...world as we know it now. However, there still were some problems to solve: racial and gender segregation, the industrialization of the South and the relations with the Native Americans. Even though the South of the US was reunited with the North, they still were quite different from each other. After the Civil War the Southern states lost most of its capital so the business there was going through tough times. The economy was cash-poor, and the only product that could be changed for money was cotton. Thus, the South became overflowed with cotton-producing farms, and this good became much cheaper quite fast. The industrialization of the Southern states was going much slower than in the Northern ones. However, the railroad system grew enormously fast – the number of the roads increased by four times in 40 years. In the social sphere, racial segregation still stayed the issue of the greatest concern. While in the Northern states the difference between treatment of blacks and whites considerably faded down, it increased in the Southern states. The peak of it led to the humiliating Jimmy Crow laws. In the late 19th century, the United States became a technological innovator. Almost a million of the patents were issued in 30 years. The industry was growing rapidly. The second half of the 19th century gave birth to the first corporations and trusts. They changed the nature of work and were the reasons for the urban grow. Even though the corporations...
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...A Typology of Colonialism Nancy Shoemaker, October 2015 In the past several years, settler colonial theory has taken over my field, Native American studies. Comparative indigenous histories focused especially on British-descended “settler colonies”—Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States—have proliferated. And settler colonial theory is now dogma. At my last two conference presentations, a fellow panelist was astonished that I didn’t deploy it. My research on native New England whaling history made me more globally comparative, but it also forced a reckoning that many places experienced colonialism without an influx of foreign settlers. As scholars parse settler colonialism into its multiple manifestations, colonialism itself remains undifferentiated. One of settler colonialism’s leading theorists, Lorenzo Veracini, juxtaposes the two completely. “Colonialism and settler colonialism are not merely different, they are in some ways antithetical formations,” he wrote in the 2011 founding issue of the journal Settler Colonial Studies. For Veracini, “colonialism” apparently refers to the late 19th-century European scrambles for Africa and Asia—in popular imagery, plantation colonies where members of a white ruling class dressed in white linen lounge on the edge of a cricket field, sipping cocktails served up by dark-skinned natives. Indeed, most of the literature on colonialism explores the history of the plantation colonies of that era. Instead of casting colonialism...
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...Modernism During the 20th century a communications revolution that introduced motion pictures, radio, and television brought the world into view—and eventually into the living room. The new forms of communication competed with books as sources of amusement and enlightenment. New forms of communication and new modes of transportation made American society increasingly mobile and familiar with many more regions of the country. Literary voices from even the remotest corners could reach a national audience. At the same time, American writers—particularly writers of fiction—began to influence world literature. The 20th century saw the emergence of modernism. Modernism responded to the world’s complexity by asserting that the individual had the potential to achieve a broader perspective than that offered by any one society or its history. Although realism, naturalism, and regionalism were still viable modes of expression, they reflected the increasingly complex reality of 20th-century society. Immigration and industrialization led to increasing urbanization, and, in turn, to class stratification. Theme: Some writers examined the sometimes complex psychology of America’s elite, other writers turned to the psychological and physical reality of the laboring classes, whose ranks continued to swell with high rates of immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Several American authors who are sometimes known as social realists looked at working conditions, often for the...
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...much of Asia by sending settlers to populate the land or by taking control of governments. The first colonies were established in the Western Hemisphere by the Spanish and Portuguese in the 15th – 16th centuries. The Dutch colonized Indonesia in the 16th century, and Britain colonized North America and India in the 17th – 18th centuries. Later, British settlers colonized Australia and New Zealand. Colonization of Africa only began in earnest in the 1880s, but by 1900 virtually the entire continent was controlled by Europe. The colonial era ended gradually after World War II; the only territories still governed as colonies today are small islands. http://www.answers.com/topic/colonialism#ixzz1lYMQdYfY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism Colonialism is the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. It is a process whereby the metropole claims sovereignty over the colony, and the social structure, government, and economics of the colony are changed by colonizers from the metropole. Colonialism is a set of unequal relationships between the metropole and the colony and between the colonists and the indigenous population. The colonial period normally refers to the late 15th to the 20th century, when European states established colonies on other continents. During this time, the...
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...Universidad de los Andes, 2012. Intro. This book seeks to answer these and other questions by focusing on the study in perception of Colombian birds from the late 19th century through the first half of the 20th century, as a pretext to analyze social, scientific and environmental relations between the United States and Colombia. Understanding how ornithologists and collectors formed bird collections reveal s a rich story of international scientific relations and power structure throughout the 19th and 20th century. Reconstructing the story of Colombian birds allows the author to build a history that not only analyzes the early and complex scientific relations between the United States and Colombia, but also takes into account the importance of North America's growing influence over Latin America as well as Colombia's changing economic, cultural and social history to understand different perception of the natural world in both countries. For a North American, the study of birds brought forth a natural world where US imperialist intentions over Latin America were entirely legitimized. For Colombian naturalists, the study of birds offered another way to promote relations with the United States and incorporated Colombia into the international arena of science. At the same time, a toucan in 1940 had a different meaning to a North American, who in the midst of Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy, approached Latin America as an important economic and political ally, than to a...
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...Eugenics took place in America. Eugenics originally circulated around the U.S in the early 20th century, beginning with the first laws passed in Indiana in 1907, over 60,000 disabled persons or people considered ‘degenerate’ were forcibly...
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...the student website to view this document. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Schultz, K. M. (2012). HIST2, volume 2 (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Reconstruction and the New South Details Objectives 1.1 Evaluate the outcomes of Reconstruction. 1.2 Summarize the economic, political, and social characteristics of the New South. 1.3 Explain the populist response to late 19th-century developments. Read the course description and objectives. Read the instructor’s biography and post your own. Read Ch. 16 of HIST2, Volume 2. Read pp. 318–325 in Ch. 19 of HIST2, Volume 2. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. Participate in class discussion. Respond to weekly discussion questions. 9/1 9/1 20 10 Due Points Course Preparation Reading Reading Reading Participation Discussion Questions Nongraded Activities and Preparation Freeman or Freedman Nongraded Activities and Preparation Populists: Elections of 1892 and 1896 Nongraded...
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...research the impact of Western or European cultures on the group chosen. Finally we are asked to give an opinion on how non-western culture was prior to the late nineteenth century and how did it change as a result of European expansion. There are several cultures that were affected by the westernization and the colonization of the Europeans. A few of these cultures are the Native Americans, Africans, Chinese, and Japanese. Each of these different cultures had drawn in different ideals, some good, and some bad. Asia did not have as many problems with westernization as the Native Americans and the Africans. The entire culture of the Native Americans and Africans were destroyed from European expansion and colonization, whereas the Chinese and Japanese retained much of their heritage by remaining out of touch with the western world. (Sayre, 2012) The Native Americans had a civilization that was basic and traditional, and it remained that way for several hundred if not thousands of years. They lived off of the land and were self-sufficient. For the most part they were very simple and a non-violent people. After the Europeans crossed over and started to claim colonies and expanded their empire, the Native Americans were forced to move from their native land. This caused many of these Native Americans to lose most, if not all of their belongings. Their traditional practices, social systems, and leadership...
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...American Cuisine The cuisine of the United States refers to food preparation originating from the United States of America. European colonization of the Americas yielded the introduction of a number of ingredients and cooking styles to the latter. The various styles continued expanding well into the 19th and 20th centuries, proportional to the influx of immigrants from many foreign nations, it developed a rich diversity in food preparation throughout the country. Each region of the country has been affected by several cultures as well as evolved on its own.. The American cuisine is could be called a fusion cuisine, due to its many influences. Before the Europeans settled Native Americans nourished themselves on what the land permitted them to grow as well as Turkey, Deer, fish and other native wildlife. After the European discovery of North America the natives gave the settlers an idea about the three main elements of their cuisine: corn, beans and Squash. In exchange, the newcomers gave Eastern tribes European diseases that they were not ready to contend with. However, the three vegetables later defined American cuisine. Another major turning point for American cuisine was the days of the "melting pot" in the early 20th century A strong influence in American cuisine comes from the African slaves. The Americans inherited from them many foods, one of the most popular being the barbecue and its diverse deviations. Also, fritters and the increased use of vegetables show how...
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...Enlightenment (18th c.)- Civilized vs. Savage (secular time, progress) 19th Century- Multiple Races (secular space, autochthany) 20th Century- Multiple Cultures (secular space, autochthany) Becomes a time when the word race becomes replaced with the word culture. The Declaration of Independence has a double racial problem Thomas Jeffersons passage was taken out, which was condemning the king for making America have slaves. This was taken out because for it's absurd to try and say the king made America have slaves. Also taken out because it was understood how well slavery was thought upon at the time, and how there would've been backlash with the including of this passage. Enslaved Population in 1860 Southern States- 2,310,000 (47% of population) Crucial Court Cases Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) Determine that Indian tribes cannot sell their land without consent from US. government Cherrokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) Determined that Indian tribes were merely "domestic dependent nations" of the US. Worcester v. Georgia (1832) Three principles undergird these court decisions: Indian tribes possessed certain aspects of pre-existing sovereignty Controlled by federal government, not states. Tribes limited sovereignty entails a corresponding dependency on the U.S., which has a "true responsibility" toward Native American tribal units This last case stated that while Native Americans should have some own decisions/rights for themselves, the final...
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...Immigration’s Impact on American Life During the 1890s Between 1880 and 1920, more than 20 million immigrants arrived in America. Many new immigrants were people anxious to work and earn a decent living. The large number of immigrants entering the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries created political opportunities, promoted economic growth, and opened our borders to different cultures, languages and ideas. Political machines were ordinary in cities with large immigrant populations. A machine was run by a boss who was closely tied to city politicians. Their purpose was to guarantee votes for politicians. They wooed the allegiance of the voters by supplying social welfare assistance including: job placement assistance, help with landlord problems, bail for jailed voters, and contracts to local businesses. Since few government agencies existed to provide this type of help, these political machines received the votes of those they assisted. America is a nation of immigrants. Our success as a country would not be possible without the generations of immigrants who have come to our shores from every corner of the globe. Immigrants advancing economic maturation is only one of the major contributions they made in our society in the 19th century. They started their own businesses, which in turn, provided jobs not only for Americans but for their fellow immigrants, they developed cutting-edge technologies and companies, they boosted the demand for local consumer...
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...prohibited literacy tests from being implemented during voting periods and allowed certain individuals that were denied registration to register for voting. Although the 15th amendment was in effect, many African Americans were still unable to vote due to denied registration or failing to pass the literacy test given before going to the ballots. Individuals that were in bad economic standings were also denied from voting due to being unable to pay the 1.50-1.75 dollar poll tax. The only individuals allowed to vote freely without any boundaries were men and women that were not of color, had good economic standing,capable of passing the literacy test, and property owners....
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...Negro of individuals with any African ancestry; meaning any person with "one drop of Negro blood" was considered black. The principle of "invisible blackness" was an example of hypodescent, the automatic assignment of children of a mixed union between different socioeconomic or ethnic groups to the group with the lower status. Although racial segregation was adopted legally by southern states of the former Confederacy in the late 19th century, legislators resisted defining race by law. In 1895 in South Carolina during discussion, George D. Tillman said, "...It is a scientific fact that there is not one full-blooded Caucasian on the floor of this convention. Every member has in him a certain mixture of… colored blood...It would be a cruel injustice and the source of endless litigation, of scandal, horror, feud, and bloodshed to undertake to annul or forbid marriage for a remote, perhaps obsolete trace of Negro blood. The doors would be open to scandal, malice and greed..." The one-drop rule was not adopted as law until the 20th century: first in Tennessee in 1910 and in Virginia under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 (following the passage of similar laws in several other states). Before and during slavery, interracial relationships formed. In the antebellum years, free people of mixed race (free people of color) were considered legally white if individuals had up to one-eighth or one-quarter African ancestry (depending on the state). Most mixed-race people were...
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...Chicago looks at the former native tribes that resided in the Illinois/Michigan areas. Geographically the area was rich with sources of water, such as the great lakes, and large migrations of animals which supplied active trades between the Miami tribe and the Mascouten tribe. The activity and lifestyle of the Algonquian Native Americans was noted in earnest by French missionaries and explorers in the 1700’s, and gives us an interesting insight into the way they lived. The French were attracted to the area by the same things that had ensured the survival of the Natives, like the Mississippi river. The Jesuits made their mark upon the area, hoping to convert and keep the area under Christian influence, but continual wars of attrition between the settlers and the natives made them abandon many campaigns. The Northwest Indian War and the American Revolution This part of the term paper sample on the history of Chicago explains the significance of the Northwest conflicts. The territory that was fought over in the Northwest Indian War was preceded by many other long standing conflicts for land and resources in the area between Native tribes, and later with French and British colonies. Rigor was always maintained for dominance of this area against U.S control from the start of George Washington’s presidency, and the US Army suffered major defeats at first. But the expansion of US sovereignty and tactical improvements saw the Native Americans lose much of their land, much...
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...1. Unrestricted Capitalism in America Determining the overall importance of the Homestead Strike in the American Civil Labor Movement requires the investigation to examine the reasons for which the common laborer moved towards unionism and, later, full-fledged strikes. The overarching structure of American capitalist society which grew significantly in the Progressive era which extended from post reconstruction into the early 20th century and consisted of the laborers of which was the most significant portion of the population; and the management which included a very select, miniscule percentage of the population. During this period agrarian work declined and did not have a large effect on the Labor Movement and the corresponding events...
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