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Multi Agent System

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Trabalhadores e Trabalhos
Relat´rio intercalar o Tema 7
Grupo 3
Jos´ Oliveira e Leonardo Faria
Vitor Teixeira
November 8, 2015

1

Index
1.Enunciado, 3
Descri¸˜o do cen´rio, 3 ca a
Objetivo, 3
Resultados esperados e forma de avalia¸˜o, 3 ca 2.Plataforma/Ferramenta, 4
Repast, 4
Sajas, 4
3.Especifica¸˜o, 5 ca Faseamento do Projeto, 7
Identifica¸˜o e caracteriza¸˜o dos ca ca agentes, 5
Algoritmos Utilizados, 5
Arquitetura, 5
Protocolos de intera¸˜o, 6 ca 2

1
1.1

Enunciado
Descri¸˜o do cen´rio ca a

Numa cidade circulam agentes de diferentes tipos, cujo objetivo ´ acumular e riqueza. Os agentes ganham dinheiro pela execu¸˜o de determinados trabalhos. ca Os trabalhos incluem a aquisi¸˜o, assemblagem ou transporte de produtos, e ca podem ser criados quer pelo sistema (ambiente) quer por outros agentes.
H´ dois tipos de trabalhos: com pre¸o e leiloados. Um trabalho com pre¸o anuna c c cia desde logo o valor ganho pelo primeiro agente a complet´-lo. Um trabalho a leiloado ´ atribu´ atrav´s de licita¸˜es. O valor licitado corresponde ao valor e ıdo e co ganho ap´s a execu¸˜o do trabalho. A licita¸˜o de valor mais baixo ganha a o ca ca atribui¸˜o do trabalho. Se o trabalho n˜o for completado a tempo, o agente ´ ca a e multado.
Os agentes tˆm que decidir que trabalhos completar e como, isto ´, onde obter e e os recursos necess´rios e como navegar no mapa, tendo em conta destinos como a lojas, armaz´ns, esta¸˜es de recarga de bateria, . . . e co
Os produtos podem ser comprados, produzidos, encomendados a outro agente, guardados, entregues, recuperados, e despejados. Estas a¸˜es podem ter lugar co em locais espec´ ıficos (lojas, armaz´ns, lixeiras, entregues em m˜o). A produ¸˜o e a ca de um produto requer a utiliza¸˜o de outros produtos ou ferramentas. Isto faz ca com que a produ¸˜o de alguns produtos requeira colabora¸˜o expl´ ca ca ıcita entre 2 ou mais agentes.
A bateria dos agentes vai-se gastando ` medida que eles se deslocam pelo espa¸o, a c pelo que devem planear a ida a esta¸˜es de recarga. A¸˜es como a movico co menta¸˜o, a recarga da bateria, ou a produ¸˜o de produtos demoram tempo ca ca a serem executadas.

1.2

Objectivo

Implementar um sistema multi-agente e diversos agentes com diferentes estrat´gias para o cen´rio descrito acima. e a

1.3

Resultados esperados e forma de avalia¸˜o ca Os resultados ser˜o recolhidos e apresentados no final da execu¸˜o do proa ca grama. Dados estes que contˆm todos os parˆmetros necess´rios para a correcta e a a avalia¸˜o do programa, como por exemplo, o cr´dito de cada agente, o n´mero ca e u de trabalhos executados e criados por cada agente, entre outros. Tendo esta informa¸˜o, podemos assim avaliar e comparar resultados com outras impleca menta¸˜es do projecto ou com a simples an´lise dos dados. co a

3

2

Plataforma/Ferramenta

2.1

Sajas

O API Simples para Simula¸oes baseadas em JADE (SAJaS) ´ uma proposta c˜ e para colmatar o fosso entre a simula¸˜o de sistemas de multiplos agentes (MAS) ca e o desenvolvimento. Sajas melhora quadros MABS com recursos baseados em JADE. Por um lado capacitar modeladores de simula¸˜es baseadas em sisco temas de multiplos agentes (MABS) com conceitos de modela¸˜o oferecidos pelo ca JADE, SAJaS tamb´m promove um desenvolvimento mais r´pido de modelos e a de simula¸˜o para programadores de JADE. De facto, a mesma implementa¸˜o ca ca pode, com pequenas altera¸˜es, ser utilizada como uma simula¸˜o em grande co ca escala, ou como um sistema de Jade distribu´ ıdo. Sajas fornece, para certos tipos de aplica¸˜es, o aumento de desempenho de simula¸˜o, em compara¸˜o co ca ca com JADE.

2.2

Repast

Recursive Porus Agent Simulation Toolkit (REPAST) ´ uma framework open e source utilizada para criar simula¸˜es baseadas em agentes, normalmente utico lizado para simula¸˜es sociais. As features principais do Repast s˜o: co a
• Interface gr´fica capaz de manipular simula¸˜es e mudar parametros a co
• Cole¸˜o e display de dados ca • Interface capaz de mostrar intera¸˜o entre agentes ca Para ser poss´ ıvel posicionar num espa¸o os diferentes agentes, existem v´rios c a tipos de espa¸os que o Repast permite criar: c • Celulares, que podem ser torus ou grelhas com cada c´lula a ser retangular e ou hexagonal
• Grafos, com n´s e arestas com pesos o • Sistemas de informa¸˜o geogr´fica ca a

Figure 1: Exemplo de uma aplica¸˜o de Repast ca 4

3

Especifica¸˜o ca 3.1

Identifica¸˜o e caracteriza¸˜o dos agentes ca ca

3.1.1

Arquitetura

Os agentes diferem quanto ` sua velocidade, como se movem pela cidade, caa pacidade de bateria, volume de produtos que conseguem carregar e ferramentas que s˜o capazes de usar para produzir outros produtos. Consideram-se 4 tipos a de agentes:
Carro
• Velocidade: 3
• Movimenta¸˜o: estradas ca • Capacidade da bateria: 500
• Capacidade de carga: 550
• Ferramentas: f1, f2
Drone
• Velocidade: 5
• Movimenta¸˜o: ar (move-se em linha reta de um local para outro). ca • Capacidade da bateria: 250
• Capacidade de carga: 100
• Ferramentas: f1
Mota
• Velocidade: 4
• Movimenta¸˜o: estradas ca • Capacidade da bateria: 350
• Capacidade de carga: 300
• Ferramentas: f1, f3
Cami˜o
a
• Velocidade: 1
• Movimenta¸˜o: estradas ca • Capacidade da bateria: 3000
• Capacidade de carga: 1000
• Ferramentas: f2, f3

5

3.1.2

Algoritmos utilizados

Para se conseguir a implementa¸˜o correta do comportamento dos agentes, ser´ ca a preciso a utiliza¸˜o de diversos algoritmos: ca Movimenta¸˜o: ca Utilizar-se-´ o algoritmo de pesquisa A*, que ´ amplamente usado em pathfinda e ing, para calcular a melhor trajet´ria que um agente deve percorrer. Este alo goritmo combina o custo do caminho j´ percorrido com uma heuristica para a calcular o custo da trajet´ria final, permitindo obter rapidamente a melhor o op¸˜o. ca Decis˜o da execu¸˜o das tarefas: a ca
O agente ter´ de decidir se ir´ propˆr ou n˜o a execu¸˜o de uma tarefa. Um a a o a ca determinado agente at tem no tempo τ t determinadas tarefas e disponibilidade ei. Este agente ir´ receber um an´ncio que ir´ conter a/as tarefas a serem a u a executadas. A sua decis˜o ir´ ser tomada tendo em conta o custo do mesmo a a agente a executar as tarefas no tempo t. Isto ´, tendo em conta o custo marginal, e sendo este a diferen¸a de custos de executar a totalidade incluindo a tarefa a c calcular e o que j´ tinha sido acordado antes. a µ(τ (ts)|((τ t i) = ci(τ (ts)U τ t i) − ci(τ t i)
Sendo assim, s´ far´ sentido enviar uma mensagem de proposta caso: o a µ(τ (ts)|((τ t i) < (e(ts) + ei)

3.2

Protocolos de intera¸˜o ca Todos os agentes podem comunicar entre si para encomendar produtos ou ferramentas a outro agente.

Figure 2: Exemplo de troca de mensagens entre agentes

6

O prot´tipo de mensagem de pedido de ferramenta ou produto ser´: o a
• mensagem(HeaderTipo, Pedido , AgenteOrigem, AgenteDestino, IdPedido, Prazo);
Resposta:
• mensagem(HeaderTipo, Resposta , AgenteOrigem, AgenteDestino, IdPedido );
O de mensagem de leil˜o ser´: a a
• mensagem(HeaderTipo, AgenteOrigem, AgenteDestino, Tarefa, IdPedido,
Prazo);
Resposta:
• mensagem(HeaderTipo, Proposta, AgenteOrigem, AgenteDestino, Tarefa,
IdPedido);
A mensagem de trabalho com pre¸o fixo ser´: c a
• mensagem(HeaderTipo, AgenteOrigem, AgenteDestino, Tarefa, IdPedido,
Pr´mio);
e

3.3

Faseamento do projecto

O nosso trabalho inclui as seguintes fases:
1. Modela¸˜o dos agentes ca 2. Cria¸˜o do espa¸o f´ ca c ısico onde os agentes ir˜o estar representados a 3. Desloca¸˜o dos agentes nesse mesmo espa¸o ca c
4. Aplicar algumas restri¸˜es no movimento dos agentes co 5. Aplicar as fun¸˜es de custo para determinar as ac¸˜es dos agentes co co
6. Comunica¸˜o e coopera¸˜o entre agentes ca ca

7

4

Recursos

4.1

Bibliografia

4.2

Software

Eclipse
Repast+SAJaS

8

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