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Mies Van Der Rohe

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Mies van der Rohe

Stambena arhitektura

Mies van der Rohe

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969), njemacki arhitekta, poznat kao jedan od najvecih arhitekata 20.stoljeca. Naglasavajuci otvorene prostore i industrijske materijale u konstrukciji, definirao je modernu arhitekturu. Rodjen u Aachenu, Mies je prvu polovinu svoje karijere proveo u rodnoj Njemackoj.
Njegovi rani radovi su se odnosili na stambenu arhitekturu, a njegov prvi rad, Riehl House je imao priliku projektovati sa samo dvadeset godina. Mies je vrlo brzo postao vodeca figura avantgardnog zivota Berlina i bio je postovan sirom Evrope zbog svojih inovativnih formi ukljucujuci Barcelona Pavilion. 1930.godine imenovan je za direktora Bauhausa, Njemacke skole eksperimentalne umjestosti i dizajna koju je vodio do 1933. godine kada su nacisti zatvorili tu skolu.
Armour Institut, jedan od prethodnika IITa, osnovan je 1890. godine u Chicagu, centru napredne arhitekture. Arhitekti poput Burnhama i Roota, Sullivana i Adlera, i William Le Baron Jenneya su transformirali su arhitekturu naglasavajuci strukturu i funkciju nad ukrasima. Ova generacija arhitekata je postala poznata kao prva "Chicago School of Architecture" („Cikaska skola arhitekture“). Mies je osnovao sljedecu. 1936. godine kada je Earl Reed dao ostavku na vodece mjesto Armour instituta, skola se pocela baviti trazenjem novog direktora. Povjerenstvo, sa John Holabirdom na celu, je angazovalo Miesa. Njegov prvi zadatak je bio da preuredi nastavni plan i program. Kada je stigao 1938. godine, insistirao je na pristupu prema kome se moraju prvo steci osnovna znanja: studenti arhitekture prvo moraju nauciti crtati a tek onda sticati znanja o gradjevinskim materijalima i na kraju osnovne principe projektovanja i gradjenja. Tokom ranih godina, Mies je drzao i predavanja u prostorima Art Institute of Chicago. Miesov drugi zadatak je bio sirenje juznog dijela kampusa. 1940. godine je doslo do spajanja Armour Instituta i Lewis Instituta u Illinois Institute of Technology. Armour Institut se vise nije mogao smjestiti na postojecih sedam hektara, pa je Mies izradio plan za prosireni kampus od oko 120 hektara.
Jos od 1819. godine Thomas Jefferson's University of Virginia je bio jedini americki kampus djelo jednog arhitekte. Miesov originalni prijedlog je podrazumijevao vise slozenih vecih zgrada grupisanih oko dvorista, ali u glavnom projektu je uvazio pravolinijski sistem ulica Chicaga i zgrade grupisao u dvije simetricne skupine. Miesove zgrade fakulteta su bile u ostrom kontrastu spram starih zgrada kampusa. Njegove zgrade su utjelovljenje arhitekture 20. stoljeca , njegovih metoda i materijala: celicni i betonski okviri sa vanjskim zidovima od opeke i stakla. Izgled IIT kampusa je bio i odraz njegovog fokusa u obrazovanju. Glavni projekat je kreirao oazu smirenja koja je bila suprotstavljena opcem haosu grada koji je okruzivao kampus. Miesovi objekti su postavili novi estetski standard modernoj arhitekturi. Danas je tesko zamisliti revolucionarnost tih zgrada s obzirom da ta moderna arhitektura prozima nasu svakodnevnicu. Mies je nastavio da projektuje neke od najprepoznatljivijih nebodera, ukljucujuci Lake Shore Drive Apartments u Chicagu i Seagram Building u New Yorku. Slagali se ili ne slagali sa Miesovom tezom; Manje je vise, njegov doprinos modernom urbanom izrazaju je neprocjenjiv. Miesova arhitektura je opisana kao ekspresija industrijskog doba kao sto je gotika opisana kao ekspresija eklekticizma. 1956.godine, cuveni arhitekt Eero Saarinen je odrzao govor povodom dodjele nagrade za zivotno djelo Miesu, uvrstio ga je medju tri najznacajnija arhitekta, zajedno sa Frank Lloyd Wrightom i Louisom Sullivanom. „Najveca arhitektura je i univerzalna i individualna istovremeno“, rekao je Saarinen prilikom posvete, „univerzalnost dolazi od arhitekture koja je odraz svoga vremena", ali individualnost dolazi od originalnosti kombinacije vjere, iskrenosti, posvecenosti i vjere u arhitekturu.“ 20 godina nakon prihvatanja pozicije direktora odjeljka za arhitekturu pri IIT, Mies daje ostavku u 72. godini. Royal Institute of British Architects je 1959. godine nagradio Miesa Zlatnom medaljom, a narednu godinu je dobio i nagradu AIA Gold Medal, najvise priznanje koje daje Americka asocijacija arhitekata.
1966.godine, Mies je obolio od raka jednjaka, od cega je i umro 3 godine nakon. Na komemoraciji, pocast su mu odali kako porodica tako i vodeca imena arhitekture.

Reihl House
1907

Riehl House

Riehl House je bio prvi Miesov rad. Imao je samo dvadest I jednu godinu u vrijeme kada je radio za Brunu Paula. Mies poprima mnogo karakteristika Paulovog klasicnog njemackog stila sa strogim stuko vanjskim izgledom i izrazajnim krovom koji na kuci naglasava ideju sklonista i doma. Unutarnji prostor je inspirisan Engleskim kolibama I japanskom arhitekturom, pored Paula Bruna.
Profesor filozofije, Alois Riehl I njegova supruga Sophie su namjeravali graditi vikend kucu u Neubabelsbergu, novom predgradju Potsdama. Par nije htio unajmiti nekog afirmiranog arhitektu, vec radije nekog talentiranog mladog i neafirmiranog arhitektu.
U jednom intervjuu sezdesetih godina, Mies je odao da je odbio pomoc svoga sefa Bruna Paula. Kao zamjenu tome, poslan je na studijsku posjetu Italiji kako bi ovom projektu mogao pristupiti na sto zreliji nacin.
Kuca je jos uvijek starinska I za svoje vrijeme, sa jednostavnim I prakticnim stilom koji ima reference u ranoj stambenoj arhitekturi 19. stoljeca.
Sto se tice arhitekture vrta, Mies se obratio Muthesiusu koji je bio u toku sa “arhitekturom vanjskog prostora”. Posjed je podijeljen na gornji vrt sa razlicitim simetricno postavljenim prostorima I pejzaznim vrtom nesto vecim koji se nalazio nize.
Unutrasnjost kuce je koncentrisana oko sredisnje dvorane cije uredjenje podsjeca na Brunu Paula iako je njegova suradnja na ovom projektu odbijena, izgleda da je ipak njegov uticaj bio prisutan.

Urbig House
1915 - 1917

Urbig House

Impresionirani radom za porodicu Riehls, Urbigovi narucuju novi dom od Miesa 1915.godine. Miesova prva ideja je ukljucivala moderan ravni krov, sto je odbijeno. Novi plan je nudio tradicionalniji krov sa nagibom I pet krovnih prozora.
Takve revizije su bile cesce, I mnoge arhitekte ranog dvadesetog stoljeca su navodile vracanju nekim klasicnijim estetskim izrazajima.
Iako je Urbig kuca pretjerano dekorisana, fino je uradjena, pokazujuci Miesovu paznju koju je posvetio detaljima I vjestini planiranja I gradjenja.

Weissenhofsiedlung*

*Naselje Weissenhof
Weissenhofsiedlung

The Weissenhof Estate ili Weissenhofsiedlung je stambeno naselje izgradjeno za izlozbu u Stuttgartu 1927.godine. To je bilo internacionalno izlagaliste za ono sto je kasnije poznato kao Internacionalni stil.
Imanje je sagradjeno za Deutscher Werkbund izlozbu 1927, I ukljucivalo je dvadeset I jedan objekat u kojima je sadrzano sezdeset stanova a koje su projektovali sedamnaest evropskih arhitekata. Za kompletan projekat grad je zaduzio Miesa, i on je bio taj koji je birao arhitekte, rukovodio finansijama, koordinirao ih, pripremao zemljiste i nadgledao gradnju.
Objekti variraju u formi, neki objekti su terasasti, neki individualni objekti dok su neki stanovi u stambenim zgradama, a svi prikazuju dosljednost dizajna. Svi objekti dijele neke znacajke, kao sto je npr. fasada koja je veoma jednostavna, ravne krovove koristene kao terase, pojasi sa otvorima, otvoreni enterijeri, visoki nivo i prefabrikacije koji je omogucio izgradnju prostora u samo pet mjeseci. Samo dva objekta od dvadeset i jednog nisu bili bjele boje. Bruno Taut je svoj objekat, najmanji, ofarbao u svijetlu nijansu crvene.
Objekti su predstavljani javnosti kao buduci radnicki kompleks, ustvari, svaki od ovih objekata je bio opremljen daleko iznad domasaja jednog prosjecnog radnika, I sa vrlo malo elemenata prikladnih standardizaciji masovne izgradnje.
Izgradnja je otvorena za javnost 23. Jula 1927.godine, i privukla je mnoge posmatrace.
U okviru Weissenhofa, Mies je projektovao objekte 1-4, blok individualnih stambenih jedinica u nizu.
Skeletna konstrukcija ovih objekata je omogucila Miesu da bude fleksibilan pri izradni svojih tlocrta. Jedine fiksne pozicije u njegovim objektima su bili kuhinja, kupatilo i wc-i. Preostali prostor je bilo moguce dijeliti pregradnim zidovima po izboru korisnika, onako kako njima najvise odgovara. Mies je svoj dizajn predstavio kao dizajn u sluzbi korisnika I njegovih potreba, i ostavio mogucnosti da korisnik prostor prilagodjava sebi, svojim ocekivanjima I vidjenjima odredjenog enterijera I prilagodjavanja zelji za slobodnim prostorom.

Lange i Esters

Lange i Esters

Ove dvije kuce se nalaze jedna uz drugu u Wilhelmshofallee, u aristokratskoj cetvrti Kreflda u Njmackoj. Narucili su ih u otprilike isto vrijeme Josef Esters I Hermann Lange. Mies je radio na ta dva projekta istovremeno I zapoceti su u samo dan razlike. Lange I Esters su bili kolekcionari djela savremene umjetnosti, tako su I njihovi domovi postal prostori savremenom umjetnosti za Kunstmuseen Krefeld (Muzej umjetnosti Krefeld).
Osnovni metod za izgradnju ovih kuca je bio ritam objekata uskladjen sa prirodnim okrezenjem I pogledom na njega.
U dijelu posvecenom vrtovima, veliki prozori I pristup vratima terase stvaraju intenzivnu komunikaciju sa vanjstinom. Za razliku od Wolf I Reihl kuca ove dvije nemaju panoramske poglede I vise su fokusirane na unutarnje vizure.
Sagledavsi ih kao cjelinu, obe dijele isti koncept prostora I raspodjelu. Enterijer je u kontrastu sa urbanizmom Stuttgarta, a I ovdje daje jednocelijski prostor u zamjenu za odvojenost prostorija.
Ovi objekti su osmisljeni kao objekti od cigle sa blokovima u unutrasnjosti. Ovo su I jedni od prvih primjera gdje cigla po prvi put nije koristena kao nosivi strukturni elemenat nekog objekta nego je iskoristena u druge svrhe, tj. kako bi fasadi dala veoma neobican i originalan izgled.
Vanjski zidovi su prekriveni tamnom pecenom ciglom kako bi dali dojam monolitnosti. Glavna konstrukcija kuce je celicna, sto je Miesu dalo za mogucnosti da pravi velike otvore u zidovima, sto bi inace bilo nemoguce izvesti gradeci nosivu konstrukciju sa ciglom.
Poseban problem je predstavio Ernst Walter, Miesov prijatelj staticar koji je ukazao na vaznost proracuna ovih celicnih konstrukcija gdje su proracuni diktirani oblikom konstrukcije i da je njihovo postovanje bilo nepohodno. Ovdje to nije bio slucaj. Veca paznja je data estetskom nego konstruktivnom pogledu.
Ovdje se to vidi na vanjskim zidovima koji su oslobodjeni svakog statickog opterecenja kako bi dozvolili velike otvore.
Posmatrajuci to, rijec je o velikoj kontradiktornosti karaktera fasade i strukture samog objekta.
Ovaj konflikt izmedju zelje za stvaranjem lijepe arhitekture i dobre konstrukcije za Miesa je ostao nerijesen jos dugo vremena.
Odbijanje davanja prednosti konstrukciji kod Miesa mozda ima uzrok u proucavanju modela De Stijla.

Tugendhat House

Tugendhat House

Gradjena 1928 - 1930. godine u češkom gradu Brno za Fritza Tugendhata i njegovu ženu Gretu. Mies je koristio čelične konstrukcije koje su mu omogućile da olakša nosive zidove i rasprši prostor kako bi ostvario osjećaj lakoće prostora i maksimalnu osvjetljenost. Također je dizajnirao i sav namještaj, od kojih se Stolica Tugendhat i Stolica Brno još uvijek proizvode. U vili nije bilo slika ili dekorativnih elemenata, osim maksimalno iskorištenih tekstura materijala, kao što je zid od oniksa koji je poluproziran i mijenja boju ovisno o svjetlu, te razne vrste tropskog drveta. Zbog tada neobičnih konstrukcija, raskošnih materijala i modernih tehnologija zagrijavanja i ventilacija, vila je bila izrazito skupa. Također, zbog izrazito jednostavnih, ali velikih multifunkcionalnih prostorija, vila je bila prevelika za obiteljsku kuću. Vila je korištena za razne svrhe, a 1992. godine političke vođe su se ovdje sastali i potpisali mirno razjedinjenje Češke i Slovačke. Od 1994. godine vila je muzej otvoren za javnost, a 2001. godine upisana je na UNESCOov popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Europi kao važno i originalno djelo velikog arhitekte. 2007. godine obitelj Tugendhat je službeno zatražila povrat vile. Obnova je počela u februaru 2010. godine i koštat će oko 5,769,000 eura. Ceski grad Brno se poceo razvijati oko 1830.godine, kada su srusene utvrde. Grad se ubrzano razvijao, posebno po uzoru na zgradu Ringstrassea, znacajke koje su Brnu dale odlike grada 19.stoljeca, poput Beca. Urbani razvoj Moravskog grada zahvaljuje uglavnom tekstilnoj industriji, nakon cega se poceo siriti izvan centra stvarajuci radnicko predgradje kao i rezidencijalne cetvrti. Krajem19. I pocetkom 20. Stoljeca, Brno se poceo razvijati u moderni grad. Art Nouveau je postao novi izraz gradske jezgre, koja se polako odricala historicizma. Zajedno sa izgradnjom Ringstrassea, poceo je urbanisticki plan za Černá Pole („Crno polje“). Prije Prvog svjetskog rata, Černá Pole postaje najtrazenije stambeno podrucje zahvaljujuci svom okruzenju najvise i taj status je zadrzalo sve do 30ih godina. Vila se nalazi na kosom terenu, okrenuta ka jugozapadu. Prva etaza, podrum, sadrzi servisne prostore. Druga etaza, prizemlje, sadrzi glavne drustvene prostorije kao i prostore za dnevni boravak, terasu i kuhinju sa pratecim prostorima kao i prostor za poslugu. Treca etaza, prvi sprat, ima glavni ulaz kome se pristupa sa ulice, sa prolazom ka terasi, ulaznim holom, roditeljskim prostorijama, djecijom sobom i pratecim prostorijama za dadilju i dijete. Vozacevoj sobi zajedno sa garazom se pristupa posebno. Kuca je poduprta velikim betonskim potpornim zidom prema prema ulici, koji stvara veliko prosirenje izmedju visoke ivice terena na Černopolní ulici i samog objekta. Omalterisana konstrukcija sadrzi celicni skelet, armirano betonske tavanice i zidove zidane ciglom. Suptilni potporni zidovi krstatog oblika su usidreni u betonskim bazama i parcijalno stoje kao sastavni dijelovi zida a djelomicno prolaze i kroz cjelokupni prostor cijele kuce. Hrom je koristen u dnevnom boravku kao jedan od materijala. Zasebne funkcionalne jedinice su u prostoru izdijeljenje zidovima boje meda i zutim onyxom sa bijelim i polukruznim zidom od ebanovine.

Lemke House

Lemke House

Najkarakteristicnije za Lemke House je njen vrt. Ni jedan drugi Miesov objekat nema ovakav odnos sa zelenom povrsinom. Takodjer je posljednji Miesov projekat u Njemackoj prije no sto je emigrirao u SAD. Lemke House je danas muzej savremene umjetnosti nazvan Kuca Mies van der Rohea.
Ova rezidencija je izgradjena za Karla i Marthu Lemke. Kupili su zemljiste i dvije godine nakon pocela je izgradnja Miesovog projekta (dok je bio direktor Bauhausa). Kuca ima staklene panele od poda do plafona koji se otvaraju ka vanjskom prostoru. Interijer je opremljen Miesovim dizajnerskim namjestajem.
Lemkeovi su zivjeli tu sve dok ih Sovjetska vojska nije primorala da se isele 1945.godine. Tada je kuca koristena kao garaza, a u sezdesetima kao spremiste rublja za Istocno njemacke casnike. Kuca je pod zazstitom od 1977.godine a neke manje restauracije je dozivjela u periodu 2000 – 2002.

The Promontory stanovi

The Promontory stanovi

Promontory stanovi oznacavaju Miesovu teznju da stambene jedinice smjesti u visoku zgradu. To je bila prva visoka zgrada izgradjena od matrijala koje je koristio Mies. Beton, grede i stubovi su zasjenjeni silnim pozitivnim kritikama na racun njegovog novog projekta. Dispozicija stanova i sam projekat zgrade su dali idalan pogled na jezero Michigan a estetika je bila nezamisliva. Ovaj projekat je nastao kao rezultat njegove suradnje sa Herbertom Greenwaldom, koja je izrodila mnoge zgrade i komplekse zgrada.

Farnsworth kuca

Farnsworth kuca

Dvije paralelne povrsine koje cine glavninu ove kuce, pod i strop razdvaja a ujedno i spaja 8 celicnih stubova. Naizgled jednostavno, ali Mies je projekat za ovu kucu izradio u cak 167 crteza dok nije stigao do svoje finalne ideje i rjesenja. Jednostavnost i elegancija se ogledaju u paznji posvecenoj detaljima. U svakom slucaju, Mies nije kreirao Farnswoth kako bi bio stakleni predmet divljenja. Nadao se da ce kreirati prostor u kome ce se zivot odvijati zajedno i neovisno o prirodi.

50 x 50 kuca

50 x 50 kuca

Jedan od Miesovih neizgradjenih objekata je i njegova 50 x 50 kuca koja je zamisljena kao rjesenje problema masovnog stanovanja, problema u arhitekturi kome nikada nije posveceno dovoljno paznje do tada.
2009.godine, umjetnik Iñigo Manglano-Ovallé izgradio je u pola manji primjerak njegove 50 x 50 kuce sa obrnutim podom i plafonom u Massachusetts Muzeju svremene umjetnosti.

McCormick kuca

McCormick kuca

McCormick House (McCormick kuca) je jedan od prijmjeraka Miesove kuce sa celicnim okvirom. Dijelovi su na gradiliste dopremljni uz nevjerovatnu paznju iz fabrike u kojoj su pravljeni
1994.godine kuca je izmjestena nekoliko blokova dalje od svog originalnog mjesta u javni park gdje sada ima ulogu Elmhurst Art Museum-a.

Commonwealth Promenade stanovi

Commonwealth Promenade stanovi

Mies je radio sa Herbertom Greenwaldom na ovim dvjema stambenim zgradama nakon uspjeha njihove suradnje na Lake Shore Driveu godinu prije. Originalni projekat i plan razvoja je predvidjao 4 zgrade, sto je na kraju smanjeno. Projekat ima mnogo slicnosti sa Esplanade Apartment Zgradama koje su projektovane u otprilike isto vrijeme te su imale velikog utjecaja jedne na druge.

Esplanade stambene zgrade

Esplanade stambene zgrade

Nakon uspjeha Lake Shore Drivea, Mies i Greenwald su preuzeli pet manjih projekata za Sjeverni dio Chicaga. Esplanade zgrade su jedan od njih. Prve zgrade izgradjene sa neprekinutim aluminijskim i staklenim panelnim zidovima.

2400 Lakeview

2400 Lakeview

Jedna armiranobetonska zgrada, sa aluminijem i sivim zatamnjenim staklom. Kao i svi ostali radovi Miesa, zgrada zraci ljepotom ali ne zbog svog ornamentalnog izrazaja vec iskljucivo iz jednostavnosti i cistoce arhitekture, materijala i konstrukcije. Na prizemnoj etazi, okno lifta se doima kao jedan veliki blok mramora. Pored se nalaze Barcelona stolice (Miesov dizajn takodjer). Tople nijanse u enterijeru uravnotezuju hladnocu aluminija i stakla. Govoreci o ovom objektu, Mies je rekao: „Nasa masta je bila u sluzbi konstrukcije. Nase ideje smo iskoristili ne za formu vec konstruktivne mogucnosti“:

Zakljucak

Nasa izgradjena okolina nam je predodredjena za zivot sa njom I u njoj. Miesovi objekti, ne samo da utjecu na zivote ljudi na odredjenom prostoru nego ih uljepsavaju svojim znacajem I ljepotom. Njegovi objekti zrace pouzdanoscu, racionalnoscu I elegancijom svog tvorca I bez suvisnih ukrasa I ispada svjedoce o najbitnijim elementima nasih zivota.
U vremenu gdje pretjerivanje nema granica, vremenu u kome mi zivimo, Mies je reducirao detalje na najbolju mogucu mjeru koja je postala I odraz zivota okoline a I samih korisnika. Reducirajuci nepotrebno I fokusirajuci se na sustinske elemente nase okoline I samih nas, vidimo velicanstvenosti njegovih objekata I njihovu ljepotu.

Manje je vise

MIES

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