...1. Name and describe Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning. Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory was inspired by Piaget’s early work. Kohlberg used clinical interviewing of 10- to 16- year olds every 3- to 4- years for 20 years to develop his reasoning. We start with the Preconventional Level, where morality is externally controlled. Children are accepting of rules made by authorities and consider consequences for their actions. Behavior that receives punishment is considered bad, while good behavior results in rewards or positive feedback. Stage one and two of Kohlberge’s moral reasoning fall under this category. Stage One: The Punishment and Obedience Orientation: Intentions of other people are overlooked as children find it difficult to consider two points in a moral dilemma. They fear authority and focus on avoiding punishment rather than reasons they should behave properly. Stage Two:...
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...September 11, 2015 Question no. 1 1. Visual/Spatial - Involves visual perception of the environment, the ability to create and manipulate mental images, and the orientation of the body in space. 2. Verbal/Linguistic - Involves reading, writing, speaking, and conversing in one's own or foreign languages. 3. Logical/Mathematical - Involves number and computing skills, recognizing patterns and relationships, timeliness and order, and the ability to solve different kinds of problems through logic. 4. Bodily/Kinesthetic - Involves physical coordination and dexterity, using fine and gross motor skills, and expressing oneself or learning through physical activities. 5. Musical - Involves understanding and expressing oneself through music and rhythmic movements or dance, or composing, playing, or conducting music. 6. Interpersonal - Involves understanding how to communicate with and understand other people and how to work collaboratively. 7. Intrapersonal - Involves understanding one's inner world of emotions and thoughts, and growing in the ability to control them and work with them consciously. 8. Naturalist - Involves understanding the natural world of plants and animals, noticing their characteristics, and categorizing them; it generally involves keen observation and the ability to classify other things as well. http://www.cse.emory.edu/sciencenet/mismeasure/genius/research02.html Question no.2 Self-Assessment: This can be defined as having the...
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...specifically generalized anxiety disorder that progressed to Panic disorder. Vivi suffered from verbal and emotional child abuse by being caught in the crossfire of an unhappy marriage of her parents. Vivi’s true love was killed in WWII. She was unable to deal with the grief or loss she suffered, which further impaired her mental health. Instead she married and suppressed her emotions. This movie took place prior to 1969 in which Kubler-Ross developed the “Stages of Grief” which include stage I – Denial, Stage II – Anger, Stage III - Bargaining, Stage IV – Depression, and finally Stage V – Acceptance. In Vivi’s case she went through stage I – III but Stage IV which is related to dealing with depression which was where she stopped and stayed. Because this movie took place in the 1950’s the school of thought was suffer through, do not talk about your emotions, and take a pill if your day gets to rough. Her depression, anxiety and pain hit her like waves against a sandcastle until finally she crumbled. She had no coping skills and she used...
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...include those who suffer the symptoms of depression and mania. The depressive disorder unipolar depression, are those who only experience the lows of depression, while bipolar disorder is marked by both the low of depression and the frenzied high of mania. Substance use disorders are marked by recurrent use of substances, such as alcohol or drugs, that results in maladaptive behaviors (Comer, 2014). To explain the development if both mood and substance disorders there are biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. Treatment for these maladaptive behaviors also use biological, psychological, and sociocultural methods. Finally, there are several gender and cultural differences in the development, frequency, and treatment in these disorders. Mood disorders Depressive disorder has symptoms such as sadness, low energy, guilt, and low self-worth (Comer, 2014). When these symptoms occur without periods of mania, it is called unipolar depression. Overall, about 19 percent of the adult population experiences an episode of unipolar depression in their lifetime. Severe cases interfere with the daily activities of life and can include physical symptoms such as physical pain and muscle fatigue. Severe moodiness and suicidal thoughts may also accompany severe cases. To explain the causes of depressive disorder professionals turn to biological, psychological, and sociocultural theories. Biological causes include genetic and biochemical theories. According to familial studies, it is...
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...medical industry and pharmaceutical companies have been benefiting from the diagnosis of child and adults with ADHD with the prescriptions of medication and overutilization. ADHD can be considered the medicalization of deviance when the diagnosis removes responsibility from society and the individual who has deviant behavior. This attitude continues the perpetual production of perpetrators of deviance. Medicalization is by definition the extension of medical jurisdiction or the expansion of medical boundaries. Medicalization studies reveal how nonmedical problems become diagnosis as medical. Current perceptions of ADHD and the treatment can be seen as the medicalization of deviance by taking away the accountability of the actions. An example of this deviant behavior is a 38 year old security guard has had 128 job since leaving college. He was diagnosed with ADHD. There is no background given on why the guard was diagnosis with ADHD, but if he didn't show up for work or was lazy that may be a reason for why he had some many job in 15 years not because of ADHD. "Adult ADHD has now become the foremost self-diagnosed condition in my practice . I fear that the condition can allow an adult patient to find a biological cause that is not always reasonable, for job failures, divorce, poor motivation, lack of success, and chronic depression" (Shaffer 1994) (Thio, Calhoun, & Conyers 2010)...
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...views. As such, there are different ways in which one can judge whether or not different behaviors are ethical or unethical. Three areas that display this variance include virtue theory, utilitarianism and deontological ethics. While most examination of ethical validity comes through analysis of a particular action or idea, virtue theory places an emphasis on the ethical standing of the source. It examines whether the person committing the act is behaving in a manner that exhibits good character and is of high moral standing. A common display of where virtue ethics have a place can be found in a student standing up for his or herself and others by pushing away a bully who was tormenting others. While the specific action of pushing another student may be ethically questionable, most would likely find virtue in the courage displayed by standing up to the bully. Utilitarianism takes the approach that the greater good is best served when the majority benefit from an action. As such, actions that provide positive outcomes for a larger group than those that feel a negative burden are deemed to be ethical under utilitarianism. Utilitarianism can be easily seen on almost every commercial for pharmaceutical drugs. Each medication promises to cure major issues for patients, ranging from depression, to restless leg, to seasonal allergies. Most also list a small number of side effects that will impact a portion of the populous - but, because the majority of those who take the...
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... required to complete the diagnosis. Based on the information that is provided, it can be that the patient is suffering from major depression that is described in “ Faces of abnormal psychology integrative”(Kohn, 2007) website. The proper categorization can be Dysthymic Disorder, if Marla had experienced symptoms for more than years. The synopsis does not have this information about Marla. The condition that Marla can have can be evaluated better if there was additional information that was gathered that could allowed for a cause that can be disclosed. Then, a remedy could be designed to fit Marla’s symptoms. Within the clinical interview the therapist can be putting together a clinical picture with the purpose of reaching the proper diagnosis. The question that could ask during the interview: 1. How do you think therapy can do you as the mean of helping you? This can be answer that provide an insight on to what are the other symptoms that Marla may be experiencing that should be addressed. The American Psychiatric Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) outlines the major depression as a condition that the patient has to experience at the minimum of five depression particular symptoms(Kohn,2007). Marla already described three of the five symptoms that she is experiencing. She has indicated that she...
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...Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology PSY/410 What is Abnormal Psychology? Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology also referred to as psychopathology and abnormal behavior. Abnormal psychology covers a broad range of disorders such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder to sexual deviation. Counselors and clinical as well as psychotherapists work directly with developing a cure (Cherry, 2012). There are many ways to define abnormality: statistical infrequency, violation of social norms, failure to function adequately, and deviation from ideal mental health. The first abnormality is statistical infrequency and with this example according to McLeod (2008), “Under this definition of abnormality, a person's trait, thinking or behavior is classified as abnormal if it is rare or statistically unusual. With this definition it is necessary to be clear about how rare a trait or behavior needs to be before we class it as abnormal”. Violation of social norms is probably one of the most common ways people associate abnormalities. An individuals thinking or behavior is defined as abnormal if they violate the rules that are expected or consider acceptable behavior in a social group. If their behavior is threatening or causes others to feel uncomfortable these individuals are in violation of social norms. Social behavior varies based on different cultures (McLeod, 2008). Failure to function is considered an abnormality due to an individual being unable to cope with...
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...to analyse the causes. Don’t get stuck on description. Then try and discuss strategies to avoid corruption. RTI. Civil Society groups. Other strategies to bring accountability and transparency. 4 4 Violence and Conflict Resolution: Input from Kishu Daswani – conflict resolution at the individual level 5 5 Attraction to substance abuse: Resources from Linda. Film: My brother Nikhil, Portrait of an addict. 2 6 The Problem of Evil: Video: God in the dock. A discussion following the film is useful 2 7 Prayer Communal and Personal: Video: Seven Circles of Prayer. A discussion follows the film. 2 8 Critical Thinking: Analysis of newspapers, TV, film, material from XIC. 5 9 Ethical relationships: Young people, suicide, depression, ragging. Video on depression. 2 10 Choice of a career: Meaning of a vocation 2 CIA1: Test/One question for 20 marks. CIA2: Class presentations. (Videos are available at MMR and SCAVI) The...
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...Postpartum Psychosis Motherhood the Sad, the Mad, and the Insane Laurie Hackney Women, Crime, and Criminal Justice Dr. Connolly March 21, 2011 Postpartum Psychosis Motherhood the Sad, the Mad, and the Insane On the heartbreaking morning of June 20, 2001, Andrea Pia Yates was arrested and charged for the filicide of her children. One by one, this seemingly devoted mother of five drowned all of her children in the bathtub of their family home. Singularly, she put her three youngest children to death, taking their bodies from the tub fully clothed and wet, then placed them upon their bed, and covered them up. She proceeding doing the same with her youngest child, but while she was drowning Mary, her oldest son Noah walked in and asked what she was doing before he turned and ran away. She gave chase, caught up with him in the hall, then dragged him back to the bathroom and proceeded to terminate him with Mary dead in tub. Andrea then took Mary and placed her in the arms of the three youngest children leaving Noah behind dead and alone in the bath. Factors Relating to the Incident Being raised a Roman Catholic; Yates converted her religious beliefs to that of her husband’s prior to marriage. In this religion, people are expected to have as many children as nature will allow. Even while Andrea was awaiting trial, it was reported that her husband felt so sure of his wife’s acquittal that he was already speaking about having more children. This notion left the attorneys...
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...nongeneralized. Five subtypes: animal type; natural environment type; blood-injection type; situation type; “other” type. Common fears: ontogenetic parade. These include: fear of separation; fear of unfamiliar adults; fear of animals, darkness, & imaginary creatures. Adult fears: social fears; fears related to blood, illness, injury, or death; fear of animals; fears of environmental hazards. Genetics: Mean heritability 40%. Environment or combination of both appears important. Theories of Fear: 1. Two-factor Theory (Mowrer) & Pavlov, Watson & Rayner. Includes classical & operant conditioning. 2. Rachman (1976) which includes direct conditioning, modeling, & information/instructional transmission. Prepared Fears (Seligman, 1970): 1. rapidly acquired 2. resistant to extinction 3. “noncognitive” 4. differentially associated with stimuli of evolutionary significance. Research on preparedness theory: Cook & Mineka (1987, 1990); McNally (1987); Bandura Behavioral & Cognitive Theories: 1. Neo-conditioning; 2. Neo-conditioning & emotional processing. Anxiety Sensitivity: Reiss – AS is one of 3 fundamental fears. The others include illness/injury sensitivity & fear of negative evaluation. Cognitive Model of social phobia: Clark & Wells (1995) Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia Issues with this disorder: controversy == 1. panic attacks and generalized anxiety are not qualitatively distinct forms of anxiety. 2. Agoraphobia is a major disability – why listed as...
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...Definitions of Abnormality Defining a person or behaviour as ‘abnormal’ implies something undesirable and requiring change Therefore, we must be careful how we use the term Psychologists need methods for distinguishing ‘normal’ from ‘abnormal’ Our definition of abnormality must be objective: * It must not depend on anyone’s opinion or point of view * It should produce the same results whoever applies it It must not be under or over-inclusive * It must not label as ‘abnormal’ or ‘normal’ behaviours or traits that aren’t Three definitions are used to define abnormality: * Deviation from social norms * Failure to function adequately * Deviation from ideal mental health Deviation from social norms Under this definition, a person’s thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it violates the (unwritten) rules about what is expected or acceptable behaviour in a particular social group. Their behaviour may: * Be incomprehensible to others * Make others feel threatened or uncomfortable With this definition, it is necessary to consider: * The degree to which a norm is violated, the importance of that norm and the value attached by the social group to different sorts of violation. * E.g. is the violation rude, eccentric, abnormal or criminal? Abnormality is defined in terms of behavior which goes against societies accepted standards Different societies have different standards Standards change over time Strengths Should be easy...
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...months later. When she was under evaluation her doctor by the name of Dr. Alberto Choy concluded that Allison “saw [her children] as an extension of herself, of her own life, so killing Connor, two, and Jayden, 10 months, was an extension of her own suicide.” (CBC News, 2012). Therefore this becomes a situation where the ideals of Suicide come to the table and because she saw the children as part of herself, as well as being under the influence of alcohol and sleeping pills, can it be seen ethical in any way that the deaths of her children were ethical? This paper will look at this situation in numerous ways and discuss it through the use of material learned in the course JRSB 311 Ethics and Society. The ethical theories that will be used are the divine command theory,...
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...Abnormal Psychology and Therapy Learning Team B PSY/300 November 17, 2011 Wanda Rush Abnormal Psychology and Therapy Society itself can play a role on an individual and have an effect on that person in many ways. Laws can be passed that can create severe punishments for antisocial behaviors which can have a strong desire for ethics and morals which comes through religious institutions. The primary reason why society can control behavior of some citizens is the natural need for growth and maturity. In this paper we will examine two mental disorders and two mental illnesses along with the similarities and differences from the perspective of psychology and school of thought for treating mental disorders. Normal psychology is described as a person appearing to be in good mental and physical health. He/she tends to be in compliance to societies expectations and would be generally considered a normal person by the general population. The patterns of behavior tend to be equivalent to those demonstrated by most of society. Society controls behavior by two different means. Tradition and Laws! First let us examine tradition. Traditions are simply rituals, which are as old as humanity and conducted so that everyone will behave in a socially acceptable way. For example, table manners are a universal claim, with variations existing in different cultures; they remain similar all around the world. Laws are established by society which...
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...In this paper I argue that taking early screening test for diseases such as Dementia is a better approach than waiting for symptoms to occur. I begin by discussing what Kantian deontology is and the three formulations of Kant’s categorical imperatives before applying it to the case. I then weigh both sides of the argument before proving using Kantian theory my argument in addressing the dilemma in the case. Deontology is a kind of normative ethics wherein the moral rightness of an action is based on the adherence of duty or obligation (Alexander & Moore). The concept of deontology is in opposition against consequentialism in which the moral rightness or wrongness of an action depends on the consequences. Among philosophers, Immanuel Kant is...
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