...- an Cash Management Cash Reducing working capital levels Well-capitalized companies are positioned not only to survive the financial crisis today, but also to emerge victorious and thrive when skies turn blue again. Establishing and adhering to tight working capital standards enables a firm to continue its operations with sufficient funds to both satisfy maturing short-term debt and meet upcoming operational expenses. Liberating Laura Greenberg I t is no surprise that many companies are staggering under the burden of today’s financial crisis. Even the most optimistic executives see no near-term signs of improvement. Cash is tighter than it has been in decades, and we are seeing companies struggling to attain sufficient liquidity during the ongoing credit crunch. Many have already taken action to reduce capital spending across the board, while others are gearing up to do so. www.AFPonline.org AFP Exchange I 49 Copyright ©2009 by the Association for Financial Professionals. All rights reserved in all countries. Cash Management 2008B CTPs & CTPAs Working Capital Management (WCM)—front and center The current financial crisis has elevated decision-making related to working capital and short-term financing to top-of-mind for today’s executives. Although working capital is a simple concept, managing it is made difficult by the complexity of the business around it. A focus on short-term earnings without concurrent discipline on cash and working capital has deflected...
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...optimistic executives see no near-term signs of improvement. Cash is tighter than it has been in decades, and we are seeing companies struggling to attain sufficient liquidity during the ongoing credit crunch. Many have already taken action to reduce capital spending across the board, while others are gearing up to do so. Well-capitalized companies are positioned not only to survive the financial crisis today, but also to emerge victorious and thrive when skies turn blue again. Establishing and adhering to tight working capital standards enables a firm to continue its operations with sufficient funds to both satisfy maturing short-term debt and meet upcoming operational expenses. Cash Management Reducing working capital levels Laura Greenberg Cash Liberating Copyright ©200 9 by the Association for Financial Professionals. All rights reserved in all countries. 50 I AFP Exchange April 2009 2008B CTPs & CTPAs Working Capital Management (WCM)—front and center The current financial crisis has elevated decision-making related to working capital and short-term financing to top-of-mind for today’s executives. Although working capital is a simple concept, managing it is made difficult by the complexity of the business around it. A focus on short-term earnings without concurrent discipline on cash and working capital has deflected the attention of many companies from the basics, where “cash is king.” As a result of the global nature of large organizations— ...
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...Lawrence is that they depend solely on world leading retailer Mayo for the bulk of their revenue and only have two sources for their materials. The problem begins when Mayo Stores decides not to pay on time leading to major cash flow problems downstream. This paper will look at Lawrence’s financial problem and create a working capital policy that will address their cash management needs for the long-term. Situation Analysis Issue and Opportunity Identification Lawrence Sports’ principle customer, Mayo Stores, is having a difficult time paying for the products on time. The current payment arrangement is that Mayo will pay 20% on purchases and 80% the following week. Mayo depends principally on this revenue from Mayo and it finds itself not being able to live up to the agreements made to their agreements to both creditors and suppliers. The only viable option detailed in the scenario is borrowing from Central Bank. Their plan is to borrow a daily loan for any amount to keep the account minimum of $50,000. Lawrence has reached the maximum amount that can be borrowed, which is $1.2 million. Lawrence cannot afford to keep using the bank to bail them out during the low peak times of cash conversion usually occurring in the last few weeks of March. Using Central Bank to finance their operations has negative consequences. First, Lawrence has to come up with $1.2 million at 16% interest to bring the total to...
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...operations of MNCs and issues surrounding these corporations. Hedging Transaction Exposure Four of the Hedging Techniques Available To MNCs Hedging simply means minimizing or mitigating the effect of the exchange rate exposure. This risk is of three types namely, translation exposure, economic exposure and transaction exposure (Luo, 2001). A transaction exposure is a form of foreign exchange risk which results to loss or gains when operations are carried out or denominated in foreign currency (Hill, 2005). It is a short-term exposure that arises as a result of fluctuations in exchange rates. To mitigate or hedge the effects of this risk, an MNC can use any of the following four techniques. When selecting the method to apply, MNCs compare the expected cash flow from each one of these. A).Futures Hedge- to lock in the future exchange rate, a futures hedge uses currency futures. For smaller amounts of money, standardized futures...
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...makes periodic payments to a trustee who retires part of the issue by purchasing the bonds in the open market. From the investor's point of view, a sinking fund adds safety to a corporate bond issue: with it, the issuing company is less likely to default on the repayment of the remaining principal upon maturity since the amount of the final repayment is substantially less. This added safety affects the interest rate at which the company is able to offer bonds in the marketplace. 2. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERT AND CPM MODEL: CPM and PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) are most commonly used methods for project management. There are some similarities and differences between PERT and CPM. PERT can be applied to any field requiring planned, controlled and integrated work efforts to accomplish defined objectives. On the other hand, CPM (Critical Path Method) is the method of project planning consisting of a...
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...PROGRAMME STRUCTURE FOR ISBE (PG) |S No |Subject |Credit | |1. |Business Statistics |3 | |2. |Operations & Optimization Research |3 | |3. |Economics for Managerial Decision Making – II |2 | |4. |Management Information System & KM |2 | |5. |Human Resource Management |2 | |6. |Financial Management |2 | |7. |Executive Communication |6 | |8. |National Economic Planning – I (Presentation Only) |2 | |9. |National Economic Planning - II |2 | BUSINESS STATISTICS (As per University...
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...South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics 2 (2006) 129-146 EXCHANGE RATE RISK MEASUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT: ISSUES AND APPROACHES FOR FIRMS MICHAEL G. PAPAIOANNOU, Ph.D. International Monetary Fund Abstract Measuring and managing exchange rate risk exposure is important for reducing a firm’s vulnerabilities from major exchange rate movements, which could adversely affect profit margins and the value of assets. This paper reviews the traditional types of exchange rate risk faced by firms, namely transaction, translation and economic risks, presents the VaR approach as the currently predominant method of measuring a firm’s exchange rate risk exposure, and examines the main advantages and disadvantages of various exchange rate risk management strategies, including tactical vs. strategical and passive vs. active hedging. In addition, it outlines a set of widely-accepted best practices in managing currency risk and presents some of the main hedging instruments in the OTC and exchange-traded markets. The paper also provides some data on the use of financial derivatives instruments, and hedging practices by US firms. JEL Classification: F31, G13, G15, G32, M21 Keywords: Financial Risk, Financial Management, Foreign Exchange Hedging, Corporate Hedging Practices Corresponding address: 700 19th Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20431 e-mail: mpapaioannou@imf.org This paper draws heavily on various presentations on risk management while the author was the Director of Foreign...
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...Cost Control in Design Process of China’s Construction Project Abstract As the ruthless competition in China’s construction industry, construction project requires a win-win method to acquire the maximal benefit and simultaneously to maintain the quality for keeping the place with the market. One method commended, cost control, especially in the design process, plays a very important role in the project procedure and financial management. This article presents the main implements of cost control utilizes in different aspects of construction and certain skills to control cost in design processes of construction project. These implements and skills could be very helpful for China’s construction companies to optimize their design process and offer beneficial influence to the following steps, increases the percentage of successful project in all projects; thereby to promote the development of the company and the whole industry. Key words: Design Process; Construction project; Cost control 1. Introduction Nowadays in China, the competition within construction industry is continuously increasing, and the profit spaces are limiting. As all the investment always expect for the maximal benefit, if a company want to keep the profit and position in the market in such complicated environment, the best method for it is applying cost control to the project. Cost control in financial management is an important aspect of project management over the whole life of projects. Successfully...
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...fixed-income portfolio of corporate and government bonds, industrial loans and credit derivatives, is less well-understood. The fixed-income portfolio problem presents unique challenges: the risk of issuer default induces skewed return distributions, the correlation of defaults influences the tail of the portfolio return distribution, and credit derivative positions have complex risk/return implications. This paper addresses the static selection problem for a fixed-income portfolio. We optimize the total mark-to-market value of the portfolio at the investment horizon. This value incorporates the intermediate premium and default cash flows of long and short cash and derivative positions, and the survival-contingent market value of these positions at the horizon. The selection problem is cast as a polynomial goal program that involves a two-stage constrained optimization of preference weighted moments of the portfolio mark-to-market. The decision variable is the vector of contract notionals. A capital constraint guarantees the solvency of the investor. The multi-moment formulation addresses the non-Gaussian distribution of the portfolio mark-tomarket. It is also computationally tractable, because we obtain analytical expressions for the moments of the portfolio mark-to-market, which are given in terms of nested expectations under risk-neutral and actual probability measures. The expressions are valid for a broad class of intensity-based, doubly-stochastic models of correlated default timing...
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...project scope statement Create WBS planning WBS, WBS dictionary Verify Scope Monitoring and Controlling Acceptance deliverables Control Scope Monitoring and Controlling Change Requests 2. The knowledge area of Scope Management includes the processes required to ensure that the project includes all the work, and only all the work required to complete the project successfully. It is primarily concerned with controlling what is and what is not in the scope. 3. Project Portfolio Management is the process of project selection. It involves making a decision about which project an organization should execute. 4. There are two types of project selection methods. These are o Benefits Measurement o Constrained Optimization 5. Benefits Measurement project selection methods involve comparing the values of one project against another. There are the following type of Benefit Measurement project selection techniques - o Murder Boards - This involves a committee asking tough questions from each project o Scoring Models - Different projects are given scores based on certain defined criteria. Project with higher score is selected. o Benefits Cost Ratio - This technique involves computing benefits to cost ratio (BCR) for a project. Project with higher BCR is selected. o Payback period - This technique involves considering how long it takes back to "pay back" the cost of the project. Inflation or interest earned...
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...fund and study particular firms that are part of the investment fund to understand the technology blind-side risks within those firms. A major part of it is to build a successful trading strategy. “In finance, a trading strategy is a fixed plan that is designed to achieve a profitable return by going long or short in markets. The main reasons that a properly researched trading strategy helps are its verifiability, quantifiability, consistency, and objectivity” [1]. Currently we have two trading strategies combined together. The first strategy is called Polynomial Regression Strategy, which uses mathematical method to calculate the high degree polynomial regression line. Based on the trend we could find the signals to buy or sell stocks. The second trading strategy is called Discounted Cash Flow method, which is a part of fundamental analysis strategy. It uses future free cash flow to discount them back to arrive at a present value, which is used to evaluate the attractiveness for a potential investment. However, there are so many different strategies in the world except for what we are working on right now. The most popular five trading strategies are as following: Mean Reversion In the world of technology analysis, moving average is one of the most popular and widely used indicators. What started with the simple moving average and then towards exponential moving average has with the passage of time and advent of computer programmed software's have made technicians to experiment and...
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...statement | Create WBS | planning | WBS, WBS dictionary | Validate Scope | Monitoring and Controlling | Acceptance deliverables | Control Scope | Monitoring and Controlling | Change Requests | 2. The knowledge area of Scope Management includes the processes required to ensure that the project includes all the work, and only all the work required to complete the project successfully. It is primarily concerned with controlling what is and what is not in the scope. 3. Project Portfolio Management is the process of project selection. It involves making a decision about which project an organization should execute. 4. There are two types of project selection methods. These are * Benefits Measurement * Constrained Optimization 5. Benefits Measurement project selection methods involve comparing the values of one project against another. There are the following type of Benefit Measurement project selection techniques - * Murder Boards - This involves a committee asking tough questions from each project * Scoring Models - Different projects are given scores based on certain defined criteria. Project with higher score is selected. * Benefits Cost Ratio - This technique involves computing benefits to cost ratio (BCR) for a project. Project with higher BCR is selected. * Payback period - This technique involves considering how long it takes back to "pay back" the cost of the project. Inflation or interest earned in not considered...
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...chain risk management (SCRM), which has shown an increasing global attention in recent years. Literature survey and citation/ co-citation analysis are used to fulfil the research task. Literature survey has undertaken a thorough search of articles on selected journals relevant to supply chain operations management. Meanwhile, citation/co-citation analysis uses Web of Sciences database to disclose SCRM development between 1995 and 2009. Both the approaches show similar trends of rising publications over the past 15 years. This review has piloted us to identify and classify the potential risk associated with different flows, namely material, cash and information flows. Consequently, we identify some research gaps. Even though there is a pressing need and awareness of SCRM from industrial aspect, quantitative models in the field are relatively lacking and information flow risk has received less attention. It is also interesting to observe the evolutions and advancements of SCRM discipline. One finding is that the intellectual structure of the field made statistically significant increase during...
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...Part 1 1. Introduction The Thomas Cook Group Plc started its operation in 1841 when it organized its first journey from Leicester to Loughborough. Since then it has expanded its business in Irelans, India, Middle East, Central Europe, Middle and East Europe, Northern Europe, North America, and Germany. In all these area, Thomas cook Group Plc operates in a variety of businesses. It caters to 23.7 million passengers, has 3,784 retail outlets, operates 92 aircrafts, enjoys controlled distribution in the range of 20% - 85% in different continents, and internal distribution in the range of 6% - 65% in different continents (Business Segments & Brands, 2012). Thomas Cook Group Plc has eleven mainstream brands and eleven independent brands. The main objective of the company is to maximize the shareholders’ value by providing travel services to its customers. Since its inception, the focus of the company has been on maximizing shareholders’ value, becoming the leading financial service provider in terms of travel-related activities, achieve growth and increase value through mergers and acquisitions, and be the top independent travel provider (Group Strategy, 2012) The paper focuses on both financial and non financial performance of Thomas Cook in last few years and the budgetary controls implemented by the company. A brief analysis of the company’s performance in these aspects is provided below. 2. Financial Analysis The financial analysis of Thomas Cook Group Plc was...
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...It should be noted that there is no special software required to use these templates. All business plans come in Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel format. Each business plan features: * Excecutive Summary * Company and Financing Summary * Products and Services Overview * Strategic Analysis with current research! * Marketing Plan * Personnel Plan * 3 Year Advanced Financial Plan * Expanded Financial Plan with Monthly Financials * FREE 30 Page Sample Private Placement Memorandum * FREE PowerPoint Presentation for Banks, Investors, or Grant Companies! 1.0 Executive Summary The purpose of this business plan is to raise $175,000 for the development of an social networking based website that acts as a profile and communication forum. This business plan will also showcase the expected financials and operations over the next three years. The Social Networking Website, Inc. (“the Company”) is a New York based corporation that will sell advertising space while providing a community forum through its online platform (www.mysite.com) to users. The Company was founded in 2009 by John Doe. 1.1 Products and Services Users that enroll on the website’s online directory will be provided with a forum that they can use to connect to other enrolled members. Each user will have a profile their showcases personal information and insight into their daily lives and friends. A social networking website has become a business phenomenon in the last five years...
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