...locating the nearest grocery store, your home or even an object in your home could prove debilitating. Spatial navigation is a trait found in primates and most mobile animals, making this a worthwhile topic of study to contribute to identifying the functional connectomes in the mammalian brain. Direction is a fundamental component of navigation. The neural network that computes direction functions like a compass. Cells in this system are termed head direction (HD) cells and each cell will become active at one direction within the azimuth, called the preferred direction (PD). Computational models point to a “continuous ring attractor” where an “activity hill” results when the head is oriented in one direction. Cells with similar PDs will be active at a given direction, whereas all other cells are quiescent. Head movements drive the activity hill and the visual system corrects for error. Though there is physiological and anatomical evidence for vestibular components of this system, little is known about how the visual stimuli enact...
Words: 764 - Pages: 4
...The essential idea of dynamic inoculation is to make preparations framework to perceive an antigen as a remote protein with a specific end goal to mount a reaction against it. The most regularly perceived dynamic vaccination procedures are utilized against bacterial (e.g., pertussis, typhoid, meningitis), viral (e.g., flu, hepatitis, chicken pox) and poison (e.g., diphtheria, lockjaw) antigens. It has just been as of late that examiners have endeavored to use the human resistant framework to free the assemblage of conceivably destructive or poisonous proteins that are endogenously delivered. In this example, the resistant framework has at first been educated to overlook the proteins as "self " antigens. Immune response creating cells (Bcells) enter a development procedure that incorporates evacuating all phones that could produce antibodies against proteins the body as of now makes in a procedure called B-cell resilience. This guarantees the insusceptible framework won't inadvertently create antibodies or mount a safe reaction against itself. Along these lines the clinical mediation of instigating an invulnerable reaction against Aβ (an endogenous protein) would require breaking the self-resistance. What's more, it was not by any means obvious that it would be...
Words: 3658 - Pages: 15
...consumption of alcohol and mood . Alcoholic intoxification commonly produces a “high” with attendant giddiness and lowering of inhibitions. Conversely, hangovers and acute withdrawal typically produce dysphoria with elements of anxiety and depression mixed with physical malaise. Furthermore, alcoholism and depression can coexist and their susceptibility can run in families (Merikangas and Gelernter 1990). In addition , other studies carried out by Merikangas et al 1994 patients often use alcohol as a form of self medication for an affective disorder. In other words, depression may develop as a result of alcoholism; in this case alcoholism is the primary disorder and depression is considered an organic mood disorder (ie mood disorder with a physiological cause). Conversely, is was argued in other studies that there was no unequivocal effect on mood. ( Tilburg and Vingerhoets 2001). While come studies found that drinking was associated with inducing positive feelings of pleasure or reduction in negative feelings like uncertainty and tension ( ref 3,4) others have reported reported an increase in negative emotions (ref 5,6) or no direct effects on the mood at all ( ref 7,8) . Perkins at al (7) observed that alcohol intake decreased self- report Heavy alcohol use or alcohol misuse and major depressive disorder or depressive symptoms commonly co-occur in late life (Grant and Harford, 1995; Friedmann et al., 1999; Graham and Schmidt, 1999; Merrick et al., 2008; Sacco et al., 2009). A...
Words: 1680 - Pages: 7
...Dyspnea is defined as a subjective sensation of shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing (Crystal RG et al-1991; Eric R. Beck, John L Francis and Robert L Souhami-1974; Esther Rodriguez et al-2008). Patients with COPD described their dyspnea as a sense of increased effort to breathe, heaviness, air hunger, or gasping (Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abbas et al-2010). It develops gradually over many years and eventually compromises the activities and quality of life of patient (Blanc PD et al-2003; Mahler DA and Wells CK-1992; Mahler DA et al-1992; A. G. N. Agusti et al-2003). Dyspnea is noted initially only on heavy exertion, but as the condition progress it occurs with mild activity. In severe disease, dyspnea occurs even at rest (Stephen J. McPhee...
Words: 1435 - Pages: 6
...Author Affiliations C.M. Aldwin is Professor, Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Oregon State University, Manoa. L.A. Yancura is Associate Professor, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Hawai'i, Manoa. Abstract Although older adults are thought to experience more stress and to be more vulnerable to its adverse effects, they often report less stress than younger adults and sometimes show more resilience. Paradoxically, while stress sometimes has long-term positive effects on well-being, studies differ as to whether this increases or decreases with age. We conclude that older individuals have learned to appraise and cope differently with stress. This protects them in spite of their increased physiological vulnerability and may also increase the possibility of stress-related growth and optimal aging. Full Text [View Enlargement] As people age their health trajectories tend to diverge, with some developing multiple chronic conditions and others maintaining good health; stress may play a role in this aspect of aging. Over the past century, remarkable changes have occurred in the life expectancy and quality of life of older adults. Individuals born in the United States in 1900 had an average life expectancy of 47.3 years; those born in 2004 are expected to live 77.8 years on average (NCHS 2006). Life expectancy projections for residents of...
Words: 4752 - Pages: 20
...been established that neurodegenerative diseases such Huntington’s disease (HD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), prion disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) all shared a common feature which was these aggregated proteins and the formation of inclusion bodies (Ross and Poirier, 2004). However, recent studies have suggested that protein aggregation may not be the cause of toxicity to cells but that it may in fact be a protective mechanism. The aggregates formed in the above-mentioned diseases can be a consequence of mutations in the sequence of the protein that is related to the disease, increased amounts of a normal protein due to a genetic variation, or even the absence of genetic variations. These may be initiated by environmental stress or aging (Ross and Margolis, 2005). The aggregated proteins can build up and form inclusion bodies, which can be either intracellular or extracellular. There is an ongoing debate about the role of aggregation in the disease process even though one of the most common pathological features of neurodegenerative disorders is inclusion bodies. There is much evidence indicating that aggregation is associated with toxicity in these diseases. On the other hand, there are those studies that have suggested that the formation of inclusion bodies is not related to toxicity and that in actual fact are a protective response by the cell (Ross and Poirier, 2005). Therefore, the question still remains, are aggregates and nuclear...
Words: 3342 - Pages: 14
...ARTICLE IN PRESS Sleep Medicine Reviews (2008) 12, 153–162 www.elsevier.com/locate/smrv CLINICAL REVIEW Caffeine: Sleep and daytime sleepiness Timothy Roehrsa,b,Ã, Thomas Rotha,b a Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W Grand Blvd, CFP-3, Detroit, MI 48202, USA b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA KEYWORDS Caffeine; Daytime sleepiness; Sleep disturbance; Caffeine dependence Summary Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances and it has profound effects on sleep and wake function. Laboratory studies have documented its sleep-disruptive effects. It clearly enhances alertness and performance in studies with explicit sleep deprivation, restriction, or circadian sleep schedule reversals. But, under conditions of habitual sleep the evidence indicates that caffeine, rather then enhancing performance, is merely restoring performance degraded by sleepiness. The sleepiness and degraded function may be due to basal sleep insufficiency, circadian sleep schedule reversals, rebound sleepiness, and/or a withdrawal syndrome after the acute, over-night, caffeine discontinuation typical of most studies. Studies have shown that caffeine dependence develops at relatively low daily doses and after short periods of regular daily use. Large sample and population-based studies indicate that regular daily dietary caffeine intake is associated with disturbed...
Words: 7248 - Pages: 29
...Recovery is a multi-faceted paradigm focusing on recovery from training—session to session, day to day and week to week. Recovery is also vitally important during training as well as in competition between matches and between days during multi-day tournaments. As more information is needed in the area of tennis specific recovery, the Sport Science Committee of the United States Tennis Association (USTA) sponsored an extensive evidence-based review of the available literature related to eight distinct areas of tennis-specific recovery. These eight areas are: • • • • • • • • Nutritional Aspects of Tennis Recovery Heat and Hydration Aspects of Tennis Recovery Psychological Aspects of Tennis Recovery Recovery Aspects of Young Tennis Players Physiological Aspects of Tennis Recovery Musculoskeletal Injuries/ Orthopedics...
Words: 64903 - Pages: 260
...lo io yB io g oCSEC B Biologyy og Bi ol gy lo yB io g lo io og B ol Bi y Caribbean Examinations Council ® SYLLABUS SPECIMEN PAPER MARK SCHEME SUBJECT REPORTS Macmillan Education 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited Companies and representatives throughout the world www.macmillan-caribbean.com ISBN 978-0-230-48203-6 © Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC ®) 2015 AER www.cxc.org www.cxc-store.com The author has asserted their right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 This revised version published 2015 Permission to copy The material in this book is copyright. However, the publisher grants permission for copies to be made without fee. Individuals may make copies for their own use or for use by classes of which they are in charge; institutions may make copies for use within and by the staff and students of that institution. For copying in any other circumstances, prior permission in writing must be obtained from Macmillan Publishers Limited. Under no circumstances may the material in this book be used, in part or in its entirety, for commercial gain. It must not be sold in any format. Designed by Macmillan Publishers Limited Cover design by Macmillan Publishers Limited and Red Giraffe CSEC Biology Free Resources LIST OF CONTENTS CSEC Biology Syllabus Extract 3 CSEC Biology Syllabus 4 ...
Words: 29406 - Pages: 118
...9/14/2012 Table Of Content Development Across The Life Span Social Clock: Ravena Helson Social And PD In Adulthood : Daniel Levinson Intimacy Vs Isolation: Erik Erikson Relationship Development: Bernard Mursntein Triangular Theory Of Love: Robert Sternberg Selecting A Partner Marriage Conflict Divorce UNIT 4 EARLY ADULTHOOD PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Career Choose And Embarking On Career Identity During Young Adulthood Career Development Holland’s Theory Ginzberg’s theory Gender And Career Choice Why People Work Career Transition Learning Unit Objectives Development Across the Lifespan Discuss about the personality development of early adulthood. Explain Social clock: Ravena Helson, Social and PD in adulthood : Daniel Levinson, Intimacy vs Isolation: Erik Erikson, Relationship development: Bernard Mursntein and Triangular Theory of Love: Robert Sternberg Discuss on issues about selecting a Partner as well as Marriage, Conflict in marriage and divorce Discuss issues related to Career. What makes people happy? Money? Materials? Objects? According to research, happiness in young adulthood is usually derived from feelings of independence, competence, or self-esteem (Sheldon et al, 2001). Therefore, the components of happiness: Fulfillment of psychological needs. Building relationships in Early Adulthood: Liking and Loving During early adulthood, romance,...
Words: 4800 - Pages: 20
... reduce mental fatigue, and increase reaction time. However, in most cases, the corresponding mechanisms of action are not clear. In addition, concerns have been raised over their safety and with a currently weak regulatory environment, efforts need to be made to ensure consumer safety. The objective of this article is to review the current U.S. energy drink market with emphasis on its market size, target demographic, active ingredients, potential benefits, safety, and regulations. Introduction Energy drinks refer to beverages that contain, besides calories, caffeine in combination with other presumed energy-enhancing ingredients such as taurine, herbal extracts, and B vitamins. They first appeared in Europe and Asia in the 1960s in response to consumer demand for a dietary supplement that would result in increased energy (Reissig and others 2009). In 1962, a Japanese company, Taisho Pharmaceuticals, launched Lipovitan D, one of the very 1st energy drinks, which is still dominating the Japanese market. Lipovitan D contains B vitamins, taurine, and ginseng, which are all frequent constituents of mainstream energy drinks...
Words: 12218 - Pages: 49
...* A series of steps that lead to accomplishing some goal or purpose. * A systematic and organizes method for providing care to clients. * Provides individualized, holistic, effective and efficient client care. * Clients of all ages and in any care setting. * Characteristics of Nursing Process * Problem solving method - client focused * Systematic- sequential steps * Goal oriented- outcome criteria * Dynamic-always changing, flexible * Utilizes critical thinking processes * ● Interpersonal – promotes nurse-client relationship● * Cyclical – continuous and promotes improvement of nursing care * Systematic problem - solving approach toward giving individualized nursing care. STEPS: * Assessment * Nursing Diagnosis * Planning and outcome identification * Intervention * Evaluation * ASSESSING PATIENT’S HEALTH STATUS Assessment * A systematic collection of subjective and objective data with the goal of making a clinical nursing judgment about an individual, family or community. * 1st phase of nursing process which involves systematic data collection , organization and validation, interpretation, and documentation of data. * Purpose of Nursing Assessment * To establish the client-nurse relationship. * To obtain information about the client’s health, including physiologic, socio-cultural, cognitive, developmental & spiritual aspects. * To identify actual & potential...
Words: 5902 - Pages: 24
...referred to in Section 34, Article VII of this Act; “Cultivate or Culture” - means the act of knowingly planting, growing, raising or permitting the planting, growing or raising of any plant which is the source of a prohibited drug; “Dangerous Drugs” - refers to either: (1) "Prohibited drug", which includes opium and its active components and derivatives, such as heroin and morphine; coca leaf and its derivatives, principally cocaine; alpha and beta eucaine; hallucinogenic drugs, such as mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and other substances producing similar effects; Indian hemp and its derivatives, all preparations made from any of the foregoing; and other drugs and chemical preparations, whether natural or synthetic, with the physiological effects of a narcotic or a hallucinogenic drug; or (As amended by B.P. 179 dated March 2, 1982). “Regulated drug”, which includes self-inducing sedatives, such as secobarbital, phenobarbital, pentobarbital, barbital, amobarbital and any other drug which contains a salt of a derivative of a salt of barbituric acid; any salt,...
Words: 9164 - Pages: 37
...Diagnostic Testing 1. Beck Anxiety Inventory 3 Description: 4 Rationale: 4 Personnel, Training, Administration, and Scoring Requirements: 5 Population Used to Develop Measure 5 What Are The Symptoms Of An Anxiety Attack? 5 The Beck Anxiety Inventory of the 21 most common symptoms: 5 Scoring: 6 Interpretation of score 6 Psychometric Properties: 7 Reliability: 7 Validity 7 Advantages: 8 Disadvantages: 9 Suggested Uses: 9 Beck Anxiety Inventory used in Pakistani Settings 10 2. Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS) 11 Rating: 11 Purpose 11 Use in the field 12 Scale 12 Scoring 12 Criteria for interpretation 12 Versions 12 Psychometric Properties 13 Applied in different researches 14 3. Hamilton Depression Scale 15 Description/Purpose 15 Use in the field 15 Scale 16 Criteria for interpretation 16 Psychometric properties 16 Applied in different researches 18 Correlations among Depression Rating Scales and A Self-Rating Anxiety Scale In Depressive Outpatients 18 Limitations 19 4. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System Second Edition 19 Rationale: 20 What’s New in ABAS–II 20 ABAS–II Rating Forms 21 Scores Reported 22 Sample Items: 22 Psychometric Properties: 23 Standardization 23 Validity 25 Advantages of Using ABAS–II 25 Adaptive behaviour assessment system in Pakistan: 26 5. Symptom Assessment-45 26 Purpose: 26 Description: 26 SA-45 Scales: 27 Psychometric properties: 28 Reliability and Validity:...
Words: 7835 - Pages: 32
...Abstract This project was conducted to study the human resource practices that can facilitate the social service organisation to effectively align its employees for efficiently service delivery. For this purpose the HRM theories and concepts as well as the best practices applicable to social service organisations were studied. This facilitated the author to find the strategic role that the HRM can play in engaging the employees and assess how the HR can motivate them and align them towards attaining organisation goals and objectives. The ultimate aim was to evaluate how Leyton health care an elderly home care service provider in London can align its HR and attain its objectives. Interview was held for the managerial level staff and questionnaire was given to the service delivery staff of Leyton Health Care. The total samples used for the study were 12. Out of these 2 were managerial level staff and 10 were service delivery staff. Open ended questions were used for the managerial level participants of the organisation while in case of the service delivery employees, a survey questionnaire which had statements with multiple choice questions i.e., close ended questions were used. The statements that were derived were regarded as themes and the evaluation of results was made by using the method of thematic analysis. Here pie charts were used to indicate neutrality, agreement and disagreement to the statements given. The results of this project indicate that there was...
Words: 17919 - Pages: 72
