...1. Compare the three types of muscle cells and relate this to the arrangement of fibers and anatomy. There are three types of muscle cells the cardiac, the skeletal, and the smooth. The cardiac muscle is the muscle that makes up the wall of the heart. This muscle is involuntary because the contractions are not under our control. The cardiac usually have a single nucleus. The cells are often branched and are tightly connected by specialized junctions, the ends of the cells that connect to another cell is the intercalated disc. Both the cardiac and skeletal muscles are called striated because they have dark and light bands. The Skeletal is also called voluntary because its contractions are under our control. There are many myofibrils...
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...Japan Abstract The term “congenital myopathy” is applied to muscle disorders presenting in infancy with generalized muscle weakness and hypotonia followed by delayed developmental milestones. The myopathy has been differentiated diagnostically on the basis of their morphologic characteristics and includes nemaline myopathy, central core disease, myotubular (centronuclear) myopathy and congenital fiber type disproportion. In most of these disorders, there are 3 distinct subtypes: severe infantile, benign congenital and adult onset forms. The mode of inheritance and gene loci are variable, although each disorder shares the common clinical features including facial and prominent neck flexor weakness and preferential respiratory muscle involvement. All mutations identified in nemaline myopathy are localized to the actin filament components, suggesting that the disease is related to sarcoplasmic thin filaments or Z-protein abnormalities. On the other hand, X-linked myotubular myopathy has mutations in a family of tyrosine phosphatase (myotubularin gene) and central core disease in ryanodine receptor gene. In all these disorders, the common pathologic features are small muscle fibers with type 1 fiber atrophy and predominance, which account for the small muscle bulk and generalized muscle weakness. INTRODUCTION NEMALINE MYOPATHY The term congenital myopathy is applied to muscle disorders presenting with generalized muscle weakness and hypotonia from early infancy with delayed developmental...
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...FITNESS MANTRA MUSCULARITY AND STRENGTH In one line ,there is no relation between muscle and strength. A muscular man may be as strong/weak as a person who has never been to gym and vice-versa. Going forward , we will explore two aspects of fitness that is strength and muscularity and means to achieve both and how both are intertwined yet different. TWO TYPES OF MUSCLE GROWTH Sarcoplasmic Hypertrophy ( Sarco ): This is an increase in the muscle cell fluid (sarcoplasm) within the muscle cell. This is a fast way to increase the size of a muscle, but since sarcoplasm is a fluid and can't contract, it won't make the muscle significantly stronger. Myofibrillar Hypertrophy ( Myo ) This is actual muscle fiber growth. Since muscle fibers can contract, growth in this area leads to dramatic improvements in strength. This leads to very limited gains in muscle size. DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATION OF BOTH TYPES Consider balloon as your muscle. Now there are two ways to increase the size of balloon 1) Increase the water in the balloon so balloon appears bigger — SARCO 2) Increase the thickness of balloon so that balloon can hold more water—MAYO FITNESS MANTRA Our muscle consists of about 75 % water. Water acts as a elixir both when you are trying to reduce weight and trying to gain muscle. Intake of water in range of 4-6 L daily is optimum for both weight reduction and muscle building FLUID FILLED BALLOON ( SARCO) THICK LAYER BALLOON ( MYO ) SARCO PHASE KEY POINTS :High Repetition/set...
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...Name: kwong ho man Student number: 8466975 Subject:fitH07 preventing and managing sports injuries CRN: 2414 Discuss Topic is knee injury muscle strain of knee injury Muscle Knee Injury (posterior femoral muscle strain, front thigh muscles strain, torn hamstring) is any injury to the hamstring, which is located in the back of the thigh. Hamstring play a role in straightening your hips and bend your knees. If the hamstring strength is less than 60% of quadriceps strength, the quadriceps will become stronger and can injure the hamstring. Ligament sprain of knee injury A Ligament is a short band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone. In some cases ligaments limit or prevent a particular movement in a joint. Ligament damage is a common knee injury and is usually the result of one, or a combination of, the following: * Blunt force to the knee * Sudden change of direction * Landing badly * Twisting at the knee * Hyper-extension of the knee Meniscus injury of knee injury A torn meniscus is a tear to the semi circular shock absorbing tissue in the knee joint. It is commonly injured through direct impact in contact sports or twisting but can also occur in older athletes through gradual degeneration.A meniscus injury is caused by trauma to the wedges of cartilage that lie between the shinbone (tibia) and thighbone (femur). Risk factors include twisting of the knee and age-related brittle cartilage.Meniscus tear injuries occur in most sports...
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...different types, shapes and sizes. Each type is specialised and carries out a particular function in the body. The types of cells include epithelial cells (the skin), muscle cells, nerve cells, bone cells and blood cells. Every cell has a nucleus, (except red blood cells), a cell membrane and cytoplasm. The nucleus contains the body’s genetic material; this directs all the metabolic activities of the cell. The cell membrane is semi-permeable and surrounds the cytoplasm. Its function is to protect the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances in and keeping others out. The cytoplasm is a gel like substance in which organelles are suspended. These include ribosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitrochondria, and centrioles. The organelles each have different functions within the cell. Tissues – a group of cells is known as a tissue. Different types of tissues are found in different organs. Humans have four different types of tissue: Epithelial tissue – this covers the body surface. The major functions are protection, secretion, absorption and filtration. Connective tissue – this is the most abundant tissue in the body. It binds structures together and forms a framework and support for organs. It also helps protect the body against disease and helps repair tissue damage. This tissue type is also a transport system for substances to be carried around the body and helps store fat (insulation). Nervous tissue – there are two types of tissue...
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...excitation of the skeletal muscle. An action potential can be defined as a short lasting electrical event on the plasma membrane of a cell, meaning that it is an electrical current that travels in the human body through neurons and muscle cells. In a neuron, the action potential is referred to as a nerve impulse. First, let’s go over the many parts of a neuron to get a better understanding. The neurons have these antenna like ends that are called dendrites. Dendrites are the part of the neuron that can capture a chemical signal and conduct that signal to other parts of the cell. The chemical signal travels from the dendrites to the body of the neuron which is also known as the soma. An interesting thing about the soma of a neuron is that it has a specific area called the hillock. Once the nerve impulse passes the dendrites, the soma and then finally the hillock, the signal will go through a long axis which is called the axon. The hillock can be described as the connection between the soma and...
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...meaning "role or duty". Functional training is the science of training the body to meet the specific demands of life and sports. It is based on 1) the principle of specificity and 2) muscle function. The principle of specificity also known as SAID (Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands) means that the body responds and adapts specifically to the type and amount of physical demands under which it is placed. In other words, you only improve what you've specifically trained. Since muscle form dictates the role and function of each muscle, muscle needs to be trained the way it is designed to function. Origin Functional training is nothing new and comes primarily from the rehabilitation field. For many decades, therapists have been experimenting with ways of helping their patients regain function. Their goal is to retrain muscles to work properly using special exercises. In their quest to help their patients to become more functional, they have a developed functional training approach. Traditional vs. Functional Traditional strength training usually consists of trying to develop strength and build muscle through isolating specific muscle groups. This type of training could be called dysfunctional training and only develop segmental strength. Traditional strength training is adequate for building muscle but it does not train the body to meet the specific demands of life and sports. It does not reproduce real life conditions and only serves to create non-functional strength. Peter Twist...
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...Are steroids the way to go? What comes to mind, when you vision an extremely broad man with bulging muscles. Steroids are an easier way to get stronger, it helps build muscles promptly. This makes getting muscles quicker and not having to put in much effort. Steroid use can cause huge muscles, but could have awful health effects in the long. Some effects are heart failure and liver cancer. Finally, how steroids were used then and how they are used now. There are positives and negatives to using steroids. People that use steroids can get muscles with no trouble and don’t have to work as hard as someone that didn’t take them. On the downside, steroids can cause heart failure and hair loss. “Steroids promote cell growth and division, and thus can be used in training to help grow muscles quicker and easier than might be expected.”...
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...even cause paralysis, difficulty breathing and sometimes death its most severe form. This disease can affect anyone at any age but it primarily affects children under 5 years old. In this essay, I will talk about the transmission, types of polio and symptoms, treatments, and prevention of the disease. First, polio is transmitted from person to person. It is mainly transmitted through a fecal- oral route. “Poliovirus virions are very stable, especially in in acidic pH, and can remain infectious for relatively long periods in food and water, its main routes of transmission. The incubation period ranges from 6 to 20 days” (1). Once the virus is ingested it multiplies in the mucosa of the throat or small intestine. From here, the virus goes into the tonsils and lymph nodes of the lymph nodes in the neck and the terminal potion of the small intestine. Sometimes the virus enters the blood stream and causes viremia. In more than 99% of those cases, the viremia lasts only for a short time and does not result in clinical disease. In the other less that 1% cases, the viremia persists and goes into the central nervous system and this causes paralytic polio. Next, there are three different types of polio. These three types include subclinical, non- paralytic, and paralytic. Subclinical polio does not affect the brain nor the spinal cord. About 95% of the cases of polio are subclinical cases. These patients might not experience any symptoms at all...
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...BTEC National Sports injuries Unit 18 Assignment 2 Physiological & Psychological responses to injury (p3/P4/M2/D1) Scenario: You have impressed during your work placement at Thornensians rugby club and have been asked to stay for an additional week. The club physiotherapist has suggested that you look to improve your knowledge surrounding the rehabilitation of players returning from injury, paying particular attention to their physiological and psychological responses. Checklist * Introduction * Psychological Responses- anxiety, frustration, isolation, anger, depression, drop in motivation, stress * Physiological Responses- inflammation/swelling, scar tissue/ remodelling, clotting * Strains- Grade 1,2 & 3 * Sprains- Grade 1,2 & 3 * Haematoma- (intra & inter) * What are they? * How does the body respond? * M2 explain? * D2 analyse Introduction In this assignment I will be discussing how to improve my knowledge surrounding the rehabilitation of players returning from injury, paying particular attention to their physiological and psychological responses. Psychological Responses When an athlete faces significant injury, there are a number of predictable emotions and phases he/she might experience. A serious injury often requires surgery, recovery time and physical therapy. After surgery, many athletes often repeat the injury in their mind, feel afraid, feel angry, and wonder "Why did I make that play...
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...levels of fitness and capability. In this situation, for a year 11 student participating in the beep test currently at level 8, this person is under the average of 9 and will need to train to improve her level. This person will take part in aerobic training and this is where the physiological responses are undertaken. Also the FITT principal comes into account when relating to physiological responses. Heart rate is the amount of times the heart beats per minute. There are three different types of heart rate, which include; resting heart rate. This is your heart rate when we are completely at rest. Working heart rate is when our heart rate is increasing with exercise and will increase according to the exercise. And steady state is when a fit person’s heart rate levels off during lengthened exercise. When our heart rate increases, the increase of the volume of blood is pumped with each contraction. This occurs because our muscles need more oxygen to contract so more blood needs to travel to the muscles. For example, as this person progresses through the levels, the intensity of the beep test will increase and therefore her heart rate will progressively increase. The time between levels will also increase and therefore the student heart rate will intensify. Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle of the heart during a contraction. In similar terms, it is the amount of blood...
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...The Best Muscle Building Exercises Everyone wants a healthy, good-looking body. And the truth is, you'll have to work hard in order to achieve this. Bodybuilders share two goals; stronger and more clearly defined muscles. The ways in which they choose to go about achieving those goals, however, can be extremely varied. The very best body building exercises are those in which the largest numbers of nerves are communicating with the largest numbers of muscle fibers to enable the bodybuilder to lift a weight. A leg press, while a great muscle building exercise, is less effective than a free weight leg squat. Think about what you wish to accomplish and what it is going to take for it to happen. You need to learn the dietary needs for muscle building as...
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...It is performed for various reasons. These include strengthening muscles and the cardiovascular system, honing athletic skills, weight loss or maintenance and for enjoyment. Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune system, and helps prevent the "diseases of affluence" such as heart disease, cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes and obesity. It also improves mental health, helps prevent depression, helps to promote or maintain positive self-esteem, and can even augment an individual's sex appeal or body image, which again is also linked with higher levels of self-esteem. Childhood obesity is a growing global concern and physical exercise may help decrease the effects of childhood obesity in developed countries. Physical exercise is important for maintaining physical fitness and can contribute positively to maintaining a healthy weight, building and maintaining healthy bone density, muscle strength, and joint mobility, promoting physiological well-being, reducing surgical risks, and strengthening the immune system. Exercise also reduces levels of cortisol. Cortisol is a stress hormone that builds fat in the abdominal region, making weight loss difficult. Cortisol causes many health problems, both physical and mental. Frequent and regular aerobic exercise has been shown to help prevent or treat serious and life-threatening chronic conditions such as high blood pressure, obesity, heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, insomnia, and depression. Endurance exercise before...
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...elite athletes started to use tools such as foam rollers, medicine balls, lacrosse balls, and sticks. At first, the average person watching someone performing SMR may look extraordinary. SMR drastically affects muscle performance and overall health, but in some cases, this technique can increase risk of injury. This method to enhance the performance of muscles has been proven to have a significant effect on elite athletes. There are three main types of muscles: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. With the skeletal system, the muscular system provides humans with the ability to lift objects, run to class, and participate in their favorite sport. SMR has shown to improve muscle by reducing soreness, boosting recovery, increases range of motion...
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...required for the stretching tasks and it will require the dancers to participate in a four week stretching plan. During this essay the concepts to be discussed are the physiology of stretching the hamstrings, flexibility and types of stretching techniques. It involves a definition of each term and references to other expertise in that particular field. Each concept will conclude with a critical discussion of different aspects of the topic that could be of interest towards my dissertation research. The physiology of stretching the Hamstrings. The hamstrings are one of the largest muscle groups, containing three muscles that line the back of the leg and when working together they flex the knee (plié,...
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