...The discovery of metals People probably discovered how to extract metals from their ores by accident when rocks containing metal were heated with charcoal in fireplaces. A chemical reaction called reduction would have taken place which freed the metal from its ore. The same reaction is still used in blast furnaces to extract iron. The first metals The first metals worked by people were copper, gold and silver, probably because these are found as pure metals. In about 3500 BC, the Sumerians learned how to make bronze by combining copper and tin. Bronze is stronger than the pure metals. Iron was not used until around 1350 BC, probably because it needs much higher temperatures to separate it from its compounds. New metals Up until 1735 AD, the only known metals were copper, silver, gold, iron, mercury, tin, zinc, bismuth, antimony and lead. Aluminium was discovered in 1825. Now scientists can create new metal elements, such as mendelevium, by bombarding atoms with electrons in a particle accelerator, which is a type of nuclear reactor. The atoms break apart under the bombardment, enabling scientists to get a glimpse of their structure. Period | Approximate time (Middle East) | Neolithic Period (Late Stone Age) | 8000 - 4000 BCE | | Chalcolithic Period (Copper Age) | 4000 - 3150 BCE | Egypt: Beads from meteoric iron | Early Bronze Age | 3150 - 2300 BCE | Egypt: Oldest bronze (Old Kingdom, from 2700 onwards) | Middle Bronze Age | 2200 - 1550...
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...Quality Metal Service Center Case Analysis Company History Quality Metal Service Center was established in the late 1800s as a local metals distribution center. By 1992, it had grown into a national metal distribution company operating in four geographic regions-each of which contained about six districts. The company had experienced rapid sales growth along with the geographic expansion since the 1920s. In 1991, Quality Metal posted sales in excess of $750 million. In March, 1992, the president and CEO, Edward Brown, questioned the effectiveness of the company’s controls. He stated, “I don’t know if our controls have inhibited managers from pursuing our goals of aggressive growth and above-average return on assets, as compared to the industry…” (Anthony & Govindarajan, 2007, p. 300). Anthony and Govindarajan (2007) indicated in the years leading up to the 1990s, the metal distribution industry was “regarded as a mature, highly competitive, and fragmented industry.” There were, however, within the metal industry some important indicators that could enhance the growth potential of the metal service center sector. Anthony and Govindarajan (2007) identified three trends within the industry. One was the steel mill’s retrenchment. Product lines had been dropped, customer service staff had been reduced and specialty products were eliminated. The second trend included the implementation of a “just-in-time” inventory management system. Metal users reduced costs...
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...forming process to achieve more precise shape. In metal forming, transformation to desire shape is done at solid state and usually required high forces. If the temperature is below crystallization temperature, it is called ‘cold work’. Large force is applied such that the material flows and takes the desired shape. These processes are normally used for large scale production rates. It is also generally economical and many cases improve the mechanical properties. Some of the metals forming process are rolling, forging, extrusion, drawing, sheet metal forming and bending. In fabrication of metal dustbin, below process forming process are involved. a. Sheet Metal Cutting -Sheet metal cutting can be done by shearing operation. Shearing is the mechanical cutting of material without the formation of chips or the use of burning or melting. When sheets of metal are to be sheared along a straight line, squaring shears are frequently used. As the upper ram descends, a clamping bar or set of clamping fingers presses the sheet of metal against the machine table to hold firmly in formation. A moving blade then comes down across a fixed blade and shears the metal. On larger shears, the moving blade is often set at an angle of rocks as it descends, so the cut is made in a progressive fashion from one side of the material to the other, much like a pair of household scissors. b.Bending Bending is the plastic deformation of metals about the linear axis with little or no change in...
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...Introduction A new investment opportunity has arisen, this equity investment would involve becoming a shareholder of a mining proposal. This new venture is to mine precious metals, specifically ore on a property that, until recently was too small to be considered economically viable. Recent developments in technology have enabled the mining of smaller properties, making it cheaper and more economical. This property can be mined for 20 years producing 1,500,000 tonnes, with the expected yield being 0.05 %( for every tonne = 0.5 kilograms of precious metal). A mining engineer estimated equipment and plant at 38 million, and said that they will last for the life of the ore body. Estimated processing costs are $16 per tonne, with selling and administrative costs being $4 million and 1 million per year. Working Capital requires 1 million with an initial investment of $1 million to recover trace materials. This will amount to, 100,000 kilograms a year at 10% of the kilogram price of the precious metal. The mining engineer has spent $100,000 for the property, test drilling, incorporation and solicitation for investors and must be reimbursed. There is a board of directors in place to whom the general manager must report, this board needs to approve the 20-year plan as well as the budget. The board after approving the plan and budget reviews quarterly performance and compares results to the original plans, other than that the general manager has complete autonomy in controlling the...
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...Metal forming is a general term, for a large group, that includes a wide variety of manufacturing processes. Metal forming processes are characteristic in that the metal being processed is plastically deformed in order to shape it into a desired geometry. In order to plastically deform a metal, a force must be applied that will exceed the yield strength of the material. The material actually gets stronger the more it is deformed plastically. This is called strain hardening or work hardening. Many metal forming processes are suitable for processing large quantities (i.e., bulk) of material, and their suitability depends not only upon the shape and size control of the product but also upon the surface finish produced. There are many different metal forming processes and some processes yield a better geometry and surface-finish than some others. Metal forming processes can be classified under two major groups. Bulk deformation processes and sheet metalworking processes. Bulk deformation is characteristic in that the work formed has a low surface area to volume ratio. In sheet metalworking the metal being processed will have a high surface area to volume ratio. Among the bulk Deformation, there are rolling, forging, extrusion and drawing method. Rolling is a metal forming process that deforms the work by the use of rolls. Rolling processes include flat rolling, shape rolling, ring rolling, thread rolling, gear rolling, and the production of seamless tube and pipe by rotary...
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...occurring metals Copper, silver, gold and platinum are the four most un-reactive metals. This means that they do not form compounds and can exist as simple lumps of the metal in the rock. They can be found native. These are easy to extract since they can be mined. Also, you can even find pieces of gold in streams. More reactive metals are not found in lumps and must be extracted from the rocks in which they occur. Roasting in oxygen For all this extraction processes, the rock must first be dug up, crushed, and the impurities removed so that a pure ore remains. The ore of a metal is actually a compound. It is frequently the oxide of the metal, e.g. an iron ore is the compound iron oxide, but it can also be other compounds. The more reactive a metal is, the more difficult it is to extract from its ore. Metals with quite a low reactivity can be extracted by roasting the ore in air. The oxygen in the air reacts with the compound, releasing the metal. Copper and mercury ores can be treated in this way to extract the metal. Carbon reduction Metals with a medium reactivity can be extracted using a process called carbon reduction. This is where the element carbon is used to separate the metal from the ore. Although carbon is not a metal it can act like a metal in a displacement-type reaction. The carbon can come in and take the place of the metal in the ore compound. Electrolysis This process is used for extracting metals with a high reactivity, e.g. the metals from aluminium...
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...The materials, equipment, and processes used in the metal stamping industry have proven to be less costly than the original methods of forming metals and alloys into definite shapes. Metal stamping is the method of bending, clipping, and molding sheet metal or coil metal by stamping and pressing the material into the desired forms. The shaped metal is plated with nickel, tin, or some other metallic elements to protect it from corrosion. The most commonly used metals are steel, aluminum, zinc, and nickel. They are low cost, strong, durable, hard to break, portable, and non-toxic. The precision machining industry in North America has been on the decline due to two factors: the chronic inflation in the price of raw materials and the transportation of same, and a high level of outsourcing to China and India. Outsourcing hasn't struck the metal stamping industry as profoundly thanks to the proximity of the Great Lakes, around which it is concentrated. The fire-and-brimstone...
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...LIQUID METAL EMBRITTLEMENT (LME) RAGHAV MOHAN Graduate Student M.S in Technical Entrepreneurship and Management University of Rochester INTRODUCTION Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) is a phenomenon of practical importance, where certain ductile metals experience drastic loss in tensile ductility or undergo brittle fracture when tested in the presence of specific liquid metals. Generally, a tensile stress or a residual stress is needed to induce embrittlement. Many mechanisms were proposed to explain the phenomenological characteristics of LME. The significance of liquid metal embrittlement is revealed by the practical observation of several structures experiencing ductility losses and cracking during hot dip galvanizing or during subsequent fabrication. Liquid metal embrittlement effects can be observed even in solid state, when one of the metals is brought close to its melting point (e.g. cadmium-coated parts operating at high temperature). This phenomenon is known as solid metal embrittlement. OBSERVATIONS OF LME Mechanical structures are typically a space frame fabricated from parallel large diameter tubes, called chords, cross braced by smaller diameter perpendicular and diagonal tubes(e.g. sign bridge structures over freeway) .After welding, the structure is hot dip galvanized. The hot dip galvanizing process consists of submerging the structure in a bath of molten zinc. This leaves a relatively uniform zinc coating over the entire structure upon...
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...Quality Metal Service Centre lies in the metal distribution industry which is highly competitive and mature. There are fewer companies in this field than those in the retail business or service industry. Quality Metal Service Centre is in the middle of the value chain. They have two major responsibility areas, both internal and external. One issue identified with QSMC is that they have few suppliers to choose from as there only a certain number of metal mills available. With their corporate strategy to focus sales efforts on targeted markets of specialty metal users, they plan to introduce higher technology metals such as titanium however titanium is not readily available on the distributor market. This will not only further limit their selection of suppliers, it will also lose their previously stable base of customers if end user customers when it diminish its participation in the broader commodity product line. Both the bargaining power of suppliers and threat of substitute products to high-technology metals may make the specialised metal industry less profitable. Another weakness with redeploying into higher technology metals is that the rapid development of technology will expense too much cost and further reduce the profits of the company. Research and development cost, patents costs and the changing market in the business environment may be a threat to Quality Metal Service Centre. The organisation structure of QMSC is quite complex. It is decentralised very much on...
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...U.S. is the second largest importer of base metals after China (Indexmundi.com, 2013). It is the third largest exporter of base metals after China and Germany (Indexmundi.com, 2013). We can make the assumption that this makes U.S. a net importer of base metals. Base metals are mainly used as (a) input by manufactures producing consumer goods and (b) for infrastructure projects. They themselves are not demanded directly by consumers. If global prices of base metals were to go up, in theory, the U.S. will first see an impact on the "input" side of the economy (figure 7). Production costs will go up and producers will pass this one to the end consumer (P1 to P2). Raw material price increase will shock the supply to shift left (AS1 to AS2) and negative output gap increases (Y1-Y* to Y2-Y*). With increased prices, aggregate demand will go down. The AD curve will shift down (AD1 to AD2). This will result in a fall of real GDP, increase in the negative output gap (Y3-Y*) and prices may fall somewhat to P3. If there is no supply side change, typically, increases in the negative output gap will cause inflation to go down. The only time inflation increases with increasing negative output gap is when the AS curve shifts left and AD shifts down as well. To substantiate this, the following data has been presented as below, with main emphasis in the 2007-2008 periods: 1. Figure 8a (Research.stlouisfed.org, 2013 and Databank.worldbank.org, 2013) shows that from around 2008 the U...
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...Heavy Metal The music of jazz has come a long way since the very beginning. Its influence on society and politics is unquestionable, and even more so when it comes to its impact on the musical world. If traced back to its origin, one can see that jazz has developed substantially starting from the early country blues and emerging onward to genres such as Dixieland, swing, bebop, cool, hard bop, and free/avant-garde. And like many musical genres, jazz has continued growing within the last few decades, fusing and incorporating musical aspects such as rock ‘n roll, Cuban, soul, Latin, and even “extremes” such as rap and, in particular, the music of heavy metal. The emergence of the fusion of jazz and metal cannot be exactly pinpointed (much like many other genres recorded in history), but it definitely had an origin. Perhaps it started early on with the development of jazz fusion (lead by Miles Davis in the late sixties/early seventies) and heavy metal (lead by the ever famous Black Sabbath) (Scaggs). But in order to comprehend this particularly odd combo, one must understand, or at least be aware of the basic concepts of both genres individually. For those who are not too familiar with the genre, heavy metal is an aggressive form of music, mainly standardized with fast guitar riffs and solos, heavy bass grooves, and fast (or slow), hard drumming patterns. Vocals can consist of growling used to express discontent or anger, but is not necessary to be considered metal. What...
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...became involved with metal detecting as a hobby when it replaced fishing as my main hobby. At first my metal detecting was on parks and similar public places and I had frequent brushes with “authority” in the shape of over-officious park keepers. One such confrontation involved the attendance of a police officer complete with his panda car. The officer admitted that he didn’t have a clue about any laws concerning the use of metal detectors in a public place. Luckily, I had with me a photocopy of an article that had appeared in a metal detecting magazine, explaining the bylaws relating to public parks and metal detecting. After reading this he agreed that if no bylaw to prevent metal detecting existed then none could be contravened; also, that if the criminal law had not been broken my being there was none of his concern. The park keeper was by no means convinced and he left promising to return after consulting with a “higher authority”. After detecting on the park for another three hours he had not returned so it appeared that my foresight in carrying the article with me had paid off....
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...Metal Vs. Hip Hop: A Disagreement Longer than the Afghanistan War They say people who listen to hardcore rock or metal are people who are demonic or “satan worshippers”. They say, “There is no melody: it's just screaming or it’s weird.” Blah blah!! As an African-American female who has a Caribbean background, I am forbidden to listen to “devil’s music”. All the other people who are from my cultural heritage think that it’s “improper” for me to listen to something that’s not what they would like. African-Americans have made many contributions into music like Rap or R&B; if I listen to a different genre, I’m disrespecting my culture. Stereotypes fly high when it comes to my “unhappy music”. Metal has been put off to music for “emo” people or people who are depressed and angry with the world....
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...Heavy Metal as a Social Movement Thorin Shafer [Social Movements] Dr.Harry Murray Prologue It began in Aston, Birmingham in 1969 with Black Sabbath…. Factory worker and world renowned Guitarist Tony Iommi lost the fingertips of his ring finger and his middle finger on his right hand in a work related accident. Being left handed, this almost prevented him from playing guitar ever again. Instead he found a work around that would prove to be most beneficial for the metal movement that was to take place thereafter. After attempting to play right handed, He tuned his guitar down with lighter strings and used homemade plastic fingertips and created a new sound. After playing with several bands in the early 1960’s, he teamed with Ozzy Osbourne, Geezer Butler and Bill Ward under the moniker Earth. After some controversy with another band who shared the name Earth, in August of 1969 they changed the name of the band to Black Sabbath. This breathed new air into the band and they would go on to be pioneers in The Heavy Metal genre for decades to come. Black Sabbath paved the way for other bands like Motorhead, Deep Purple, and Rainbow. It was these bands that would be influential and play a pivotal role in the lives of the next wave of heavy metal bands that was to come. It started out slowly in 1969 and took a bit of a nosedive in the 1970’s with the disco era, but the 1980’s and the 1990’s would be two decades of aggression that would shape...
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