...CHAPTER 1 ECONOMIC MODELS Economic modeling is at the heart of economic theory. Modeling provides a logical, abstract template to help organize the analyst's thoughts. The model helps the economist logically isolate and sort out complicated chains of cause and effect and influence between the numerous interacting elements in an economy. Through the use of a model, the economist can experiment, at least logically, producing different scenarios, attempting to evaluate the effect of alternative policy options, or weighing the logical integrity of arguments presented in prose. Certain types of models are extremely useful for presenting visually the essence of economic arguments. No student of economics has sat through a class for very long before a picture is drawn on a chalkboard. The visual appeal of a model clarifies the exposition. In this text, four primary models will be presented; the Aggregate Supply - Aggregate Demand (AS/AD) Model, the Loanable Funds Model, an HMCMacroSim simulation model, and the IS/LM Model. All but the Loanable Funds model are inclusive models of the national economy. The Loanable Funds Model is a model of the finance markets and is used to discuss interest rate determination theory. Types of Models There are four types of models used in economic analysis, visual models, mathematical models, empirical models, and simulation models. Their primary features and differences are discussed below. Visual Models Visual models are simply pictures of an abstract...
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...CHAPTER ONE LIMITS, ALTERNATIVES, AND CHOICES CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter begins with a discussion of the meaning and importance of economics. In this first chapter, however, we will not plunge into problems and issues; instead we consider some important preliminaries. We first look at the economic perspective—how economists think about problems. Next, we examine the specific methods economists use to examine economic behavior and the economy, including distinguishing between macroeconomics and microeconomics. We then look at the economizing problem from both an individual and societal perspective. For the individual we develop the budget line, for society the production possibilities model. In our discussion of production possibilities, the concepts of opportunity costs and increasing opportunity costs, unemployment, growth, and present vs. future possibilities are all demonstrated. Finally, in the Last Word, some of the problems, limitations, and pitfalls that hinder sound economic reasoning are examined. The Appendix to Chapter 1 provides an important introduction to graphical analysis. While this will be review material for most students, for some this may be new. Instructors are strongly urged to confirm that their students understand this section before proceeding. The software supplement can provide effective remedial help for those students who are not familiar with graphical analysis, or just need a refresher. WHAT’S NEW There is a new learning objective...
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...everyone's wants| d.|how to make the best use of scarce resources to satisfy our unlimited wants| ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 1 BLM: Knowledge 3. Why is there scarcity? a.|because average costs may exceed average benefits| b.|because human wants are limited| c.|because theory dictates it| d.|because our unlimited wants exceed our limited resources| ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 1 BLM: Knowledge 4. Why does the problem of scarcity exist? a.|because resources are limited relative to wants| b.|because governments fail to intervene in the market place| c.|because resources are unlimited relative to wants| d.|because the world has many poor people| ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 1 BLM: Knowledge 5. What does scarcity result from? a.|government decision making| b.|positive economics| c.|wants that exceed the resources necessary to provide them| d.|inappropriate normative judgments| ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 1 BLM: Comprehension 6. What causes scarcity? a.|the allocation of goods by prices| b.|specialization and division of labour| c.|unlimited wants and limited resources| d.|the market mechanism| ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 1 BLM: Knowledge 7. What does economics primarily explore? a.|how the government allocates its budget among...
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...Principles of Microeconomics Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Effects of Tax systemt .................................................................................................................................. 4 Evaluation of Tax Reforms……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..10 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....11 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….14 Easa Faheem S11422649 Bachelors Degree in Human Resource Management 1 Subject code: BBEK1103 Subject: Principles of Microeconomics Preface This is a work done as part of the module „Principles of Microeconomics‟, which is part of the course Bachelor of Human Resource Management. Consisting of an analysis of a Tax reforms for Maldives, this assignment evaluates the purpose of the tax system, types of tax systems, effects of the tax reform systems to the economy and other factors which affect it. The objective of this work is to develop students‟ ability to analyse the critically tax reform systems of certain country, as well as the various external factors that have an impact on the economy and other aspects. The assignment begins...
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...MIcroeconomics: Markets, Methods & Models Douglas Curtis and Ian Irvine | Version 2014/2015 $ ADAPTED OPEN TEXT FORMATIVE ONLINE ASSESSMENT COURSE SUPPLEMENTS COURSE LOGISTICS & SUPPORT a d v a n c i n g l e a r n i n g www.lyryx.com Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.en_GB Douglas Curtis and Ian Irvine Edition 1.11 This edition is differentiated from the first edition solely by minor editorial adjustments. Content has not been altered. Microeconomics: Markets, Methods and Models About the Authors Doug Curtis is a specialist in macroeconomics. He is the author of twenty research papers on fiscal policy, monetary policy, and economic growth and structural change. He has also prepared research reports for Canadian industry and government agencies and authored numerous working papers. He completed his PhD at McGill University, and has held visiting appointments at the University of Cambridge and the University of York in the United Kingdom. His current research interests are monetary and fiscal policy rules, and the relationship between economic growth and structural change. He is Professor Emeritus of Economics at Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario, and Sessional Adjunct Professor at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario Ian Irvine is a specialist in microeconomics, public economics, economic inequality...
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...Macroeconomics 10th Edition, Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2012 ISBN-10: 0131391402; ISBN-13: 978-0131391406 AND MyEconLab (Required) (Note that all the required materials can be purchased from Hampton University Virtual Bookstore). CATALOG DESCRIPTION: A first course on modern market economies. Emphasizes the determination of national income, fluctuations, and growth; the monetary system; the problems of inflation and unemployment; and international trade. PREREQUISITE: MAT 109 or High School Equivalent. Course Objectives: At the completion of this course in Macroeconomics, the student will be able to: a) Be better prepared for success in life and schoolwork by developing a solid foundation of accurate and rational application of...
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...Bachelor of Arts in Business Economics STUDENT’S HANDBOOK 2011/2012 Lazarski University Warsaw, June 2011 1 Lazarski School of Commerce and Law Student’s Handbook- Bachelor of Arts in Business Economics Content Page 4 6 8 13 15 15 15 17 17 18 19 21 23 24 26 28 30 32 34 35 37 39 41 43 44 46 48 49 50 51 53 54 55 57 58 59 60 62 63 63 64 66 67 69 72 74 75 76 77 79 80 82 The Programme The Degree Assessment Quality Assurance Admission Procedures Erasmus Study in BABE Programme Administrative Issues Course Descriptors Mathematics Introductory Microeconomics Introduction to Sociology Current Issues of the European and Global Economy Academic Writing Introduction into Business Introductory Macroeconomics Introduction into Economic Analysis Economics of Integration Information Technology Intermediate Microeconomics Issues in Macroeconomic Policy Mathematical Economics Statistics Regional Economics Introduction to Strategic Management Banking and Finance International Business Law Research Proseminar Accounting Managerial Economics International Economics Intermediate Macroeconomics Econometrics Research Methods Social Policy Game Theory Public Finance Investment Analysis BA Seminar Electives Financial Accounting Monetary Theory and Policy - The Impact of Global Crisis Principles of Marketing The World Economy – Retrospective View The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SME) Sector Economics of Telecommunication Demography and Economics of Contemporary European Migration Personal...
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...Unit 5 Lecture notes: Microeconomic Theory Econ 629 Department of Economics, Texas A&M University Rodrigo A. Velez∗ b Department of Economics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA September 9, 2014 Contents 1 Consumer’s Revealed Preference 1.1 Preference maximization . . . . . . . . 1.2 Utility maximization . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Properties of demand correspondence . 1.4 Continuity of choice . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 Expenditure minimization problem . . 1.7 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Homework assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 2 3 3 5 9 10 1 Consumer’s Revealed Preference What are the testable implications of consumers’ preference maximization? For simplicity, we assume throughout this section that prices are strictly positive. We denote the set of Walrasian budget sets with strictly positive W prices B++ . We assume throughout that X ≡ RL . + ∗ All errors are my own. rvelezca@econmail.tamu.edu 1 1.1 Preference maximization Let be a preference relation on X. Recall from our abstract study of choice that the choices of the agent represented by in a budget set B(p, w) ∈ B W are given by: C (p, w) ≡ {x ∈ B(p, w) : for each y ∈ B(p, w), x y}. 1.2 Utility maximization Suppose that preference is represented...
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...Unit 1 Concepts of Managerial Economics Learning Outcome After going through this unit, you will be able to: • • • • Explain succinctly the meaning and definition of managerial economics Elucidate on the characteristics and scope of managerial economics Describe the techniques of managerial economics Explain the application of managerial economics in various aspects of decision making • Explicate the application of managerial economics in marginal analysis and optimisation Time Required to Complete the unit 1. 2. 1st Reading: It will need 3 Hrs for reading a unit 2nd Reading with understanding: It will need 4 Hrs for reading and understanding a unit 3. 4. 5. Self Assessment: It will need 3 Hrs for reading and understanding a unit Assignment: It will need 2 Hrs for completing an assignment Revision and Further Reading: It is a continuous process Content Map 1.1 1.2 Introduction Concept of Managerial Economics 1.2.1 Meaning of Managerial Economics 1.2.2 Definitions of Managerial Economics Managerial Economics 1 1.2.3 Characteristics of Managerial Economics 1.2.4 Scope of Managerial Economics 1.2.5 Why Managers Need to Know Economics? 1.3 1.4 Techniques of Managerial Economics Managerial Economics - Its application in Marginal Analysis and Optimisation 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.5 1.6 1.7 Application of Managerial Economics Tools of Decision Science and Managerial Economics Summary Self Assessment Test Further Reading 2 Managerial Economics 1.1 Introduction ...
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...UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULA AND FACULTY 2007 – 2011 Proposed 2009 – 2013 2 Requirements for the BBA degree: Foundation Courses 40-41 Credits Core Courses 45 Credits Departmental Requirement 24 Credits Minor 15 Credits Total variable requirement for Graduation 124-125 Credits Foundation Courses Communication Skills ENG 101 ENG 102 ENG 105* ENG 106 ENG 202 Listening and Speaking Skills English Reading Skills Business English Advanced English Skills Introduction to English Literature 40-41 Credits 9 3 3 3 3 3 * Prerequisite ENG 101 & 102 Note: students not exempted from ENG 101 and ENG 102 will have to take ENG 101, ENG 102 and ENG 105. Note: students exempted from ENG 101 and ENG 102 will have to take ENG 105, ENG 106, ENG 202 Computer Skills CIS 101* CSC 101** Fundamentals of Computer System Introduction to Computer Science 3 3 3 * For students without basic knowledge of computer **For students with basic knowledge of computer & mandatory for students with Major in subjects offered from the SECS Numeracy MAT 100* MAT 210* Basic University Mathematics 1 Basic University Mathematics 2 6 3 3 3 *MAT 100 and MAT 210 mandatory for SLAS majors(English, Media & Communication, Anthropology) other than Sociology MAT 101* MAT 211* MAT 102* MAT 212* Intermediate University Mathematics II Probability and Statistics Introduction to Linear Algebra & Calculus Probability & Statistics for Sc. & Engr. 3 3 3 3 **MAT 101and MAT 211 mandatory for...
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...TeAM YYeP BUSINESS G Digitally signed by TeAM YYePG DN: cn=TeAM YYePG, c=US, o=TeAM YYePG, ou=TeAM YYePG, email=yyepg@msn.com Reason: I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document Date: 2005.04.20 19:31:36 +08'00' ECONOMICS AND MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING Trefor Jones Manchester School of Management UMIST 4 PART I g CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND BUSINESS OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION Firms are major economic institutions in market economies. They come in all shapes and sizes, but have the following common characteristics: g g g g g g Owners. Managers. Objectives. A pool of resources (labour, physical capital, ¢nancial capital and learned skills and competences) to be allocated roles by managers. Administrative or organizational structures through which production is organized. Performance assessment by owners, managers and other stakeholders. Whatever its size, a ¢rm is owned by someone or some group of individuals or organizations. These are termed shareholders and they are able to determine the objectives and activities of the ¢rm. They also appoint the senior managers who will make day-to-day decisions. The owners bear the risks associated with operating the ¢rm and have the right to receive the residual income or pro¢ts. Where ownership rights are dispersed, control of the ¢rm may not lie with the shareholders but with senior managers. This divorce between ownership and control and its implication for the operation and performance of the ¢rm is...
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...NAME: ESSIEN, Idorenyin Eno EMAIL: idee.essien@gmail.com STUDENT ID NUMBER: R1504D7489 08 DATE: 19th October, 2015 ASSIGNMENT TOPICS: Question 1 * Comparing and contrasting business environments in 2 countries – Nigeria and United States by: * Evaluating how their business environment is influenced by government economic policy which may be identified through the application of economic theory. * Critically evaluating the local economic business environment measured against the choice of a comparative international economic and business system. (Pictorial techniques may be used which are appropriate to illustrate and justify the evaluation, e.g. Graphs, charts, economic curve diagrams, etc.) (700 – 1,000 words) Question 2 * Critical evaluation of measures used by governments and central banks to manage the economies of their countries. * By critically evaluating, using convincing arguments in support of the measures used to reduce, minimise or alleviate economic difficulties many countries face. (Examples should be used in the submission to illustrate the justified view) (1,100 – 1,500 words) 1. BUSINESS includes all doings linked with production, trade, banking, coverage, finance, energy, advertising, packaging etc. ENVIRONMENT refers to all external forces, which have comportment on the functioning of business. The environment includes factors outside the firm which can lead to opportunities for or threats to the firm. There is...
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...Study Guide Taylor’s University Undergraduate Business Programmes BUS1604/ECN60104 Microeconomics March Semester 2016 ______________________________________________________________ TUTORIAL 1 (WEEK 2): INTRODUCTION - THE NATURE AND METHOD OF ECONOMICS. THE ECONOMIZING PROBLEM (CHAPTER 1&2) CLASS ACTIVITIES: • Recap Lecture 1 • Tutorial exercises LEARNING OUTCOMES: Understand the meaning and significance of economics. Distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Explain various types of economic choices and to appreciate the concept of opportunity cost. Understand the marginal concepts and how they relate to rational choices. Construct, interpret a production possibility curve and understand its significance within the micro and macro perspectives. Describe economic efficiency. Understand the importance of ceteris paribus assumption. Distinguish between positive and normative statements. TUTORIAL EXERCISES. Question 1 In a paper written by Bentley College economists Patricia M. Flynn and Michael A. Quinn, the authors state: We find evidence that Economics is a good choice of major for those aspiring to become a CEO. When adjusting for size of the pool of graduates, those with undergraduate degrees in Economics are shown to have had a greater likelihood of becoming an S&P 500 CEO than any other major. A list of famous economics majors published by Marietta College includes business leaders Warren Buffet, Donald...
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...the former Soviet Union or rent control in New York, have negative effects for both buyers and sellers. Price ceilings create shortages and rationing of goods, and price floors create disincentives to improve on the quality of a good when it cannot be sold at the equilibrium price. Elasticity * Elasticity measures price responsiveness of a good or service. If the demand for a product changes significantly when the price changes, it is considered elastic. Examples of elastic goods include makeup and concert tickets. Inelastic goods show little or no change in demand when the price changes. Examples include electricity and gas. Firm Behavior * The goal of a firm is to maximize profit. William McEachern explains in the book, "Microeconomics: A Contemporary Introduction" that perfectly-competitive firms maximize profit when the marginal cost equals the marginal revenue. When this equilibrium is reached, the firm can stay competitive and profitable. When marginal cost exceeds the...
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...Economics Group Assignment With Individual Component Questions A, B & C EC161/EC282 Walter Heering Seminar Group K Louis Quinton Toby Redman Charlie Spall Question 1……………………………………………………………………………….3 Question 2…………………………………………………………………………….12 Question 3…………………………………………………………………………….23 Toby Redman – Student Number: 13820112 Seminar group K EC161/EC282: Economics coursework: Group assignment with individual component – Question A Table of Contents Introduction 4 Price Ceiling 4 Main Body 5 How It Effects Landlords 6 How It Effects Consumers 7 How It Creates A Black Market For The Good 8 Conclusion 10 References 11 Introduction Price Ceiling A price ceiling is a government imposed price control to make sure that a goods can not be sold for more than a certain price, they cap the price at a certain point rather than letting be sold at the equilibrium. When a price ceiling is set there is more demand in the market than the product being supplied. The government has created excess demand by driving down the price of the product. Taylor (2006) claims that in order for a price ceiling to work it must be set below the equilibrium price of a market. If this does not happen then the ceiling would not have an effect on the price of a good because it would still continue to operate at the current price. As shown on the graph above when the price ceiling is put into place the price shifts from P* to P1 this then lowers the quantity available to the...
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