...Term Paper on Power in a high performance microprocessor Submitted to: Submitted By: Mr. Abhijit Bhattacharyya Shubham Gupta Roll No. 20 SECTION: K1111 Acknowledgement I have taken efforts in this Term Paper. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many classmates and my teacher. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I am highly indebted to Mr. Abhijit Bhattacharyya for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for their support in completing the project. My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities. Abstract Power consumption has become one of the biggest challenges in high-performance microprocessor design. The rapid increase in the complexity and speed of each new CPU generation is outstripping the benefits...
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...hand can modify protocols based on the environment and have a very high degree of flexibility. They can also use unconventional methods to obtain results. * Enthusiasm to work: All said and done, in the end for any rural venture to be successful, what is required is a very high degree of enthusiasm, and an urge to excel. Social work is usually characterized by long working hours, unclear goals, sensitivity towards culture, commitment to the goals. Most private ventures enter this field out of passion and hence have this in plenty. Government officials may or may not be passionate about this project, but have to work on it. This clearly translates into the results. * Need for micro-level approach: Most rural ventures are extremely people oriented and need a lot of work to be done on a micro level and at a small scale. To be able to reach such a small demographic is usually...
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...I was sitting in a Portland Oregon hotel when four words forever changed my business. The keynote speaker at the meeting, a vice president of channel had just finished a surprisingly lack-luster presentation and opened up for questions. An associate from New York City immediately stood and asked, “Do you consider us competition or partners?” The VP answered without skipping a beat, “You are Apple’s competition.” I guess there shouldn’t have been a gasp and rumble throughout the room, but 100+ Authorized Resellers and VARs suddenly realized that they faced an uphill battle. Many would close their doors in the months to come. As an Authorized reseller I bought our Apple branded products from first tier distributors such as Ingram Micro and Tech Data with only small price variances based on the size of the Purchase Order. Smaller PO’s were often ignored or faced delays in shipping. A big reason for the gasp in the room was the increasing trend of Apple product scarcity for resellers. While Apple’s new retail stores had full shelves we had to fight over the leftovers. Often this meant we missed out on the initial surge of purchases made by early adopters. (Eventually Apple would release game-changing products like the iPhone and not allow Apple resellers to sell them.) When Apple opened their new store 5 minutes from one of mine I was forced to pivot or close my doors. We changed from being an Apple Reseller who sold some accessories to more of a system integrator and service...
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...Microprocessor Wars Samuel W. Aldrich Principles of Marketing Tracy Foote July 3rd, 2012 Microprocessor Wars Computer processors are very complicated electronic devices that are used to be the brain of computers. They process all data in the computer and have revolutionized the world in every facet possible, creating new and quicker ways to accomplish tasks. There are a few companies that produce the x86 microarchitecture chips found in almost every desktop and many mobile devices today but only two are true heavy hitters in the market, Intel and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). The market slug fest that has been happening between these two companies have driven the pace at which computing has advanced by leaps and bounds. They are a perfect example of how competition and not just supply and demand push industries to their pinnacle. To give a little background to the current market situation, Intel was the original inventor of the x86 microarchitecture central processing unit in 1978. Advanced Micro Devices didn’t start making chips until 1982; four years after Intel had already released their first x86 microprocessor chip as a company. Advanced Micro Devices along with Intel has over 99.5% of the market for x86 architecture central processing units. This means the two companies quite literally own the market and control the supply of computer processors. MaximumPC.com’s own history of the situation that expertly describes the beginnings and even reciprocal situation of...
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...Vol . IV : Issue. 14 ISSN:0975-9999 MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (MSME) IN INDIA: AN APPRAISAL Dr.S,Ganapathy Associate professor C.Mayilsamy Doctoral research scholar, Department of International Business and commerce, Alagappa University, karaikudi. ABSTRACT Micro small and medium enterprises help in promoting economic growth and employment opportunity. Before 2006 this sector was called as a Small Scale Industry. Thereafter it was converted as an MSME sector. The MSME growth is incomparable by the help of bank credit. Micro small and medium enterprises and their role in economic growth and employment generation in the Indian context .the article how policy environment for promoting MSMEs changed from ‘protectionism ‘during the pre-1990s to ‘export orientation’ during the post-1990s. The key constraint faced by the MSMEs including access to credit and technology, redtapism and the like. The MSEs to promote the rural economy for in general and rural women empowerment in particularly the rural women are taken ,economic improvement ,social development, and individual decision making through the . MSEs.the MSEs are promoting the rural entrepreneurship. Key words: MSME, SME , SSI, Credit Rating Introduction Indian economy based on rural economy .Father of nation mahatma Gandhi told India “lives in village”. T he r eal national development through the rural economy .the development of rural economy through the r ur al bas ed micr o, small a nd medium enterprises...
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...Ahold Copyright 2010 Trend Micro Inc. Who are we? • We own and operate hundreds of supermarkets in the United States and Europe. • Our brands include Giant, Stop & Shop, Albert, Etos, and more. • Number of Stores: 800 across North America • Number of Employees: 100,000 • Number of Systems: 35,000 Copyright 2010 Trend Micro Inc. Business Objective Key objective: • Achieve compliance especially with PCI • Maintain strong & flexible security baseline Challenge: • Stay current in terms of PCI compliance • Maximize protection on POS endpoints without interference in sales transactions • Minimize time required to manage the solution across 800 stores and lower TCO • Choose a security solution that scales without increasing complexity Copyright 2010 Trend Micro Inc. Evaluation Criteria 1. Best-in-class HIPS, firewall & FIM 2. Multipurpose security agents 3. Centrally controlled file management 4. TCO, footprint and ease of management Copyright 2010 Trend Micro Inc. Trend Micro to the Rescue • Trend Micro Deep Security gave us what we needed in one package – Swiss army knife of protection technologies – Single compact 5 MB agent footprint • Addresses seven PCI regulations and offers more than 20 control capabilities • Specialized agentless protection for virtual systems aligned with our virtualization initiative IDS/IPS Agentless anti-malware Log Inspection Web app. protection Firewall Copyright 2010 Trend Micro Inc. Integrity Monitoring ...
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...ni-msme - the premier institute ni-msme, the pioneer institute in the field of MSME is playing a major role in providing probusiness environment to foster the progress of MSME towards success and prosperity. The raison detre of this Institute is to assist the Government in formulating policies for micro, small and medium enterprises and to help the practising and potential entrepreneurs through a host of services like training, research, consultancy, information, education and extension. The Institute is a training ground for senior technocrats, bureaucrats and bankers who come here to gain expertise and knowledge in order to equip themselves with the latest practices and streamline their operations. Set up in 1960, ni-msme has made valuable contributions by creating an impressive record of achievements beyond the Indian shores, enabling other developing countries to get the benefit of the Institute’s facilities and expertise. ni-msme’s activities are changing from time to time to meet the needs of enterprises in the context of globalisation. Training Programme on MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR SHG PRODUCTS IN THE MODERN ERA (16-18 March 2016) Located in a sprawling and enthralling campus amidst a rich natural setting, ni-msme is well equipped with both physical and academic infrastructure. In keeping with the changing times and technological changes, the Institute has updated its style of functioning by focusing on the use of IT in every aspect of its activities...
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...Computer Organization 1. Introduction STUDY MATERIALS ON COMPUTER ORGANIZATION (As per the curriculum of Third semester B.Sc. Electronics of Mahatma Gandh Uniiversity) Compiled by Sam Kollannore U.. Lecturer in Electronics M.E.S. College, Marampally 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERATION OF COMPUTERS The first electronic computer was designed and built at the University of Pennsylvania based on vacuum tube technology. Vacuum tubes were used to perform logic operations and to store data. Generations of computers has been divided into five according to the development of technologies used to fabricate the processors, memories and I/O units. I Generation II Generation III Generation IV Generation V Generation : 1945 – 55 : 1955 – 65 : 1965 – 75 : 1975 – 89 : 1989 to present First Generation (ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator EDSAC – Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer UNIVAC – Universal Automatic Computer IBM 701) Vacuum tubes were used – basic arithmetic operations took few milliseconds Bulky Consume more power with limited performance High cost Uses assembly language – to prepare programs. These were translated into machine level language for execution. Mercury delay line memories and Electrostatic memories were used Fixed point arithmetic was used 100 to 1000 fold increase in speed relative to the earlier mechanical and relay based electromechanical technology Punched cards and paper tape were...
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... November 2, 2005 6.823 L15- 2 Emer • 4-bit accumulator architecture • 8µm pMOS • 2,300 transistors • 3 x 4 mm2 • 750kHz clock • 8-16 cycles/inst. 6.823 L15- 3 Emer Microprocessors in the Seventies Initial target was embedded control • First micro, 4-bit 4004 from Intel, designed for a desktop printing calculator Constrained by what could fit on single chip • Single accumulator architectures 8-bit micros used in hobbyist personal computers • Micral, Altair, TRS-80, Apple-II Little impact on conventional computer market until VISICALC spreadsheet for Apple-II (6502, 1MHz) • First “killer” business application for personal computers November 2, 2005 6.823 L15- 4 Emer DRAM in the Seventies Dramatic progress in MOSFET memory technology 1970, Intel introduces first DRAM (1Kbit 1103) 1979, Fujitsu introduces 64Kbit DRAM => By mid-Seventies, obvious that PCs would soon have > 64KBytes physical memory November 2, 2005 Microprocessor Evolution 6.823 L15- 5 Emer Rapid progress in size and speed through 70s – Fueled by advances in MOSFET technology and expanding markets Intel i432 – – – – Most ambitious seventies’ micro; started in 1975 - released 1981 32-bit capability-based object-oriented architecture Instructions variable number of bits long Severe performance, complexity, and usability problems Motorola 68000 (1979, 8MHz, 68,000...
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...Register - What is Registers? Types of Registers by Dinesh Thakur Register are used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data and instructions that are being used immediately by the CPU, there are various types of Registers those are used for various purpose. Among of the some Mostly used Registers named as AC or Accumulator, Data Register or DR, the AR or Address Register, program counter (PC), Memory Data Register (MDR) ,Index register,Memory Buffer Register. These Registers are used for performing the various Operations. While we are working on the System then these Registers are used by the CPU for Performing the Operations. When We Gives Some Input to the System then the Input will be Stored into the Registers and When the System will gives us the Results after Processing then the Result will also be from the Registers. So that they are used by the CPU for Processing the Data which is given by the User. Registers Perform:- 1) Fetch: The Fetch Operation is used for taking the instructions those are given by the user and the Instructions those are stored into the Main Memory will be fetch by using Registers. 2) Decode: The Decode Operation is used for interpreting the Instructions means the Instructions are decoded means the CPU will find out which Operation is to be performed on the Instructions. 3) Execute: The Execute Operation is performed by the CPU. And Results those are produced by the CPU are then Stored into the Memory and after that they are displayed...
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...Ribbons and Bows INTRODUCTION Carmen Diaz, with a ten thousand dollar loan from two of her cousins, and one thousand dollars that she invested in equity, was able to open a specialty store called Ribbons an’ Bows, Inc, which was located in Coconut Grove, Miami, Florida. Four months after opening the business, Carmen’s relatives requested a financial report, which was part of the original business arrangement. Within a short time, Carmen had expanded the business, purchased small equipment, paid wages to a part-time employee, and by all outward indicators, had been running a flourishing business. As Carmen gathered the necessary information to prepare financial statements, she started to scrutinize the transactions and was somewhat perplexed. Carmen realized that numbers were not adding up as she had anticipated. Additionally, it became questionable whether the business was operating successfully, at least when accounting principles were appropriately applied. Statement of the Problem It was fortuitous for Carmen Diaz to have family who were supportive of her small business endeavor, thereby providing start-up funds and legal advice. Carmen’s endeavor can be recognized as a “microbusiness” operation; “microcredit”, microenterprise” and “microfinance” are terms that have been associated with microbusinesses (Datar, 2009). Clearly, Carmen would have benefitted from some professional entrepreneurial guidance that is widely available at no cost in the United States...
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...Course Code Course Title Assignment Number Maximum Marks Weightage Last Dates for Submission : : : : : : MCS-012 Computer Organisation and Assembly Language Programming MCA(1)/012/Assign/2011 100 25% 15th April, 2011 (For January Session) 15th October, 2011 (For July Session) There are four questions in this assignment, which carries 80 marks. Rest 20 marks are for viva voce. You may use illustrations and diagrams to enhance the explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Programme Guide for the format of presentation. Answer to each part of the question should be confined to about 300 words. Question 1: (a) Perform the following arithmetic operations using binary signed 2’s complement notation for integers. You may assume that the maximum size of integers is of 10 bits including the sign bit. (Please note that the numbers given here are in decimal notation) (3 Marks) i) Ans: Add – 498 and 260 ii) Ans: Subtract 456 from – 56 Page 1 iii) Ans: Add 256 and 255 (b) Convert the hexadecimal number: FA BB C9 into binary, octal and decimal. Ans1: (FA BB C9)16 = (0110011001001011000111)2 Ans2: (FA BB C9)16 = (77735711)8 Ans3: (FA BB C9)16 = (16759753)10 (1 Mark) (c) Convert the following string into equivalent ASCII code – “Copyright © 2001 - 2011”. Include ASCII code of spaces between words in the resultant ASCII. Are these codes same as that used in Unicode? (2 Marks) Ans: 43h6fh70h79h72h69h67h68h74h20h28h43h29h20h32h30h30h30h20h32h ...
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...receiver section, the FM signal sent from the transmitter section is received by the FM receiver and fed to the controller and a battery is used to supply power to the controller. The output from the controller is fed to the motor driver circuit which intern is connected to the motor. 2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM RECEIVER SECTION 2.3 Hardware Description The hardware part mainly consists of the components that are used in designing the vehicle i.e., a prototype model which moves in four directions. The major sections in this hardware part are the transmitter section and the receiver section; in both of these sections a microcontroller called AT89S52 is incorporated. 2.4 Software Description Keil Micro Vision is an integrated development environment used to create software to be run on embedded systems (like a microcontroller). It allows for such software to be written either in assembly or C programming languages and for that software to be simulated on a computer before being loaded onto the microcontroller. 2.5 CONCLUSION Thus the generation of the block diagram and its description has been dealt in this chapter using hardware and its implementation using software. CHAPTER 3 3.1 DESCRIPTION OF AT89S52 Looking back into the history of microcomputers, one would at first come across the development of...
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...Advanced Micro Devices (AMD): Strategic Plan for Managing Technological Innovation TM 583 – Section C Professor Edmead 8/21/10 Section 1 – Strategy TCO F – Given an organizational and industry context, identify and suggest a deployment strategy that will facilitate the success of a technologically-driven organization. Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), founded 1968, in Sunnyvale, California is a producer of Central Processing Units (CPUs), the main computing component in modern computers. AMD’s primary capability is the design and engineering of consumer, workstation, and server CPUs. Initially, AMD competed with Intel by reverse-engineering the original 8080 processors and then creating their own x386 variant, but a lack of funding stymied sustained, long-term innovation (Valich 2008). In many ways, this scenario is quite indicative of the role AMD has played throughout its history: the underdog. They leveraged their core competencies of microprocessor engineering by assimilating the designs and processes of competitors and then building upon that knowledge to create profitable (usually) products and services. However, AMD has experienced PR missteps (like the Phenom I TLB bug debacle on an already late-to-market product) from which they have struggled to recover. In order to re-gain the confidence of partners, suppliers, and consumers, AMD must prove, once again, that it’s not the size of the dog in the fight, but the size of the fight in the dog. 2 Looking toward...
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...world’s “foremost semiconductor maker,” Intel Corporation has a reputation to uphold and a future to build. Founded in 1968, Intel has grown to a company of over 90,000 employees who operate Intel’s facilities in nearly fifty countries. Intel produces processors, motherboards, chipsets, network adapters, flash memory, software, storage devices, and wireless products. Many of us are the end-users of a wide variety of Intel’s products, but the Intel’s numerous other customers are primarily OEM manufacturers who utilize Intel’s components, end-user consumers (which includes individuals, large and small businesses, and service providers), and “other manufacturers, including makers of a wide range of industrial and communications equipment.” Intel has capitalized on its ability to lead the semiconductor industry by continuous innovation. Gordon Moore, one of Intel’s founders, introduced a principle that continues to guide Intel which states that “the number of transistors on a chip roughly doubles every two years.” In keeping with Moore’s Law, Intel’s key to success in the semiconductor industry has been constant innovation. Such a strategy has allowed Intel to remain a leader among competitors such as Texas Instruments, Advanced Micro Devices, International Business Machines, and Freescale Semiconductor, among others. The semiconductor industry is extremely competitive, but Intel seems to have the most sure-footing of all the major competitors. By offering a diverse product lineup...
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