...“Pioneers of Modern Architecture: Importance of their contribution in the development of 20th Century Architecture” Modernism roughly spans the time between World War I and the early 1970s. In regards to architecture, this particular movement or style is characterized by simplification of form and subtraction of ornament from the structure and theme of the building. Intrigued by the emerging technologies of the day, they mostly used concrete, glass, or steel in their revolutionary creations. They eschewed ornament, rejecting what they saw as the frivolous strokes of Victorian and art nouveau styles. At the same time new technological developments continued to influence architects' designs, such as the development of complex air conditioning and heating systems allowed modern architectures to spread from the temperate climates of Europe and North America to countries with extremely varied weather conditions such as India, as seen in the National Assembly Building in Dacca Bangladesh by Louis Kahn. Instead of viewing a building as a heavy mass made of ponderous materials, the leading pioneers of modern architecture considered it as a volume of space enclosed by light, thin curtain walls and resting on slender piers. The visual aesthetic of modern architecture was largely inspired by the machine and by abstract painting and sculpture. Since World War II, modern architecture has admitted a certain amount of free play in buildings of various designs. In all, the required ...
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...Style |1910 |Loos, Steiner House, Vienna |Loos arched a metal roof down to the ceiling of the ground floor at the front of the house. It was thus possible to develop the garden front on three storeys. The rear façade is smooth and symmetrical like the front. |Modern | |1860-1868 |Labrouste, Bibliotheque National, Paris |Labrouste’s design consists of a perimeter wall of books enclosing a rectilinear space and supporting an iron framed barrel vaulted roof. |Structural Rationalism |1914 |werkbund theater Henry van de Velde Cologne, Germany |Reinforced concrete theatre, creating mass wall and reinforced concrete frame construction, rendered over so as to form a homogenous and plastic expression. |Art Nouveau, Modern | |1829 | |Built in Palais Royal in 1829 was the earliest arcade to have a glass barrel vault. The prefabricated cast-iron systems guaranteed a certain speed of assembly and also transporting the building in parts. |Technology |1911 |Walter Gropius, Alfeld an der Leine, Germany |Steel, brick masonry, glass. With Adolf Meyer. An influential rejection of ornament in the cause of functionalism. |Early Modern | |1851 |Paxton, Crystal Palace, London |The crystal palace was not so much a particular form as it was a building process made manifest as a total system. |Mass-production Technology Industrial Revolution |1922 |Gropius and A. Meyer. Project for the Chicago Tribune building. | Walter Gropius was part of the International Style of design, which recognized that...
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...construct a new opera house in the city. A design competition was held and of the 350 entries received, the judges chose that of the Norwegian firm Snøhetta. Construction started in 2003 and completed in 2007, ahead of schedule and 300 million NOK (~US$52 million) under its budget of 4.4 billion NOK (~US$760 million). The gala opening on 12 April 2008 was attended by his majesty King Harald, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and President Tarja Halonen of Finland and other leaders. During the first year of operation, 1.3 million people had passed through the building's doors. The Opera House won the culture award at the World Architecture Festival in Barcelona in October 2008and the 2009 European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture (Mies van der Rohe award). The roof of the building angles to ground level creating a large plaza inviting pedestrians to walk up and enjoy the panoramic views of Oslo. The angles and paving materials are also skateboard-friendly allowing skateboarders to use some areas. Skateboarders are discouraged from areas closer to performance spaces by the use of steps and paving not conducive to skateboarding. While much of the building is covered in white granite and La Facciata, a white Italian carrara marble, the stage...
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...Mies’s German Pavilion as an Expression of Modernism Constructed for the International Exhibition of 1929, Mies van der Rohe’s German Pavilion at Barcelona was designed “to represent Germany’s openness, liberality, modernity and internationalism” at the conclusion of World War I. With its logical free plan, glass and marble walls, steel supports and lack of ornamentation, it embodied the principles of architectural modernism. An object of simple serenity for those living in the perils of a chaotic post-war nation, the structure provided an opportunity for reflection to those seeking a new national direction. The pavilion’s modernism was perhaps best exemplified through its technique. It “consisted of a rectangular slab roof supported by steel columns, beneath which free-standing planes of Roman travertine, marble, onyx and glass of various hues were placed to create the feeling of space beyond.” Noted for its austerity, the lack of ornamentation signaled the rejection of a corrupt imperial regime and the classical structures associated with it. Mies instead intended to develop a new form of modern architecture appropriate for an impending industrial democracy. For it was his aesthetic belief that “architectural beauty resides in the simple, spare, almost chaste execution of a logical system.” “The boldest contribution of orthodox modern architecture was the development of what has been called ‘flowing space’…This kind of space produced an architecture of related...
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...the material of modernism? * An important figure in the modernist movement, and the first great modern architect, the American architect Louis Sullivan provided the phrase “form forever follows function” in his article ‘The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered’, 1896. * . The Guggenheim Museum is a good example of Wright’s application of the principle CHAPTER 3: Brutalism Architecture Contextual Sources: * The great concrete architects * Brutalist Paul Rudolph’s Orange county Government centre saved from demolition at last minute * Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe: Working Theses Buildings to demonstrate my points: * The Chapel, Ronchamp, France * Paul Rudolph’s 1971 Orange county government centre * Trellick Tower, Erno Goldfinger * The Barbican Centre * The cube * Unite d’Habitation CHAPTER 4: Ornamentation Buildings to demonstrate my points: * The Villa Muller, Adolf Loos * Goldman and Salatsch building, Adolf Loos * He felt the lack of ornamentation was the sign of spiritual strength. Loos insisted that functional objects should not be decorated as he believed that it was a waste of effort and materials * Adolf Loos had completed the Steiner House in Vienna, which clarified his strong principles against ornamentation CHAPTER 5: Concrete Utopia: Talk about Roehampton estate (Alton east and Alton West) and link the idea of concrete and social housing Robin Hood gardens- What is good...
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...In her late twenties though, she decided to have a sex change, much to the consternation of the family. Thankfully, it was successful and he was re-christened, Monsieur Maurice Pom-Pom. Condemned as “the umbrella on four wheels”, “the flying dustbin”, “the tin snail” or “the ugly duckling” (Reynolds, 2005, p. 22) or just plain ‘Deux-Chevaux’ – the Citroën 2CV has suffered from an abundance of mockery throughout its forty-two years of existence, but is now regarded as an automotive and cultural icon. With over five million cars manufactured between 1948 and 1991, the 2CV remains to this day among the most successful motor vehicles ever to be produced. (Reynolds, 2005) Monsieur Pom-Pom was manufactured in Levellois, France in 1989 and my Father purchased him in 1990. Pastel yellow, clotted cream or buttermilk in colour, Monsieur Maurice Pom-Pom looks very similar to an upside-down pram with five large ribs running along its corrugated steel bonnet. An alloy grille with horizontal ventilation slots in between the lateral bars opening into the engine bay is placed at the end of his nose. The Citroën double chevron badge is mounted on it. Pom-Pom is adorned with circular orange lights on his two front panels; he also has identifying letters on his lockable metal boot-lid distinguishing his model “2CV-6 Special, Citroën”. This particular model was built between 1979 and1990. His spare wheel is stowed in his sizeable trunk and has two silver wing mirrors, which are secured to...
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...History of Architecture Final Buildings Louvre east Facade, Paris 1670 pg 365 LeVau, LeBrun, Perrault Baroque * Originally a palace, now serves as an art museum * Updated with Baroque themes: ballistrate on top, double spaced columns lining the facade * There are 2 pavilions on the ends, and one in the middle * 330ft between pavilions * Architects won the chance to design the Facade in a contest Louis XIV made * Facade composition distinctly French: end pavilions, central pedimented unit and connecting stoalike wings Karlskirche (ext), Vienna 1725 pg 359 Fisher von Erlach Baroque * Church, dedicated to St. Charles Borromeo * Broad facade dominated by a dome on a drum above a pedimented portico, flanked by columns * Many historical influences: * Dome and drum from papal Rome * Columned portico from Roman temples like the Pantheon * Trajan’s Columns from Imperial Rome are repeated on both sides of the rotunda * Overall composition reminiscing the dome and minarets of Hagia Sophia * Ceiling embellished with frescoes depicting Charles Borromeo appealing to Virgin Mary as intercessor for relief from the plague St. Paul’s Cathedral (ext), London 1700 pg 372 Wren Gothic * Church * Triple shell dome includes a conical intermediate shell that supports the lantern and timber superstructure * Cathedral’s basilican structure comprised of saucer domes in the nave and aisles * Buttresses...
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...wish to state my interest and appreciation for the opportunity to apply for the challenging yet interesting Master degree program in Architecture at the Dessau International Architecture Graduate School – DIA. / My application for the challenging yet interesting Master degree in Architecture at the Dessau International Architecture Graduate School – DIA stems from the internationalist perspective and desire to study at one of the best universities in Germany. Today I perceive that life for me has been a process of conscious evolution. As I embark a new stage of my life, I believe that a postgraduate study will provide a milestone in my career along with indispensable experiences that will allow me to become a successful, innovative...
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...The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art was the first museum on the west coast dedicated to 20th century art. It first opened in 1935 but underwent a major renovation and opened a new museum facility designed by renowned Swiss architect Mario Botta in January of 1995. Botta used a lot of historical influences, but the most prevalent is definitely the influence of Roman architecture. The two most obvious arguments for that are the fact that the building is a civicly themed building and the fact that it dominates the surrounding area. But some the other arguments that can be made are the size and shape, and the unusual addition of an oculus in the roof. It also fits into the grid of the city streets surrounding it, much in the way Romans organized their buildings. The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (hereafter referred to as the SFMOMA) is most defiantly a civicly oriented building. Museums usually are, as they hold treasures for the people of the city to admire, but the SFMOMA goes beyond that. It is a symbol of pride for the people of San Francisco, and is known throughout the country as such. It was called "A vibrant new heart for art in San Francisco," by Morton Beebe in Smithsonian Magazine, July 1995. Millions of people go through the doors to see the constantly changing exhibitions in the many galleries. As the meuseuem was being renovated, this was probably a consideration. So, taking in to account that people would come from around the world to see not only what was...
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...Walter Gropius Born in Germany Walter Gropius was the third child of Walter Adolph Gropius and Manon Auguste. Walter Gropius served as a sergeant and then as a lieutenant in the signal corps in the First World War. He survived being both buried under rubble and dead bodies, and shot out of the sky with a dead pilot. Like his father and his great-uncle Martin Gropius ,Walter Gropius then became an architect. Gropius's career further emerged in the post war period. He was appointed as master of the Bauhaus school in 1919. It was this academy which Gropius transformed into the world famous ‘Bauhaus’, attracting a faculty that included a lot of talented influential modernist artist. In principle, the Bauhaus represented an opportunity to extend beauty and quality to every home through well designed industrially produced objects. This building ‘The Bauhaus’ designed by Walter Gropius in year 1919 was designed with an emerging style that would forever influence architecture. The current state of the graphic design industry today owes a lot to the Bauhaus movement. The Bauhaus which means ‘building house’ in German, was a design school that persevered throughout a tough time of social and political upheaval to leave one of the biggest stamps on art, architecture and design in the 20th century. Four facts that loomed over the founding of the Bauhaus in 1919 in Germany were the; ...
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...Picasso and Braque were focusing to sacrifice their subject matter for the most part of their paintings, while Duchamp on other hand was focusing in opposite way, by sacrificing the picture itself for the subject matter. The subject matter becomes the most important part of Cubist tradition, while keeping the originality of the idea without transforming it. The maximum effect could be achieved by presenting it, where subject matters to public. The function starts to become the driving force. The cubist tradition in a way of futurist subject could be considered as a rise of new modernism in architecture, which creates the most impressive architecture such as Le Corbusier’ Chapelle Notre Dame du Haut, Frank Lloy Wright’s Guggenheim Museum and Mies Van Der Rohe’s Barcelona Pavilion. All three examples together are clearly intended to show the progress of impressive design in architecture. Both cubist and futurism styles of design produce fascinating piece of architecture, where Futurism helped to produce the most successful architectural development in history. Having thus combined the ideas of Le Corbusier and Braque delivers the point that the generations come up with the successive perfectionism while taking away not only the architecture traditions of their past, as well as stopping to produce out-of -date tools which creates bad things of just using a bad tool, which should be replaced by creating a new...
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...Karl Friedrich Schinkel Arkitekti gjerman, piktori dhe dizenjuesi Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781-1841) ka qene nje nder arkitektet me te rendesishem dhe me influence te kohes se tije. Karl Friedrich Schinkel u lind me 13 mars, 1781 ne Neuruppin, ne perendim te Berlinit. Familja e tij levizi ne kryeqytetin Prussian ne 1794. I inspiruar nga projekti i Friedrich Gillit ne 1796 per nje monument per Frederick II ( Fredericku madh ). Schinkel ka udhetuar ne Itali dhe ne France (1803-1804). Ai u be nje piktor i peisazheve romantike dhe panoramave ( Qyteti i Medieval prane ujit, 1813) dhe seti (Magic Flute, 1815). Ne 1813 ai dizenjoi “Iron Cross”, graden me te larte ushtarake gjermane. Ne 1915 Frederick William III e caktoi ate si arkitektin e shtetit Prusian. Megjithese Schinkel ka dizenjuar ndertesa te rendesishme edhe per qytete te tjera pervec Berlinit si psh kisha e St. Nikolasit ne Potsdam (1826-1837) dhe “Guard House” ne Dresden 1833, punet e tij me te medha u zgjodhen ne kryeqytet. Ne fakt, ai ridisenjoi monumentin ne qender te qytetit dhe perpara shkaterrimit te tij gjate luftes se dyte boterore eshte thene qe ai qe njifte berlinin njihte edhe Schinkel. Ndertesa e tij e pare ishte shtepija mbreterore e mbrojtjes (Neue Wacht-Gebäude) ne Unter den Linden (1816). Nje bllok guri me portik Dorik, ishin kto qe e quajten Schinkel si nje mjeshter i formave Neo-Greke. Riorganizimi i Lustgarten ( tani Marx-Engels-platz), nje shesh ne lindje te Unter den Linden, perball Pallatit...
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...machines lijken. Maar ook vloeiende vormen om de nieuwe snelheden uit te beelden. Dit werdt gebruikt door Les Ballets Suédois, het Zweedse broertje van Les Ballets Russes. Deze dansorganisaties hebben rolschaats in hun ballet “Skating Rink” uitgevonden. De dansers staan niet op rolschaatsen, maar moeten dat wel in hun bewegingen uitbeelden. Bekende kunstenaars in deze tijd waren; * Robert Delauney: “Hommage aan Blériot”, Eiffeltoren & vliegtuig * Giacomo Balla: “Voortsnellende auto+licht+lawaai” * Bertold Brecht: schrijft tekst radiovoorstelling “Der Lindberghflug” * Umberto Boccioni: “Unieke vorm van continuïteit in de ruimte”, * Gino Severini: “Pantsertrein”, positief over robotisering v/d mens De Stijl De stijl werd in 1917 werd opgezet. Het belangrijkste in deze kunst is het gebruik van primaire kleuren. De kunstenaars wilde het liefste een zo groot mogelijke eenvoud en abstractie. Dit gebeurde zowel in de schilderkunst als in de bouwkunst. De kleuren werden gecombineerd met zwart en wit, dit natuurlijk samen met de primaire kleuren. Deze stijl is tegenwoordig een typische Nederlandse kunststrooming. Eigenlijk is dat heel grappig omdat de opzetters het eigenlijk een internationale stijl moest worden. De belangrijkste kunstenaars van de stijl waren; Theo van Doesburg, Piet Mondriaan, Bart van der Leck, Gerrit Rietveld en J.J.P. Oud. Piet Mondriaan ‘bloeiende appelboom’ Bauhaus Het beroemde Duitse opleidingsinstituut voor kunst en...
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...Tyrek Daniel Professor Genell Anderson History & Theory of Architecture II 2 April 2015 Book Review of Complexity and Contradictions in Architecture Robert Charles Venturi is an American architect, originator principal of the architecture firm Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates. He is also considered one of the foremost architectural dignitaries in the twentieth century dealing with post-modern architecture. Venturi worked in the field of architecture with a partner, which is wife, Denise Scott Brown. They worked together to shape the approach that architects, planners, and students encounter and sense architecture and the American assembled environment. Venturi attended school at the Episcopal Academy in Merion, Pennsylvania. He advanced summa cum laude from Princeton University as a member elect of Phi Beta Kappa and acquired the D’Amato Prize in architecture. He obtained his Master of Fine Arts from Princeton also. The years he spent being educated at Princeton was a dynamic factor in his development of a tactic to architectural theory and design. Contrasting to aesthetics terms, he extracted this tactic from architectural history in logic. He briefly worked under Eero Saarinen in Michigan, and later for Louis Kahn in Philadelphia. He was granted the Rome Prize Fellowship at the American Academy in Rome, which he was able to tour and study in Europe for two years. Venturi also held teaching positions at the University of Pennsylvania, allocating for Kahn. He advanced...
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...TROPICAL MODERNISM KERRY HILL BY: NADIA FAZILLAH MOHD FADZIR BACKGROUND AND HISTORY Kerry Hill is an architect famous for his hotel design in tropical Asia. He was born in Perth, Western Australia in 1943. He studied at Perth Technical College and then pursued his studies in University of Western Australia and graduated in 1968. He was one of the first eight architecture degree graduates of the university. After graduated, he worked for Jeffrey Howlett and Bailey in Perth for three years, from 1969 to 1971. He worked at new Perth Concert Hall and acknowledged Jeffrey Howlett as his important mentor in architecture. Then, he began to apply for jobs in United States but had no luck. He finally accepted to work for Palmer & Turner in Hong Kong and left Australia in 1972, to discover an uncertain journey that would inevitably inform the next 40 years of his practice. His first project as he took up his position in the firm was as a resident site architect for Bali Hyatt Hotel project in Bali, Indonesia. However, the project which supposed took about three months had been extended for more than 30 years. The project was never done, but it led to another project within this region. This is the starting point where he was introduced into a small community of Australian expatriates which included senior architect Peter Muller and the painter Donald Friend, old Asia hands, which then lead mark this an important period in crafting attitude to living and working in Asia, to...
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