price for it. Although the barriers to this exclusive market are substantial, there are various ways around this obstacle. Companies who are well established in the automobile sector may enter the new...
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...April TRAINING EXECUTIVE EXECUTIVE BUSINESS SIMULATION MARKET RESEARCH MARKET RESEARCH PACKAGE FOR THE EUROPEAN PASSENGER AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY 2009-2010 Release 9 MARKET RESEARCH MARKET RESEARCH PACKAGE FOR THE EUROPEAN CAR INDUSTRY THE EUROPEAN CAR MARKET The European motor industry is the world's largest car market, having exceeded the US market in total units sold (excluding light trucks). It is also an extremely competitive arena. Some of the patterns to emerge from this market over the last few years are listed below. 1. Sales Figures1 Historical and Current The last strong rise in sales was in 1998 (14.3m), continuing into 1999, however, in 2000 sales fell by 2.2% (14.7m) and stayed at this level in 2001. In 2002 sales fell by 3%, 2003 saw an increase of nearly 5% but this was a result of an expanding marketplace, in reality there was another fall of 1% when comparing sales in the same EU member countries. 2004 saw a genuine 2% increase in registrations, remained stable in 2005, showed a substantial 4% rise in 2006 but then the percentage increase dropped to 1% in 2007. In 2008 European car sales figures were easily the worst for over a decade: 14.6m in extended Europe, 13.6m in the core economies, a drop of 8.2% and 8.1% respectively over 2007 figures. Gloomy forecasts for 2009 proved to be well founded with the whole market falling by a further 0.7% to 14.5m, however, the market excluding the new EU countries did show a 0.7% improvement to 13.7m...
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...A Company Analysis Department of Business Administration Autumn 2006 Authors: Hiba Larsson and Christian Falkemark Thesis Adviser: Thomas Polesie Master Thesis, 10 points Abstract Master Thesis in Business Administration School of Economics and Commercial Law Gothenburg University Autumn 2006 Authors: Hiba Larsson and Christian Falkemark Thesis Adviser: Thomas Polesie Title: BMW – A Company Analysis Thesis Language: English Background: The automotive industry is distinguished by a highly competitive market. Thus, the actors on the market struggle with increasing cost of production, development and mature markets. With the aim to increase profit margins and reduce costs, Volkswagen, GM and Ford are some companies, which use the same components in different car models and car brands. These companies have in other words succeeded in synergising research and development effects within the company despite car model and business area. By a contrast, BMW, an individual actor, has yearly shown strong financial results and has retained its market shares. This becomes of interest to study more profoundly, in order to find the factors behind a successful company and a strong brand. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the development of BMW during the past five years. Not only are the financial statements taken into consideration. In addition, a comparison to competitors and the market situation is also made. Delimitation and assumptions: This thesis is delimited to...
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...Executive Summary BMW is an acronym for Bayerische Motoren Werke AG or in English: Bavarian Motor Works. It is a German automotive company brand founded in 1917 with its headquarters in Munich, Bavaria, Germany and is amongst the worlds best automakers known for it’s intriguing - one of the kind designs, quality of engineering, performance and elegance in its fleet of vehicles. BMW Group is also a manufacturing company for motorcycles and engines for aircrafts, bullet- trains and has won the award for the best engines a numerous times in the worldwide automotive industry. The BMW Group also owns and produces vehicles under the brand MINI marquee, motorcycles under BMW Motorrad and Husqyarna and is also the parent company of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars, which are known to be the most luxurious, expensive and hand built vehicles baring not only a heavy price tag but specifically known to have a prestigious status symbol. To insure the company’s stability and expansion, BMW Group has a strong management control that ensures an edge over its competitors in the automotive market. The Group faces constant demands for cost, quality and productivity improvements within shorter product lifecycles, but also face the new challenge of building cars to customer order in short order lead-times and numerous other external and internal environmental factors. This report focuses on BMW’s flexible production and the process of technologies that enable the shift towards achieving a higher market...
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...International marketing Introduction to Global Marketing (polycopié 1) fidéliser les clients : to build customer loyalty un ensemble de : a set of Définition d'un marché : A market is a set of actual and potential customers. Actual customer is the customer that the company already have. One product is design for one market. One product is design for a set of customers. Market are customers. The marketing process : 1 – Analysis => SWOT analysis - company strenghs & weaknesses (internal analysis) - market opportunities & threats (external analysis) 2 – Planification => setting goals => designing strategies 3 – Implementation => implementing Marketing mix strategies 4 Ps : Product, price, place, promotion 4 – Control => making sure strategies have delivered expected results Global marketing Global marketing is the coordination of marketing activities across various countries that satisfy customers needs. To go global : selling products on a worldwide basis. A) Why do firms go global ? Brand image : a set of mental representations that customers have about the brand. Survival and growth - limited growth in domestic markets eg (équivalent de exemple : exempli gracia en latin) : Nestlé - High growth potential in emerging markets emerging markets : have a fast growth eg China's growth rate around 8 %, BRICS Gaining increased competitiveness - Achieving economies...
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...R e se a rc h a n d Stat i s t i c s B r a n c h working paper 16/2009 Impact of the Global Economic and Financial Crisis over the Automotive Industry in Developing Countries UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION RESEARCH AND STATISTICS BRANCH WORKING PAPER 16/2009 Impact of the Global Economic and Financial Crisis over the Automotive Industry in Developing Countries Peter Wad Copenhagen Business School UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna, 2010 This paper was prepared by Peter Wad, UNIDO consultant and backstopped by Nobuya Haraguchi, UNIDO staff member, Research and Statistics Branch, Programme Coordination and Field Operations Division. Iguaraya Saavedra provided administrative support. The designations employed, descriptions and classifications of countries, and the presentation of the material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Secretariat of the UNIDO. The responsibility for opinions expressed rests solely with the authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. Although great care has...
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...Honda in Europe( INTRODUCTION The Honda Motor Company first entered the European market in the early 1960s through the sale of its motorcycles. The company’s motor vehicles were introduced into Europe at a much later date. Honda’s motor vehicle sales in Europe have been relatively poor, especially in the previous five years. Despite its huge success in the North American market, Honda is struggling to gain a significant foothold in the European market. Honda executives wonder why their global strategy is sputtering. Is global strategy just a pipedream, or is something wrong with Honda's European strategy? History of Honda In 1946 Souichiro Honda founded the Honda Technology Institute. The company started as a motorcycle producer and by the 1950s had become extremely successful in Japan. In 1956, Honda entered the US market and was able to position itself effectively, selling small sized motorcycles. In the early 1960s, the company commenced automobile manufacturing and participated in Formula-1 racing (F-1) to assist its technology development. Thanks mainly to its F-1 efforts, Honda became recognized, not only in Japan but in the rest of the world as well, as a technological savvy company. Up to the early 1990s the company had experienced serious organizational mismanagement resulting from tension between the technology side and the marketing-sales side. The situation became so dire, that the technology biased president and founder, Souichiro Honda, was...
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...9-711-015 REV: DECEMBER 13, 2010 GUNNAR TRUMBULL ELENA CORSI ANDREW BARRON Santander Consumer Finance Centralization only makes sense if the final result is better than the simple sum of the parts. — Magda Salarich, CEO, Santander Consumer Finance Introduction On March 25, 2008, Magda Salarich Fernández de Valderrama, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Santander Consumer Finance (SCF), a division of Grupo Santander, looked out across the bank’s shining new campus, the Ciudad Financiera, just south of Madrid. Salarich had been appointed CEO in January 2008 after working for 28 years for the French car producer Citroën, where she had risen through the ranks to the position of international marketing and sales manager for Europe and CEO for Spain. SCF had grown rapidly in the past five years under its former CEO, Juan Rodríguez Inciarte. Salarich’s job would be to chart the way forward for the next ten years. While the United States remained the largest market in the world for consumer finance, the sector had also been growing in the last 20 years within Europe. Inciarte had captured this trend. Under his helm (2002-2008) SCF had grown from a small group of units operating in Spain, Germany and Italy, into one of the largest consumer finance companies. Also, since 2006, Inciarte had invested outside the EU: in the United States, Latin America and Eastern Europe. In four months, Salarich would have to present a new strategy and direction for SCF to Santander’s Chairman...
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