...temporal shifts/ time changes such as flashbacks. • Choose third or first person according to task and STICK WITH IT (although there might be an opportunity for selective use of embedded narrative- another voice telling the story). • Try to use narrative hooks- intrigue your readers, perhaps keep them in suspense or keep them guessing! • Plan a definite opening and ending. Task : plan a story using this classic five part structure- • Exposition (opening- it sets the scene and kick off the action) • Encounter – a meeting or key event involving two or more characters. • Complication or conflict- the difficulty. • Climax- the most intense moment of the story. • Resolution- the ending- sad, happy, mixed, open ending, surprise ending or ‘twist in the tail of the tale. [pic] CHARACTERISATION AND POINT OF VIEW. • Focus on two or three main characters only. • Try to make them realistic and ‘rounded’ (with depth). • Select key details. • Avoid giving a long, boring description of their entire appearance –pick significant features. • Help the readers...
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...Ministry of Education of the Republic of Moldova State Pedagogical University “Ion Creangă” Foreign Languages and Literature Faculty English Philology Department DIPLOMA PAPER Figurative Language, Language Shaped by Imagination in Katherine Mansfield’s Short Stories Submitted by: the 4th year student Paşcaneanu Mariana Group 404 Scientific adviser: Tataru Nina Senior Lecturer Chişinău 2012 Contents INTRODUCTION 2 CHAPTER I: SHORT STORY AS A FORM OF FICTION 5 I.1.Common Characteristics of a Short Story as a Form of Fiction. Its Plot and Structure. 5 I.2. Figurative Language. Definition. Function. 9 I.3. Imagery – Language that Appeals to the Senses 11 I.3.1. Simile, Metaphor and Personification. 13 1.3.2. Symbol and Symbolism. 26 I.3.3 Allegory. 30 CHAPTER II: LANGUAGE SHAPED BY IMAGINATION IN K. MANSFIELD’S SHORT STORIES 36 II.1. Figurative Language, Symbolism and Theme in "Her First Ball": 37 II.2. Katherine Mansfield – Techniques and Effects in A Cup of Tea. 41 II.3. Literary Colloquial Style in “Miss Brill” by K. Mansfield. 49 II.3.1. Lexical features—Vague Words and Expressions 49 II.3.2 Syntactical and Morphological Features 52 II.3.3 Phonological Schemes of the Figures of Speech 55 II.4. Simplifying Figurative Language in K.Mansfield’s Short Stories 60 CONCLUSION 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY 66 APPENDIX 70 INTRODUCTION Figurative Language is the use of words that...
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...Chapter One Journal “Dark chasms!” I scream from the cliff-edge, “seize me! Seize me to your foul black bowels and crush my bones!” I am terrified at the sound of my own huge voice in the darkness. I stand there shaking from head to foot, moved to the deep-sea depths of my being, like a creature thrown into audience with thunder.At the same time, I am secretly unfooled. The uproar is only my own shriek, and chasms are, like all things vast, inanimate. They will not snatch me in a thousand years, unless, in a lunatic fit of religion, I jump. (10) | Critical Response The words used are informal, giving us a feeling that the character is trying to relate to use. Most of the words are denotative, giving us a specific meaning to hold onto, while some are less clear which gives more mystery to the passage. The diction is mostly concrete, speaking of the chasm and his voice, not of other abstract ideas mentioned previously in the chapter. The words are also cacophonous, not sounding pleasant together and further expressing the distress Grendel seems to be experiencing as the monster he is. The words are mostly monosyllabic, making it easier for us to understand. The diction used clearly expresses the idea that Grendel pretends to be intrigued by the idea of the dark chasm seizing him, he also understands that this would only be possible if he gave in and jumped. | Personal Response I think this quote relates to me because I too, often talk to inanimate things...
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...Most people who bother with the matter at all would admit that the English language is in a bad way, but it is generally assumed that we cannot by conscious action do anything about it. Our civilization is decadent and our language — so the argument runs — must inevitably share in the general collapse. It follows that any struggle against the abuse of language is a sentimental archaism, like preferring candles to electric light or hansom cabs to aeroplanes. Underneath this lies the half-conscious belief that language is a natural growth and not an instrument which we shape for our own purposes. Now, it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately have political and economic causes: it is not due simply to the bad influence of this or that individual writer. But an effect can become a cause, reinforcing the original cause and producing the same effect in an intensified form, and so on indefinitely. A man may take to drink because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the more completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that the process is reversible. Modern English, especially written English, is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can be avoided if one is willing to take the necessary trouble. If one gets rid of these...
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...features and/or word choices are effective. ------------------------------------------------- Language features could include: interesting word choice, simile, metaphor, ------------------------------------------------- personification, sound devices, symbol, sentence types, etc. Unknown Girl in the Maternity Ward Essay “Go child, who is my sin and nothing more.” The most defining characteristic of confessional poetry is that it focuses on a subject matter that was considered immoral and inappropriate. ‘Unknown Girl in the Maternity Ward’ is a confessional poem written by Anne Sexton, concerning a young mother who is expected to give up her newborn baby. Written from a first-person point of view, Sexton invites the reader to live through the thoughts and feelings of the mother through the effective use of a many language features such as similes, metaphors, caesuras/enjambments, and interesting word choice. The first stanza starts with intriguing word choice. “The current of your breath” indicates the connotations of movement and life from the newborn baby, though it can also negatively connote a sign of violence or destruction in the extreme relation to tsunamis, implying power and/or trouble. Sexton describes the baby as “a small knuckle” and “fisted like a snail”. The metaphor and simile both suggest the way the baby is lying curled up in a ball, yearning for protection from the mother as the comparison to a snail gives the meaning of being...
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...Making Characters Come Alive in Modern Literature A character's description is a large part of who he or she is, and how other characters may initially react to the character. Indeed, giving a description powerful enough may influence the general future of how a character is perceived by others and portrayed by an author as a story develops. The more detailed the description, the more he “pops” off the page and into the reader's heart. One simple example to begin with. John is a good looking man who carries a gun. or John is never without a weapon, a specific pistol which he holds in such a way that it always manages to catch the light on its metal surfaces. An angelic face belies good genetics or simple luck which causes people to take pause and a second look every time he walks into a room. The first sentence says nothing about the character. The brief paragraph gives the reader a better idea of who John is, though motives, desires and so on remain unstated. To further flesh out a character, the following should be kept in mind. The Basics The apparent age, height, weight, body frame, coloration of skin, eyes and hair are all notes that any author should instinctively tackle. Scars, blemishes, tattoos and so on give the character even more life. Expanded Vision Judging the weather can mean more than calling up a website. You need to know to look at the clouds (where are they going, what do they look like, how many are there), the trees...
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...Е. Є. Мінцис О. В. Карбашевська Ю. Б. Мінцис A COMMONSENSE GUIDE TO ANALYTICAL READING AND TEXT INTERPRETATION МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ ПРИКАРПАТСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ ІМЕНІ ВАСИЛЯ СТЕФАНИКА Е. Є. Мінцис О. В. Карбашевська Ю. Б. Мінцис A COMMONSENSE GUIDE TO ANALYTICAL READING AND TEXT INTERPRETATION Навчально-методичний посібник із аналітичного читання та інтерпретації тексту для студентів третього курсу англійського відділення стаціонарної та заочної форми навчання Івано-Франківськ 2009 УДК ББК 81.2 Англ.- М- 62 К- 21 Мінцис Е. Є., Карбашевська О. В., Мінцис Ю. Б. A Commonsense Guide to Analytical Reading and Text Interpretation. Навчально-методичний посібник із аналітичного читання та інтерпретації тексту. – Івано-Франківськ, 2009. – с. Друкується за ухвалою Вченої ради факультету іноземних мов Прикарпатського національного університету Імені Василя Стефаника (протокол № 9 від 26 червня 2008 року) Укладачі: Мінцис Е. Є., старший викладач кафедри англійської філології факультету іноземних мов Прикарпатського національного університету імені Василя Стефаника Карбашевська О.В., аспірант кафедри світової літератури Прикарпатського національного університету імені Василя Стефаника Мінцис Ю. Б., аспірант кафедри англійської філології факультету іноземних мов Прикарпатського національного університету...
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...Emily Dickinson The poem “Because I could not stop for death” by Emily Dickinson is based on several cognitive metaphors, for instance: life is a journey or life is a cycle. They are expressed explicitly; life ends with a journey through all the destinations enumerated in the poem; it has a start and the final point. Also life is a path, because they follow the path and at its sides they observe different things and people. The metaphor life is a day is expressed by the lines “we passed the fields of gazing grain, We passed the setting Sun”, where, obviously, the first image means young ages and the second one is about the old ones. This metaphor is widely used in folk texts and in both Russian and Ukrainian languages there are correspondences e. g. на закате своих дней. The pattern purposes are destinations suits this poem because the person dies but this process is described as moving to the other place. The image of the HOUSE is important for the poem. It symbolizes a coffin, or the final destination, or the end of the journey. This complex image renders the beliefs that the dead live in their world under the ground, because only alive people need a place to live. It is interesting that in this poem Death is addressed like “he”. It reveals the difference between American and Ukrainian concepts: for us death is a woman and for them it is a man (or for this particular literary text). One of the possible interpretations is that men tend to destroy everything. Here it is...
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...Analysis of “The Story of an Hour” written by Kate Chopin The story under analysis is written by Kate Chopin. Kate Chopin was an American author of short stories and novels. She wrote for both children and adults. She is considered as a forerunner of feminist author. Unlike many of the feminist writers of her time who were mainly interested in improving the social conditions of women, she looked for an understanding of personal freedom. She put much concentration on women’s lives and their continual struggles to create an identity of their own personality. Her stories were not accepted by the public of that period. Through her stories Kate wrote her own autobiography and documented her surroundings. She is the author of such works as “The Awakening”, “A Night in Arcadie”, “Désirée’s Baby”, “At Fault” and “The story of an Hour”. The action of the “The story of an Hour” takes place in the house of Mr. and Mrs. Mallard, in the middle of 19 century. In a bourgeois family. I’d like to remark that at that time the situation was different from the current state of things in modern world. Women were supposed to obey their husbands, devoting themselves fully to raising a baby and taking care of their house. No time for their personal needs, hobbies, interests and work. Women lived all their lives in the shadow of their husbands. “The story of an Hour” begins with sad news. Mrs. Mallard’s sister Josephine and her husband’s friend Richards try to inform her husband’s death. During the...
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...Idioms 1) “Absence makes heart grow fonder” :- Our feeling for those we love increases when we are apart from them . 2) “Armed to the teeth” :- To be heavily armed. 3) “Back-handed compliment” :- A compliment that also insults or put down at the same time. 4) “Bleed like a stuck pig” :- To bleed heavily. 5) “Blow off some steam” :- To enjoy oneself by relaxing normal formalities. 6) “Blowing smoke” :- To be boasting without being able to back it up ; talking about action without intent to follow through. 7) “Bouched up” :- Substandard; Messed up; Make a shamble of. 8) “Brand Spanking New” :- New and Unused. 9) “Break A Leg” :- A wish of good luck, do well. 10) “A burnt child dreads the fire” :- One does not repeat a painful lesson twice. 11) “Bust your balls” :- To harass with the intent to break one’s spirit. 12) “Busting your chops” :- To say things intended to harass. 13) “Can’t hold a candle to” :- To be far less competent or have far less skills than someone else. 14) “Cat bird seat” :- A highly advantaged position, to have it all. 15) “Chew the fat” :- To talk about unimportant things. 16) “Clean bill of health” :- To be found healthy. 17) “Clear as a Bell” :- Clearly understood. 18) “Close, but no cigar” :- Nearly achieving success, but not quite. 19) “Cold Turkey” :- To Quit something abruptly. 20) “Cooking with gas” :- To be working fast, proceeding rapidly. 21) “ In the Crapper” :- In...
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...The English language is known as being one of the most difficult languages to learn. There are many reasons for this, a major factor being the use of figurative language. Since the English language is packed with figures of speech is can be very confusing to truly comprehend what someone is trying to get across. This doesn’t just go for the new comers to the English language but also to native English speakers. Throughout this paper I will define and give examples for ten different types of figurative language while providing appropriate usage. These types of figurative language include idiom, analogy, metaphor, simile, cliché, amphiboly, fame word, hyperbole, euphemism, and lastly colloquialism. Idiom Idioms are words or phrases that mean something different from what they are literally saying. For example “to burn the candle at both ends” means to exhaust yourself by doing too much ("Language Arts," 2010). At first it might not make much since. After thinking about it you may realize if you lit a candle at both ends it would actually burn out two times faster than just being lit on one side. An appropriate circumstance for using this example would be if you had a friend that worked two jobs and went to school full-time. You could say “wow you really are burning the candle at both ends”. Again you are stating how your friend is over working themselves and how they could burn out just like the candle. Analogy An analogy compares certain similarities between things which...
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...the gun” and assume the best or worst in any situation. This kind of anticipatory action can have a positive result, but most of the time someone who jump the gun eventually makes an erroneous or misinformed decision based on inaccurate early information. Analogy inference that if two or more things accede with one another in some respects they will probably accede in others. Analogies are often used to simplify or explain a complex subject or situation by comparing it to something with similar features. The phrase, “ She has a velvet voice,” is an analogy used to parallel the singer’s voices to the smoothness of velvet. Analogies are a good way of getting your point across. But if the analogy is obscure, it hinders instead of helps. Metaphor a figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally...
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...Perseverance is the persistence in carrying on with something despite the delay in achieving success. The theme of perseverance in runs through both ‘Robinson Crusoe’ by Daniel Defoe and ‘Alive’ by Piers Paul Read. ‘Robinson Crusoe’ is a fiction adventure novel about a young man who manages to survive for many years on an island before returning home to Europe. However; ‘Alive’ is a literary non-fiction text that provides a detailed account of a rugby team along with their friends and family, who managed to survive for 72 days and get off the mountains after their plane crashed into the Andes in 1972. In Alive, perseverance is shown through the extract many times, in trying to maintain a society up in the mountains, and perseverance to eat the flesh of their friends through reasoning with their conscience. In contrast, the extracts from Robinson Crusoe show perseverance is shown through Robinson feeling desolate and isolated on the island but manages to persevere through the reasoning with conscience and religion when he tells himself he is in a better condition than he could be in. In the second extract I have chosen from Robinson Crusoe is where he starts to lose faith, and he feels empty and alone in his deserted island, but then he regains his faith in God through reading the bible, which gives him strength to persevere. The writer’s use of language changing over time, settings and the reasoning with characters conscience through religion and their actions demonstrate...
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...Write 2-3 page essay describing a special person, place, memory, event or experience from your life. Draw upon the five senses – sight, sound, taste, smell, touch – and employ the use of simile and metaphor. Your essay must have a thesis, in which you explain or allude to why this event/person/place is important to you. What is the personal meaning? Has your feelings on what you’re describing changed over time? Descriptive Essay Rubric and Grading Considerations • Correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation • Length: 2-3 pages, typed, proper MLA formatting (see book and syllabus) • Qualities of good writing (active verbs, sensory descriptions, written in the student’s own voice) • A clear introduction, thesis, and a conclusion that offers a reflection. • Includes a developed body, good paragraph development, transitions, and logical flow in essay form. Fresh Meat (from the “Cabrini Green Project”) By Darrius Barron Being the new kid on the block wasn’t always a good thing. The first day of high school, bashfulness erupted in every freshman’s body. The smell of fresh meat lurked around in the air, as the sophomores sensed it. There was quiet in every classroom. Very few people were talking to their friends from eighth grade. Every forty-five minutes in class felt like a decade in the lake of fire. I felt the dirty, disrespectful looks on my back. I felt the heat from the competition in the school. This year for high school, I tried...
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...uses many different literary elements in his “I have a dream” speech, although the most frequently used elements were simile, metaphor, analogy, symbolism and allusion. King used these literary elements to grasp his audience and make them listen to the words he spoke. In his I have a dream speech used these literary elements to convey a message to the United States. This message was to bring America out of the current continuous abyss of segregation it was in. Dr. King uses simile, symbolism, metaphor, analogy and allusion to deliver one of the best speeches ever too an audience of millions. Firstly, two of the most continuously used literary elements were simile and metaphor. For example, King said “When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir.” in this sentence King is speaking on the Declaration of Independence in a metaphoric sense. King is comparing the constitution to a promissory note which is a metaphor. King also uses a fair amount of simile in this speech as well, although in my opinion the usage of metaphor and simile was a little unbalanced. Dr. King used an abundant amount of metaphor but not a sufficient amount of simile. I would suggest that perhaps King thought the continuous usage metaphor gave a more stern tone to his speech, in return receiving a more critical outlook by his audience. King also uses a plentiful...
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