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Mining and Agriculture on the South African Economy

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Submitted By 22805885
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Louis Hanekom
22805885
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Opdrag 1
22 April 2014

Inhoudsopgawe Bladsy
1. Inleiding 1
2. Hoof uitdagings in die landbou sektor 2
2.1 Geadministreerde pryse 2
2.2 Landbou Navorsing 2
2.3 Arbeid in Landbou 2
2.4 Grondhervorming 2
2.5 Ramp Bestuur en beskerming van natuurlike hulpbronne 2

3. Hoof uitdagings in die mynbou sektor 3
3.1 Afname in produksie 3
3.2 Stakings 3
3.3 Arbeidskostes 3
3.4 Produksie kostes 3
3.5 Werksverliese 4

4. Hoe die uitdagings in die mynbou en landbou sektore Suid Afrika beïnvloed. 4
5. Oplossings vir sommige van hierdie uitdagings 5
5.1 Oplossings vir die uitdagings in die Landbou sektor 5
5.2 Oplossings vir die uitdagings in die Mynbou sektor 5

6. Impak op die sakewêreld 6

7. Afsluiting 7
8. Bronnelys: 8

1. Inleiding
Met 50.6 miljoen mense is Suid Afrika die grootste land in Afrika. Suid Afrika speel ʼn groot rol in die kommoditeit markte soos globale myn en minerale bronne , en beheer ʼn driekwart van die wêreld se platinum produksie. Suid Afrika het ook groot aandele in palladium, mangaan, goud en diamante. Die Wêreld Bank reken Suid Afrika as ʼn bo-gemiddelde inkomste land, met ʼn BBP per kapita van $10.973 (2011)
Die ekonomie van Suid Afrika is baie divers, en baie afhanklik van sy mynbou, landbou en toerisme. In hierdie opdrag gaan ek na die mynbou en landbou sektore kyk, en watter rol dit in die Suid Afrikaanse ekonomie speel, sowel as die sosio-ekonomiese uitdagings in die sektore en die impak wat dit op die land het. Ek het hierdie sektore gekies omdat ek van die plaas af kom, en die uitdagings in die landbou en mynbou industrieë beïnvloed nie net die land nie, maar my ook.

2. Hoof uitdagings in die landbou Sektor
2.1 Geadministreerde pryse
Geadministreerde pryse oortref die algemene inflasie, en plaas dus baie druk op die landbou sektor. Toename in die pryse van elektrisiteit, brandstof, water en minimum lone is tipiese voorbeelde in hierdie verband. (Agri SA). Alhoewel oplossings tot hierdie probleme nie voor die hand liggend is nie, verg dit steeds ernstige aandag, om sodoende effektiwiteit te verbeter en die impak van hierdie faktore te verminder.
2.2 Landbou Navorsing
Alhoewel navorsing uitgawes op die begroting van die DAFF meer as R1 biljoen oorskry vir die termyn 2013/24, is dit steeds nie naby die internasionale maatstaf van 3% van die bydrae van die landbou sektor aan die Suid Afrikaanse ekonomie nie. (Agri SA)
Die Afname in die hoeveelheid navorsers en die nodige fondse veroorsaak dat effektiewe navorsing nie kan plaasvind nie. Hierdie kan ʼn ernstige kommer veroorsaak oor die produktiwiteit en mededingendheid van die landbou sektor nasionaal en internasionaal.
2.3 Arbeid in die Landbou
Onlangse stygings van amper 52% in die minimum lone, veroorsaak geweldige kommer en dien nie die doel van die werkskepping in landbou wat deur die Nasionale Ontwikkelinge Plan uit een gesit is nie. Indiensneming in landbou in 2008 was 657 000 waar dit toegeneem het met slegs 15 000 tot en met 672 000 in die eerste helfte van 2013 (Liebenberg, et Al, 2013)
2.4 Grond Hervorming
Die huidige grond hervorming planne skep ernstige onsekerheid in die landbou sektor, ook van ʼn investerings perspektief. Die onteiening met onsekere vlakke van vergoeding moet onder dringende aandag gebring word.
Tydens 2012/13, het die Grond hervormings projek toegang verleen tot meer as 320 000ha se landbou grond, ter waarde van R2 biljoen. Strategiese ondersteuning is gebied aan 416 nuwe opkomende boere, asook 595 boere wat huidiglik ondersteun was, ter waarde van R1.2 biljoen (pocket guide to Sout Africa)
2.5 Ramp Bestuur en die beskerming van natuurlike hulpbronne
Rampbestuur sluit verskeie faktore in naamlik, droogtes, vloede, diere siektes en selfs plattelandse misdaad in. Op verskeie van hierdie kwessies is dit sigbaar dat die prosedurele en wetlike ooreenkomste nie voldoende is nie, en ernstige aandag gaan verg om op te los.

3. Hoof uitdagings in die mynbou sektor
3.1 Afname in produksie
In ʼn voorlopige Statistiek SA verslag van Januarie 2014, stel dat, met die uitsondering van 2.8% in 2010, was daar ʼn jaarlikse afname in mynbou produksie oor die afgelope 5 jaar.

(Stats SA, 2014)

3.2 Stakings
Die Nasionale Begroting, reken dat stakings in Suid Afrikaanse mynbou industrie uitvoere laat daal het met R12.5 biljoen en het die BBP met 0.5% beïnvloed in 2012. Op 25 Oktober 2012, het die Nasionale Begroting ook geskat dat Suid Afrika R10.1 biljoen verloor het van produksie as gevolg van stakings en ophoudings in die platinum en goud sektore alleenlik.

3.3 Arbeidskostes
PricewaterhouseCoopers, in sy publikasie van SA Mine 2012, reken dat die gemiddelde koste van ʼn werknemer in 2012 met meer as 9.8% gestyg het. Hierdie is die geval alhoewel algehele produksie gedaal in die industrie gedaal het.

(tradingeconomics.com)

3.4 Produksie kostes

PricewaterhouseCoopers in sy publikasie van SA Mine 2012, reken dat daar ʼn toename van 21% in die produksie uitgawes is in die hoof mynbou maatskappye in 2012. Die toename kan meestal gekoppel word aan Eskom se tarief verhoging. Eskom het ook aansoek gedoen om die elektrisiteitstarief jaarliks te vermeerder van April 2014 tot en met Maart 2018, dus gaan die energie prys styg van 61c/kWh tot en met 128c/kWh, oor die vyf jaar tydperk.

3.5 Werksverliese
Volgens Nomsa Internasionaal Plc, is die platinum maatskappye in Suid Afrika in gevaar om in 2014 en 2015 om en by 145 500 werksgeleenthede te verloor, omdat so baie myne teen verlies bedryf.
Volgens ʼn verslag van Adcorp, het die ekonomie van Suid Afrika 188 397 werksgeleenthede verloor in Februarie 2014. Aansienlike verliese is gesien in die mynbou sektor (-60.5%), vervoer en logistieke, insluitend kommunikasie (-21.7%). All ekonomiese sektore het in hierdie maand werksgeleenthede verloor.

4. Hoe die uitdagings in die mynbou en landbou sektore Suid Afrika beïnvloed.
Daar is ʼn toenemende kommer onder werknemers, gekombineerd met die toenemende vraag van die regering oor die rol wat myne en plase speel in die gemeenskap. Die regering verwag al hoe meer van myn maatskappy en plase om die sosiale behoeftes te bevredig, wat in meeste onwikkelde lande deur die regerings gedoen word, soos die voorsiening van basiese dienste, onderwys en gesondheidsorg. Hierdie plaas enorme druk op die myne en plase. Die tekort aan effektiewe vordering in hierdie gebiede word meestal tegemoetgekom met verbale verskil, onrus en stakings. Hierdie situasies het ʼn geweldige impak op ontwikkeling, en veroorsaak kostelike operasionele vertragings, reputasie en fisiese skade aan die besighede landswyd. Dus plaas dit die mynbou en landbou sektore onder baie druk, met korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheid, wat vandag ver bo die minimum vereistes strek.
Intensiewe boerdery praktyke benodig insette soos water, brandstof, voer, kunsmis, plaagdoders, onkruiddoders en toenemend, geneties gemanipuleerde saad. Die mynbou sektor maak ook staat op verskeie insette soos water, brandstof, staal, ens. Die verhoging in hierdie insette het ʼn enorme inpak op beide sektore en plaas selfs meer druk op die ontwikkeling van nuwe meer effektiewe, gemeganiseerde en goedkoper operasionele alternatiewe. Indien alternatiewe nie ontwikkel kan word nie kan grootskaalse produksie en werksverliese verwag word.
Die verskeie gesondheidsrisiko’s op plase en myne is ʼn toenemende bekommernis, en het ʼn invloed op verskeie besighede en families. Plaagdoders en Onkruiddoders wat in water gevind word is al verskeie kere as die oorsaak van kanker verbind, en kom veral voor by kinders. Besonderlik myne is baie bekend vir hul gesondheidsrisiko’s, insluitend fisiese (brande, rotsstortings, en ontploffings), Chemiese (silika, roet, kwik, en verskeie sure), Biologiese (verskeie myne is in areas geleë waar malaria en ander siektes voorkom), hierdie is net ʼn handvol van verskeie gesondheidsrisiko’s in hierdie sektore. Hierdie risiko’s het ʼn groot invloed op die effektiwiteit en beskikbaarheid van die arbeidsmag en kan ʼn groot finansiële impak he in die maatskappye wat hierdie gesondheid en veiligheids regulasies na laat.
Plase en myne is baie arbeidsintensief, en dus het mynbou en landbou ʼn groot rol om te speel in die skep van werk en die verligting van armoede in Suid Afrika. Ongelukkig neem werk in die landbou sektor af, as gevolg van kommersiële plase wat groter en meer gemeganiseerd word. Arbeidkostes is aan die toeneem en het ook ʼn groot impak op plase en myne. In die mynbou sektor is werksverliese ook aan die toeneem as gevolge van die verhoging in die hoeveelheid stakings en probleme met produktiwiteit.
5. Oplossings vir sommige van hierdie uitdagings
5.1 Oplossings vir die uitdagings in die landbou sektor
Voedselsekuriteit gaan nie net oor die beskikbaarheid en pryse nie, maar het ook met die indiensnemings probleem te doen. Die landbou sektor se bydrae tot indiensneming in Suid Afrika het gedaal met 75% tussen 1993 tot 2005, om slegs 628 000 werkers in diens te neem (agricultural statistics, 2008) Die departement van Landbou se Medium Termyn Strategiese raamwerk beklemtoon landbou as ʼn fokus area vir werkskepping.
Waar moontlik en prakties, moet plase metodes bevorder wat meer arbeidintensief is, soos hand uitdunning en oes, kompos strooi en die op pas van vee.
Joe Purchase, CEO van AGbiz sê;” Die Nasionale Ontwikkelingsplan voorsien ʼn weg vorentoe vir landbou, deur die belangrikheid van kommersiële en kleinhandel boerdery praktyke met ʼn meer pragmatiese en betrokke manier te nader”.
Gegee die onlangse onrus en protes aksie in die landbou sektor, is dit die verantwoordelikheid van hierdie sektor om met die regering in werking te tree en om sodoende meer volhoubare lone vir plaas werkers te skep, veral vir seisoenswerkers. Die regering het ʼn groot verantwoordelikheid in hierdie geval, veral in terme van dienslewering en die handhawing van orde.
5.1 Oplossings vir die uitdagings in die landbou sektor
Die ontstellende afname in die mynsektor, eens die reus van Suid Afrikaanse ekonomie, veroorsaak baie vrae. Die industrie self verteenwoordig slegs 5-8% van die land se BBP tans, wanneer dit op ʼn stadium meer as 20% verteenwoordig het (ibid, 2012). Die laaste ding wat Suid Afrika wil hê is dat meer en meer myne toemaak, en veroorsaak dat daar selfs nog ʼn groter druk op werksverliese en armoede gesit word. Myne moet beter werksomstandighede en regverdige en betaling van hul werkers bewerkstellig om verdere verliese te verseker.
Die Nasionale Ontwikkelingsplan stel dat Suid Afrika “gefaal het om die globale groeikoers in minerale uitvoer te bewerkstelling” as gevolge van “swak infrastruktuur” en “ swak regulerende beleide” (NDP, 2030). Om investerings groei asook uitsette in die mynbou sektor het die NDP voorgestel dat sekere ingrypings gedoen moet word in verband met “die volhouding van eiendoms reg en die aangee van verwysings aan die MPRDA om voorspelbare, mededingende en stabiele mynbou omgewing te skep”
Die myn maatskappye en die regering moet saam werk om maksimum produksie deur effektiewe toedeling van menslike en ander hulpbronne te verseker. Deur die toename in produksie by myne te verseker, sal daar ʼn toename in die BBP ook gesie word sowel as die skepping van verskeie nodige werksgeleenthede.
Verskeie huishoudings en families is afhanklik en word beïnvloed deur myne. Baie families verkry hulle inkomste van die myne, en baie bly binne die geografiese area van die myne wat beïnvloed word deur faktore soos vuil water en riviere. Myne moet seker maak dat die gesondheid en veiligheid van die werkers en die gemeenskap wat van die myne afhanklik is in ag geneem en beskerm word.
6. Impak op die sakewêreld
Grond is een van die drie hoof faktore van produksie in klassieke ekonomie (saam met arbeid en kapitaal), en voorsien belangrike insette vir behuising en voedsel produksie (Wu, 2010) Dus kan grond as die steunpilaar gesien word vir verskeie ekonomieë, omdat dit die land van verskeie ekonomiese en sosiale voordele voorsien.
Verstedeliking kan ook verskeie geleenthede vir die landbou sektor inhou, die ontstaan van ʼn nuwe kliënte basis kan boere met die geleentheid voorsien om hul gewasse vir hoër pryse te verkoop
Myne en plase is verantwoordelik vir die ontwikkeling en die volhoubaarheid van verskeie gemeenskappe en selfs klein dorpies in omliggende gebiede. Soos myne en plase groei, word meer en meer werkers verlang, saam met meer werkers kom meer families, en binnekort is daar ʼn behoefte aan onderwys en voedsel bronne. Daar word dan skole, hospitale en winkels gebou, en so vorm klein dorpies en gemeenskappe, te danke aan die vraag van plase en myne. Meeste van die dorpies alhoewel is baie afhanklik van die myn en plaas maatskappy vir oorlewing. Soos minerale en hulpbronne opdroog, en meganisasie toeneem, veroorsaak dit ʼn verlies aan werksgeleenthede, wat tot gevolg kan lei dat verskeie van hierdie dorpies sonder enige ander bron van inkomste ophou voortbestaan en spookdorpies word

7. Afsluiting
Suid Afrika is ryk in minerale en hulpbronne en moet strategieë ontwikkel om hierdie hulpbronne so effektief as moontlik te kan benut. Die mynbou en Landbou industrieë is sleutel rolspelers in die Suid Afrikaanse ekonomie en moet nie onderskat word nie. Die sektore speel ʼn belangrike rol in sosio-ekonomiese uitdagings soos werksvoorsiening, armoede, omgewingskwessies en selfs finansiële groei. Deur die volhoubare onwikkeling en bestuur van die sektore kan verskeie van hierdie sosio-ekonomiese uitdagings aan gepak word.
In hierdie opdrag is die verskeie uitdagings en geleenthede van die mynbou en landbou sektore geïdentifiseer. Ek glo dat Suid Afrika hierdie sektore kan gebruik om ʼn groot rol te speel in die groei en volhoubaarheid van die Suid Afrikaanse ekonomie en gemeenskappe
Woorde: 2057

8. Bronnelys: * Adcorp Emplyment Index, February 2014 * Agri SA, Memorandum: Ten most challenging issues confronting agriculture, 25 February 2013 * Bloomberg, South African Mine Strikes to Cut Exports by 12.5 Billion Rand, 6 November 2012 * Dr. F. Liebenberg & Prof J. Kirsten. Statistics on farm labour in South Africa. University of Pretoria. 8 October 2013 * ‘In the pits’, The Economist, 25 August 2012, http://www.economist.com. * Ibid.; Kearney, L., ‘Mining and minerals in South Africa’, SouthAfrica.info, 9 August 2012, http://www.southafrica.info. * JunJie Wu, Land Use Changes: Economic, Social, and Environmental Impacts * Leon, P., ‘South African mining industry at the cross roads’, Address to African Mining Network, 14 July 2012, http://led.co.za. * Mining Weekly, Mine strikes cost SA R10 bn in lost production - Treasury, 25 October 2012. * National Planning Commission, National Development Plan - 2030, at 42 (see also 146). * Pocket Guide to South Africa, Rural development and Land reform, 2012/13, www.gov.za * PricewaterhouseCoopers, SA Mine: Highlighting trends in the South African mining industry, November 2012 * Statistics SA, Mining: Production and sales (preliminary), November 2012, p6, Table 2.

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