...April 29, 2012 How to improve your memory The three fundamental principles underlying the use of mnemonics are imagination, association and location. 1. Imagination: is used to create and strengthen the associations needed to create effective mnemonics. The more you visualize and imagine situations, the more effectively it is to be recall later. The imagery used in mnemonic can be violent, vivid or sensual as you desire. 2. Association: this method is where you use associations as a memory trick. Some examples are. Placing things on top of each other. Crashing things together. Merging images together. Wrapping them around each other. Rotating them around each other or having them dancing together. Linking them using the same color, smell, shape, or feeling. 3. Location: gives a coherent context, which you place information so that it hang together, and a way of separating one mnemonic from another. Here are a few other mnemonics, which might also be helpful. Acrostic, Rhyme & songs, and chunking. 4. Acrostic: are similar to acronyms in that the first letter of the word that is to be remembered is used to make sentences. Some examples of this would be, a. My Dear Aunt Sally, (mathematical order of operations, Multiply and Divide before you Add and Subtract) b. Kings Phil Came Over for the Genes Special (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species) 5. Rhymes and Songs: use your auditory memory and can be useful for songs, and poems...
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...stimuli which gives rise to the verbal response” (Gagne, 1977). The concepts of verbal learning have many stages and developments as not everyone learns in the same manner. The different concepts of verbal learning will be outlined throughout this paper in serial learning, paired associate learning, and free recall; as well as the concept of mnemonics and verbal stimuli. Verbal Learning Verbal learning concerns itself with acquisition and retention of lists and words that have been “memorized” in order to explain the basic laws of how learning takes place (Terry, 2009). A German psychologist named Herman Ebbinghaus was the first to introduce the methods associated with verbal learning in the 1880s (Terry, 2009). This early research looked at many of the variables that effect verbal learning such as being able to transfer from one list to another, the time between repetitions, and how many repetitions were used for the learning. Within verbal learning there are basic tasks. First there is serial learning which is learning that enables a person learns lists or items in a specific order and is able to reproduce the items in the learned order, such as the alphabet, how to spell words correctly or remember phone numbers. The second is paired-associate learning where the...
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...5 2. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS Topics: • PLC History • Ladder Logic and Relays • PLC Programming • PLC Operation • An Example Objectives: • Know general PLC issues • To be able to write simple ladder logic programs • Understand the operation of a PLC 2.1 INTRODUCTION Control engineering has evolved over time. In the past humans were the main method for controlling a system. More recently electricity has been used for control and early electrical control was based on relays. These relays allow power to be switched on and off without a mechanical switch. It is common to use relays to make simple logical control decisions. The development of low cost computer has brought the most recent revolution, the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The advent of the PLC began in the 1970s, and has become the most common choice for manufacturing controls. PLCs have been gaining popularity on the factory floor and will probably remain predominant for some time to come. Most of this is because of the advantages they offer. • Cost effective for controlling complex systems. • Flexible and can be reapplied to control other systems quickly and easily. • Computational abilities allow more sophisticated control. • Trouble shooting aids make programming easier and reduce downtime. • Reliable components make these likely to operate for years before failure. 2.1.1 Ladder Logic Ladder logic is the main programming method used for PLCs. As mentioned before, ladder logic has been developed...
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...visuals that assist students in remembering information. In the area of algebra, graphic organizers may be used to provide students with formulas or cues needed to solve the problems. This will enable Cynthia to create relationships between ideas and have a simplified and very general way to understand complex concepts. She will use very simple cue cards that can help her with the rules and graphic organizers that can help her with the rules. Goal 2 - Use Mnemonic devices to grasp advanced concepts. One of Cynthia’s strengths is an understanding of vocabulary. Cynthia will harness one of her strengths to try and overcome one of her weaknesses. The goal of Mnemonic devices are getting a student to understand a concept making a connection with words, sentences, and pictures. A great example from the star sheet is Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally. This method allows students to quickly recall the order of operations when solving algebra problems. Cynthia will remember that the first letter from the catchy phrase (in order) will explain the steps of how to begin solving a problem. Goal 3 - Learn to solve concrete-representational-abstracts to solve polynomials The Concrete-Representational-Abstract (CRA) Method of teaching mathematical concepts is a method that allows students to understand a concept before memorizing the algorithms: 1) during the concrete stage, students interact and manipulate three-dimensional objects (e.g., algebra tiles, algebra manipulative with representations...
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...Unit 1 When we manipulate expressions and equations, we realize that there are basic properties that govern what we can and can't do. One of those properties is the Commutative Property. Let's consider this property in our discussion. Is there a commutative property of subtraction? In other words, does order matter when subtracting? Why or Why not? Please provide an example to explain your reasoning. Please share any trick or mnemonic device to help you recall what this property is or how to use it. There is no Commutative Property in subtraction. Yes order does matter subtracting, you can not subtract a larger number from a smaller number, such as: 3-6 = this subtraction can not be done but if you turn it around and subtract the smaller number from the larger number it will work: 6 -3 = 3. In all the properties you can not use subtraction or division, just addition and multiplication. Unit 2 As we know, a set is just a collection of objects that are similar in some way, like a gaggle of geese, pride of lions, or an army of ants. To further classify our world, we can create subsets from a larger set. Let's consider the idea of a subset for our discussion. • Give an example of a subset and a proper subset. Explain the difference between a subset and proper subset. • Can any set be a proper subset of itself? Give an example of why or why not. A = {Lions, Tigers, Jaguar} B={Lions, Tigers, Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar} *Everything that is in A is in set B therefore it...
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...Chapter 7 Memory * Mazing feats of memory * Kim peek, the real “rain man” * Rajan and pi * But memory is also surprisingly malleable Paradox of memory * Memory illusion * Our brains will often go beyond the available information to make sense of the world * Generally adaptive, but makes us prone to errors Three system of memory * Sensory memory * Very quick (see, smell touch) * Short-term memory * Turns it into something more meaning * Long-term memory * Something that we remember for a long time Sensory memory * Iconic * Visions very brief last about one second * Picture things * Echoic * 5 to ten seconds allows to hear what the teacher is saying and writing down and taking notes Short term memory * Working memory * Actually processing and thinking about the information * Lose information in two processes * Decay * Interference * Most responsible for forgetting * Types of interference * Retroactive interference * New messes up old * Proactive interference * Earlier learning gets in the way of new learning * Magic number 7 * We only are able to process 7 bits on information at a time + or – 2 * Chunking * Organize bits information into groups so we can memorize things Rehearsal * Maintenance rehearsal * Repeating it over and over *...
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...FERSOFT ONLINE BUS TICKET RESERVATION SYSTEM (OBTRS) SRS Document Revision #: v1.0 Date of Issue: 15 January 2008 Project Manager: Seçil AYDIN Software Requirements Specification OBTRS Approval Signatures Approved by: Business Project Leader Approved by: IM/IT Project Leader Prepared by: Business Project Manager Prepared by: IM/IT Project Manager Reviewed by: Quality Assurance Manager v1.0 16/01/2008 Page i Software Requirements Specification OBTRS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 6 1.1 .. PURPOSE .................................................................................................................. 6 1.2 .. SCOPE ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 .. DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................. 7 1.4 .. REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 8 1.5 .. OVERVIEW................................................................................................................. 9 2. OVERALL DESCRIPTION ............................................................................. 10 2.1 PRODUCT PERSPECTIVE ......................................................................................... 10 2.1.1 SYSTEM...
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...Statement of the Problem This research was conducted to investigate the learning skills and learning styles among male and female nursing students of Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. It also sought to answer the following questions: 1. What are the learning skills and learning styles of nursing students of CEFI? 2. Is there a significant difference in the learning styles and learning skills of male nursing student and female nursing students? 3. What are the common learning styles and learning skills strategies used by these students? Review of Related Studies and Literature Do you know you’re learning style? You may be surprised to know that many frustrations you've experienced in reading comprehension or test anxiety may result from your specific learning style. For instance, you may learn best by seeing, hearing, or working through a piece of information. When you identify your own best learning style, you can change your study habits and improve your grades. Your learning style can affect your study habits and make it easier or more difficult to learn certain types of information. Have you ever read a paragraph or two and realized that the information didn't sink in at all even when you try a second time? This could actually be a reflection of your learning style. According to Melissa Kelly there are three major types of learners: visual, auditory, and tactile/kinesthetic. “Visual learners are those who generally think in terms of pictures. They often prefer...
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...Helping Cameron: Stress and Learning Cynthia Brough PS200 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology April 1, 2014 Professor Deborah Eastwood Helping Cameron: Stress and Learning Cameron is a 15 year old boy who has been referred due to his problem of being distracted in class. On top of being diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), he is also dealing with the issue of his parents impending divorce. He does not display any signs or symptoms of ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) but has been noticeably distracted during group sessions lately. Because of his diagnosis of ODD it will be important to attend to Cameron’s issues within more limited constraints of any behavioral changes due to his possible inability to tolerate overstimulation with more aggressive tactics. ODD is a consistent pattern of outbursts, fighting, and angry or unruly behavior toward authority figures. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2012). There are proven techniques that can be used to help Cameron with his ODD, which can help him in many different aspects of his life, including dealing with the issue of his parent’s divorce and getting him back on track in school. Some of the techniques that can be used are; (1) determining what if any underlying disorders Cameron may be suffering from, (2) helping the parents to adjust the way that they are currently parenting and/or disciplining him, (3) offer training in social and emotional proficiencies as well as life skills guidance and preparation...
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...Derek Taylor 24 July 2015 Homework Assignment & Research Assignment 1.) What is the difference between Application Software and System Software? (Give an example of both) System software is an integral part that aids in the computer’s functioning. It manages the computer resources in ways that they can operate in tandem. System software provides a platform for the execution of application software. Examples of system software are BIOS and firmware. Application software is created for users. They manage their specific tasks to suit their needs like a media player of word processors. Examples of application software are CRM software, ERP software, accounting, graphics, and media software. 2.) What does it mean when we say that an interpreter both “Translates and Executes” Instructions? In the case of the interpreter, it translates and executes each line of codes one line at a time. Thus if the program has syntax errors (violation of program rule) lower down in the code, you never know until the interpreter reaches to that statement. 3.) Explain the “fectch-decode-execute” cycle. In the first step, fetch instruction, the processor fetches the instruction from the memory. The instruction is transferred from memory to instruction register. The processor is ready to fetch instruction. The instruction pointer contains the address 0100 contains the instruction MOV AX, 0. The memory places the instruction on the data bus. The processor then copies...
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...Level Programming Language • • Why Low Level? : Because it is designed closer to the hardware Machine Language (1st Generation) Assembly Language (2nd Generation) Made up of instructions written in binary code (0 and 1). • Written in mnemonics, more English-like code; codes shorter than The only language that is directly understood by the machine languages computer. Does not need any translator program. • Need to be translated by assembler into machine language before it can be executed by the computer. Machine dependent (written for particular • Machine dependent (written for particular computer and has computer and has to be changed for using on a Describe/what is/ explain/characteristic • different computer). Example of coding to be changed for using on a different computer). Advantages • • Execution speed is very fast. (It does not require any translation because machine language is directly understood by CPU) Translation free (Computer understands only the machine language) Program written in machine language are very lengthy Machine dependent (program is written for particular computer and has to be changed for using on a different computer) • • Easy to understand and use: Assembly language use mnemonics instead of using numerical opcodes and memory locations used in machine language. Assembly programs run much faster and use less memory Disadvantages • • • • Long and tedious to write: requires a higher skill of...
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...limited to input devices such as mice, keyboards and webcams. Output devices like monitors, speakers and printers and your different types of memory (CPU, RAM, SSDs.) The computer’s data storage process consists of tiny electrical power charges in microscopic capacitors. When a computer is turned off the capacitors that your data is stored on lose their charge which is why computer memory goes blank when it is off. For data that is stored for longer periods of time, it is stored as a magnetic pattern on a spinning disk. A program is a set of instructions that a computer follows in order to perform a task. A program is run by the computer’s CPU or Central Processing Unit. Each instruction in a program tells the CPU to perform a specific operation. Machine Language: Language that CPU understands. It is always written in binary. Assembly Language: Language that consists of short words known as mnemonics. It was created because it was impractical for people to write programs in machine language. High-Level Language: Allows people to create powerful and complex programs without knowing how the CPU works, and without writing large numbers of low-level instructions. Compiler: Program that translates a high-level language into a separate machine language program. Interpreter: Program that both translates and executes the instructions in a high-level program. As described earlier in this paper, I mentioned that there are 2 general types of programs used in a computer, system...
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...LEARNING THEORIES - COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES l CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 5 Learning Theories - Cognitive Learning Theories LE ARNI NG OUTCOMES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Explain what is cognitive revolution and the cognitive perspective on learning and how it differs from other theoretical perspective; Discuss the origins of the contemporary cognitive perspective including the Gestalt psychology and the role of perception; Describe the Information processing model to learning and distinguish the features of ‘Multistore model’; Explain what is schema theory; Link schema theory to cognitive structuralism and examine the role of insightful learning and meaningful learning; and Discuss application of cognitive theories in the classroom. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 104 CHAPTER 5 l LEARNING THEORIES - COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES INTRODUCTION Sometimes you wonder why the teacher use colourful chalk with some of the words written on the board. Sometimes the teacher write in capital letter with important words. These are useful as guides for the students to differentiate the important and unimportant facts. In other words, accurate perception is important in good learning. It is part of the Gestalt principles. Clearly, these principles are useful as guide for teachers as they organize their materials and learning activities. So in this chapter, we will discuss the origin and features of cognitive theory and relate them to...
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...1 represents a bit that is turned ON. 0 represents a bit that is turned OFF. 3. What would you call a device that works with binary data? A device that works with binary data is called a DIGITAL device. 4. What are the words that make up a high-level programming language called? The words that make up a high-level programming language are known as KEY WORDS or RESERVED WORDS. 5. What are the short words that are used in assembly language called? The short words that used in assembly language are called MNEMONICS. 6. What is the difference between a compiler and an interpreter? A COMPILER is a program that translates a high-level language program into a separate machine language program. An INTERPRETER is a program that both translates and executes the instructions in a high-level language program. 7. What type of software controls the internal operations of the computer’s hardware? An operating system controls the internal operations of the computer’s hardware. Unit 1 Research Assignment 1 * what were the five popular programming languages in each of the following decades: 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s? * Who was the creator of each of these languages? * When was each of these languages created? Was there a specific motivation behind the creation of these languages? If so, what was it? 1970s Pascal Created by Niklaus Wirth in 1970. Its main purpose was to teach people how to the basics of structured programming. 1980s – The programming...
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...Differences between stronger and weaker analytical performance are attributable in large measure to differences in the organization of data and experience in analysts' long-term memory. The contents of memory form a continuous input into the analytical process, and anything that influences what information is remembered or retrieved from memory also influences the outcome of analysis. This chapter discusses the capabilities and limitations of several components of the memory system. Sensory information storage and short-term memory are beset by severe limitations of capacity, while long-term memory, for all practical purposes, has a virtually infinite capacity. With long-term memory, the problems concern getting information into it and retrieving information once it is there, not physical limits on the amount of information that may be stored. Understanding how memory works provides insight into several analytical strengths and weaknesses. ******************* Components of the Memory System What is commonly called memory is not a single, simple function. It is an extraordinarily complex system of diverse components and processes. There are at least three, and very likely more, distinct memory processes. The most important from the standpoint of this discussion and best documented by scientific research are sensory information storage (SIS), short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).29 Each differs with respect to function, the form of information held, the length...
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