...INTRODUCTION Infant rate mortality in Georgia is extremely high and is an indicator of the overall poor status of health among women and children in this state. Between 1990 and 2000, it is reported that Georgia was among the states with the highest rate of infant deaths. In 1990 the infant morality rate in Georgia was at 12.4 deaths for each 1,000 live births and decreasing to 8.5 per 1,000 in 1998. The infant death rate among the white population is 6.1 per 1,000 while the African American population was stated at a much greater rate of 13.5 per 1,000, which is over twice as high as infant death rates among the white population in the state of Georgia. (Georgia Department of Human Resources: Infant Mortality Fact Sheet, 2000) PURPOSE OF STUDY The purpose of this study is to investigate Infant mortality in African American women in Georgia for the years 2000-2005 in five public health districts with the highest rates of infant mortality and five public health districts with the lowest infant mortality rates (so we are looking at 10 public health districts total that can be found on the OASIS website) in the state of Georgia). LITERATURE REVIEW It is stated by the Georgia Department of Human Resources in the work entitled: “Infant Mortality: Fact Sheet” that the primary cause of infant deaths in the state of Georgia has been found to be low birthweight, or babies who are born weighing 5.5 pounds or less. The second primary cause of infant mortality in the state of Georgia...
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...Mortality Rate and Risk Management Mortality rates are widely used to predict the risks a certain population is exposed to death. Mortality can also be used to compare how many deaths occur due to illness in an age population. According to Fleming, “Mortality rates can be compared across time, place, or population groups, which are three dimensions from which epidemiologists describe important patterns and make inferences regarding risk factors, disease, and longevity.” (pg. 129, 2008). “Mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) are a fundamental source of demographic, geographic, and cause-of-death information… The data are also used to present the characteristics of those dying in the United States, to determine life expectancy, and to compare mortality trends with other countries.” ("Mortality data," 2013). Furthermore, Fleming notes three different kinds of rates, which are crude rates, specific rates and adjusted rates (2008). Based on the statistics from table 6.7 (Fleming, Pg. 141, 2008), the managed care organization BGE has a higher mortality rate (290 per 100,000) when compared to the managed care BGW (160 per 100,000) by 130 cases. To calculate which MCO has the higher morality rate (Age-specific mortality data, table 6.7), we first have to compare the results from the following equation: a) For BGW: (968,800/280,000,000) x 100,000 = 346 per 100,000. b) For BGE: (956,200/280,000,000) x 100,000 = 341.5 per 100,000. After comparing...
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...The logic of “Neonatal Mortality From Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Lessons for Low-Resource Countries”. 1. The main purpose of this article is to understand the interventions that have decreased the rates of RDS-specific mortality in high-income countries over the past 60 years and how to use these interventions to improve survival rates for newborns with RDS in low- resource countries. 2. The key question that the author is addressing is How the current highly successful technologies available for the treatment of RDS could be used most efficiently to save the newborn lives in low resource settings? 3. The most important information in this article is The most important information in this article is the comparison of the neonatal mortality rate related to RDS in the high resource country like United States and the low-resource country like India. The study has done in 100 premature infants born >1500 g and does not need any specialized neonatal care. With the use oxygen alone as a basic treatment for RDS, 25 of the infants could be salvaged. Of the remaining 75, CPAP plus oxygen would be sufficient to treat 45 of them. An additional 15 of them might be saved with the additional use of surfactant. 10 infants could be saved with prolonged mechanical ventilation. With all these therapies ~95% of premature neonates who are >1500 g with RDS could be saved in the United States. In contrast In India the mortality rate is still 57%- 89%...
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...경상대학 2012280208 정 승 효 <The Determinants of Mortality> 의학에 발전에 따라 사람들의 기대수명은 상승하고 있다. 글에 나온바와 같이 바로 지난 세기에만 해도 인간의 수명은 30년 이상 늘어났다. 그리고 이러한 세계적인 추세가 한국에서도 똑같이 일어날까 하는 의문이 들어 한국의 국민들의 기대수명을 조사해봤다. 조사 도중에 흥미로운 모습들을 살펴볼 수 있었다. 우선 한국의 기대수명은 다른 나라에 비해 급격히 늘어났다. 위의 도표를 보면 전 세계 기대수명은 25년간 평균적으로 6년 정도 늘어났다. 하지만 한국의 기대수명은 부려 13년 정도가 늘어났다. 이는 한국의 경제 발전과 연관 지을 수 있다. 한국은 전후 50년 만에 엄청난 경제 발전을 이루어냈다. 이에 따라 선진국의 의학 기술을 받아들일 만한 역량을 갖추었고, 이와 함께 낮았던 사람들의 기대수명 또한 급격히 늘어났다. 책의 내용과 같이 명확한 근거는 없지만, 경제 발전과 기대수명의 연관 관계를 한국 사회를 통해서도 찾아낼 수가 있었다. 다음으로 흥미로웠던 점은 다른 나라에 비해 한국의 기대수명의 성별 간 차이는 어느 나라보다 컸다는 점이다. 2010년 기준 한국의 평균수명은 세계 22위에 자리 잡고 있다. 그렇다고 남녀 모두의 기대수명이 낮은 순위에 자리 잡고 있지는 않다. 남성의 기대수명이 다른 선진국들에 비해 상대적으로 낮은 순위에 자리 잡고 있었다. 위의 도표를 보면 한국은 특이하게도 성별 간의 기대수명의 차이가 10단계 이상난다. 그렇다면 이러한 결과가 나오는 이유는 무엇일까? 전문가들은 가장 큰 이유로 '자신에 대한 투자'를 제시하고 있다. 지금 한국 사회는 외모에 대한 중요성이 매우 높다. 그리고 그 중요성에 대해 더 민감하게 반응하고 적용되는 쪽은 여성이다. 그렇기 때문에 여성들은 젊었을 때부터 꾸준한 운동과 식이요법을 병행한다. 하지만 남성들은 여성들에 비해 이러한 경향이 덜하다. 여성에 비해 남성들은 업무상의 스트레스가 더하고 이러한 스트레스를 술과 담배로 해결하려는 경향이 크다. 다른 나라에 비해 여성의 사회 진출이 적은 한국에서 어쩌면 이러한 결과는 당연 할 수도 있다는 의견이다. 그렇다면 '우리 사회는 이러한 현상을 어떻게 해결해 나가야 할 것인가' 하는 것이 중요한 문제로 대두 될 것이다. 기대수명과는 상관없어 보이지만 조사 결과 제시되었던 여성의 사회진출을 더욱 활발하게 만들어야 한다는 것이다. 그렇게 되면 남성의 업무로 인한 스트레스는 자연스레 여성과 함께 분담 될 것이며, 또한 이는 기대수명의 증가로 귀결 될 것이다. 다음으로, 남성들의 현상에 대한 태도의 변화를 촉구해야 할 것이다. 음주와 흡연 보다는 취미 생활로 스포츠를 하는 등의 더욱 건설적인 방향의 스트레스 해소법을 통해, 남성들 또한 여성과 같이 자기 계발과 함께 스트레스도 해소하는 일거양득의 행동을 취해야 할...
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...is probably the most popular of Shakespeare's plays. But why that one and not another, perhaps more lighthearted, enjoyable work? The answer lies in the fact that Hamlet is neither nonsensical nor implausible to the modern audience. Hamlet constantly deals with questions and situations that every person is confronted by at some point. Hamlet himself seeks to grasp mortality, morality, revenge, relationships, and meaning. The play concludes with Hamlet supposedly reconciling all of these subjects and dying in serenity. But from a biblical perspective, Hamlet only comes as far as the human mind without God can come. And that is immensely limiting. Hamlet comes in close contact with death from beginning to end. Mortality is appropriately the most common subject dealt with in Hamlet. The play begins with Hamlet struggling with the loss of his father. He is given the task of killing his guilty uncle. He kills Polonius. His mad love, Ophelia commits suicide. He organizes the deaths of Rozencrantz and...
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...Mortality can best be defined as the quality and state of being mortal; being susceptible to death. So how does Mortality form the very basis of Attwood’s “The Age of Lead”? In this story, we are very often presented with the re-occurring motif of one’s own mortality. To be even more specific, in this story we can see a reflection of how we all deliberately avoid this very basic aspect of our own lives- our own mortality. This motif is evident in many parts of the story, but in particular is quite evident in the following segments of the story. Firstly, we have the protagonists main focus of interest, the documentary on the life and death of John Torrington. This documentary in its self is a very literal presentation of the theme of mortality. We also have a progression of events that are covered in the protagonists life. Much like one’s own life, these events are all based around mortality. Finally, we have the climax of the story, that is the protagonists coming to terms with the nature of mortality. So now, let’s begin to focus on the first aspect of mortality in this story, John Torrington. From the first paragraphs of this story, we are subjected to the concept of mortality. We are immediately brought into the world of John Torrington and the failed Franklin Expedition. The atmosphere of the story is thick with the concept of death and mortality. We are given very vivid descriptions of mortality and death. One such example is how the body of John Torrington...
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...Child Mortality and the Effect on Fertilty Phil 205B! Section 2 Final Paper Child mortality has been an ongoing global issue for centuries, but more so in developing countries. Child mortality can be a broad topic; this paper will narrow the topic of child mortality down focusing on child mortality and its effects on fertility in developing countries. Although there hasn't been any evidence proving causality between the relationship of child mortality and fertility, there has been research and studies showing a strong positive correlation between the two. One might argue that by reducing levels of child mortality fertility will become an economical burden on these developing countries due to an increase in fertility rates and population growth. I disagree with this argument; I argue that as child mortality rates decline or rise so does the fertility rates due to underlying biological and social factors. Breastfeeding is an example of these biological factors that has an effect on fertility; which in turn has an effect on child mortality rates. During the period of breastfeeding a woman experiences a change called postpartum amenorrhea in which the female body comes to a pause with the processes of ovulation and menstruation. Since the death of an infant would affect the lactation period (breastfeeding) this in return will cause the duration of the postpartum amenorrhea to shorten, and the processes of ovulation and menstruation returns which increases...
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...John Keats suggests that by utilizing and then complicating “fairytale” conventions we can distinguish an ambiguous relation to mortality. This relationship to mortality can be seen in the different characters, Porphyro and Madeline’s relationship, and at the ending of this particular literature. Not only does this literature have a general fairytale plot, but conventions such as "hoodwinked with faery fancy," (stanza 8), "Thou must hold water like a witch’s sieve,/ And be liege-lord of all the Elves and Fays…," (stanza 14), or “…tis an elfin-storm from faery land…” (stanza 39) are used to imply that this story has a fairytale nature. On the other hand, if we take a closer look at John Keats’s work, we see lots of “dark” imagery that leads us to ponder the topic of mortality. This underlying relation to mortality can be glimpsed when we examine some of the different characters. The characters in this tale can be easily correlated to characters found in a standard fairytale. For example your hero is Porphyro. He is the protagonist in this tale and has to persevere to win a fair maiden’s heart (Madeline being the fair maiden). The fairytale genre is shown because we assume Porphyro is a good, noble guy. Many people argue he is not because of the wording Keats uses that implies Porphyro is not the “ideal prince,” just mortal like us all. His mortality flickers through when we start to see him no longer as our “prince charming” and start to question his morals and objectives. An...
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...With over 110 passengers on board 3 English ships, their hopes for making a new colony in the New World were incredibly high. The new colonists’ aspiration were excessive as they sailed through the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, in the spring of 1607. This would be the first permanent English settlement. However their expectations were not completely what they had imagined them to be. Out of the 110 settlers, only 40 of them would manage to survive by the end of December. By the year of 1611, 80% of the 500 settlers who had arrived to Jamestown would have died. The big question here is what caused the high mortality rate in Jamestown between the years of 1607-1610? The high mortality rate in the new settlement of Jamestown was caused by the...
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...Lucretius' Writing on the Fear of Death At the most basic level of subconscious thought, every living animal possesses a desire to stay alive. Usually, this instinct lays dormant, although in dire situations, we can be led to do unexpected things. In addition to this subconscious drive, there is a socially constructed motivation for fearing death. Thanks to the pervasive nature of religion throughout history, much of humanity has, at some point or another, feared the prospect of eternal damnation and torture during one’s life after death. Although not every religion has a negative aspect of the afterlife, or even any semblance of an afterlife at all, those religions which do contain some such construct receive much more attention in this regard. Throughout history, many academics have countered people’s irrational fear of the unknown by noting that there is no definitive evidence to prove the existence of such a postmortem experience. According to Lucretius, this fundamental fear of death is completely speculative, and wholly illogical; he argues that we have no reason to fear death because there is nothing after death. What makes Lucretius’ argument so significant, is not how he counters religion, but how he bases it upon his own revision of atomism. It is because of this foundation of logical thought that Lucretius’ writing on the nature of death can still be thought of as a sound hypothesis. Although atomism certainly was not a new philosophy by the time Lucretius...
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...Kristen Terensky Case Study Sexual Morality The first case study I chose was on sexual morality, number two, defining marriage. The ethical issue going on in this specific case is in recent years several localities have been grappling with the issue of whether to broaden the definition of marriage as a union between a man and a woman. The issue is whether the state should recognize a commitment between members of the same sex. Those who argue for this broadening say that same sex couples can be just as committed to one another as heterosexuals and they should have whatever rights marriage bestows on them. Those who argue against this, cite religious or natural law like sources and reasons. The argument in my own position is that marriage from the beginning of time was meant to be between a man and a woman. I am not against people of the same sex wanting to have a relationship, but I do not feel as if it is appropriate for them to have the commitment or union of marriage. I mostly feel this way because of religious reasons. If marriage is my opinion was meant for the same sex then it would have already been made that way, and this issue would not stand. Marriage is to unite man and woman, and also so the woman can bear her husband’s children. The same sex cannot bear children; this is another reason why I feel that same sex marriage is wrong and inappropriate. If you are religious like I am, you are aware that in the Bible it never states same sex marriage, only marriage...
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...The settlement was located within the country of Tsenacommacah, which was ruled by the Powhatan Confederacy, and specifically in that of the Paspahegh tribe. The natives initially welcomed and provided crucial provisions and support for the colonists, who were not agriculturally inclined. Relations with the newcomers soured fairly early on, leading to the total annihilation of the Paspahegh in warfare within 3 years. Mortality at Jamestown itself was very high due to disease and starvation, with over 80% of the colonists perishing in 1609–1610 in what became known as the "Starving Time".[4] The Virginia Company brought eight Polish[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and German colonists in 1608, in the Second Supply, some of whom built a small glass...
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...Although when people think of child mortality they usually think of Africa or other 3rd world countries but America as a whole has its flaws too. In South America some countries are not completely turned to cities & suburban region, even the relatively better off part of the nation is lacking in the medical field. If my mom had stayed in Argentina I would probably be dead from a doctor’s false diagnoses, but North America also has its flaws, American doctors make mistakes as well & young parents often don’t know how to take care of their newborns. (B., 2000) Child Mortality is one of the many fields of study for anthropologists as well as the UNICEF which funds projects to help educate the people of Africa about ways of dealing with the diseases...
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...The Effects of Obesity on Mortality Hung Vuong HDCS 1300 November 14, 2013 Abstract This paper explores articles that conduct research on obesity and its effects on the health and longevity of the body. The articles vary in their interpretations of the data and arrive at different conclusions in certain areas. The University of Oxford’s research and Samuel H. Preston’s article focus on the Body Mass Index (BMI) to interpret data, while articles from the Scientific American and Paul Campos assert that the BMI has its limitations and that obesity is only part of a greater problem of lifestyle choice. This paper examines the articles in relation to each other to suggest that greater scrutiny into the subject of obesity should be taken to fully understand its effects on health and mortality. The Effects of Obesity on Mortality Numerous studies have been conducted on obesity and its relation to mortality, however contradictory results appear because different studies lump data in different ways. In Crimmins, E. M. (2011) a person is of normal weight if he or she has a BMI between 18.50 and 24.99. A person with a BMI of 25 or more is considered overweight, while anyone with a BMI of 30 or more is considered obese. Obesity is further subdivided into Class 1 (30–34.99), Class 2 (35–39.99), and Class 3 (40 and above). While the University of Oxford (2009) argues that moderate obesity reduces lifespan, Reinagel (n.d.) introduces a new study which report findings that some people...
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...“Famine, Affluence, & Mortality” – Peter Singer Shelly Fowler PHI208 – Ethics & Moral Reasoning Instructor Robert Vaughan May 13, 2013 “Famine, Affluence, & Mortality” – Peter Singer Singer spoke about how this South Asian territory of Bengal was suffering from starvation. He sheds light on the devastating state of the Bengali people who were then known as refugees. The pressure is put on the reader to acknowledge not only the people who around you who needs help, but to assist people who you may not ever come in contact with as well. If the reader had not ever heard of the Bengal Relief Fund, they definitely left with the mindset of making a change to help these people whom they may never see in their lives. There were a few counter arguments that Singer faced within the reading. One was how wealthy countries should change their point of view in helping cripple and famine third world countries. He wanted to create a sense of urgency and loyalty to these people by shedding light on their lack of food, shelter, and medical supplies. Rich countries should take some form of accountability in helping these people even if it means they have to cut back on some of their own fibulas spending habits. Taking care of our own neighbor and forgetting about people whom we cannot see nor touch should be a thought process of the past. Our societies focus on the luxuries in life while we should be focusing on saving a life. Another counter argument Singer spoke upon was...
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