... Nervous systems, function and survival Invertebrates and vertebrates are compiled of many different cells, systems and functioning pathways all of which are maintained by homeostasis. In this essay I will discuss the connection between homeostasis and the nervous system; briefly compare an invertebrates and vertebrates nervous system; nerve cells and how an organism’s behaviour can be determined by these factors. To survive every living organism endeavours to maintain a sense of balance, or homeostasis. This is an internal process which repairs and sustains different parameters and is constantly challenged by both internal and external factors. An organism’s nervous system, which can control thousands of activities simultaneously (both voluntary and involuntary), transmits signals between the different parts of the body and is responsible for regulating the processes which maintain homeostasis. (Datta et al. 2006 pp.8-10) In invertebrates the nervous system consists of either a nerve net (such as in jellyfish) or neurons grouped together forming ganglia which make up the nerve cord, or CNS of the organism (as found in earthworms). (Datta et al. 2006 pp.47-9) In contrast the nervous system in vertebrates can be divided into two parts, the brain (the control centre of the body) and the spinal cord, collectively known as the central nervous system (CNS) and all the other nerves in the body, collectively known as the peripheral nervous system (PNS). (Datta et...
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...person’s mental awareness of both the conscious and unconscious mentality. Structuralism was the dominant school of psychology in Germany and the U. S. between1890-1920, and was the school of thought based on the notion that the object of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related. Structuralism explores areas of the mind, focus mainly with sensation and perception in vision, hearing and, touch through introspection, or the systematic observation of one’s own conscious experiences, although Functionalism was the protest against structuralism and had the assumption that functionalism was more practical and concerned with commonsense issues, structuralism believed that mental functions were not subject to introspective analysis which it was the shaping of the mind that could be analyzed. Another school of thought is behaviorism, in which focus mainly on how and why behaviors happen, and the prediction and the control of behavior in experiments of natural science. The school of psychoanalysis is the basis of psychology, and supports structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism by these assumptions, so the unconscious mental process exist, all human behavior is motivated and purposeful, and experiences influence current changes...
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...Anatomy of the Nervous System 3 Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System 3.1 General Layout of the Nervous System 3.4 Spinal Cord 3.2 Cells of the Nervous System 3.5 Five Major Divisions of the Brain 3.3 Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions 3.6 Major Structures of the Brain ISBN 0-558-78571-9 Biopsychology, Eighth Edition, by John P.J. Pinel. Published by Allyn & Bacon. Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. 3.1 ■ General Layout of the Nervous System I n order to understand what the brain does, it is first necessary to understand what it is—to know the names and locations of its major parts and how they are connected to one another. This chapter introduces you to these fundamentals of brain anatomy. Before you begin this chapter, I want to apologize for the lack of foresight displayed by early neuroanatomists in their choice of names for neuroanatomical structures— but, then, how could they have anticipated that Latin and Greek, universal languages of the educated in their day, would not be compulsory university fare in our time? To help you, I have provided the literal English meanings of many of the neuroanatomical terms, and I have kept this chapter as brief, clear, and to the point as possible, covering only the most important structures. The payoff for your effort will be a fundamental understanding of the structure of the human brain and a new vocabulary to discuss...
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...the systems in the human body are vital to our survival and well-being. If you take away the functions of just one of these systems our whole body will cease to work properly. The main systems of the human body are the nervous, endocrine respiratory, circulatory, immune, digestive, excretory, skeletal, muscular, and the reproductive systems. They all work together in harmony and unison to keep us alive. The nervous and endocrine systems are what control most of the body. The nervous system includes the brain, spinal, cord and nerves. The endocrine system consists of various hormonal glands such as the pituitary. These two systems interact closely since they both have a part in controlling the body. They work together to aid the body in performing its numerous functions and giving it commands. The respiratory and endocrine system works with all the system by controlling their actions and how they perform their tasks. It moves the muscles of the muscular system and controls all motor movements. The endocrine builds up the bones of the skeletal system and produces the hormones that make the reproductive system mature. The nervous system helps the circulatory system by controlling the amount of glucose in blood and blood pressure. It also regulates breathing for the respiratory system. The digestive system is also aided by the sensory nerves in the mouth which help it decide if food should be released back upward. The nervous and endocrine systems are...
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...2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and describe the function of each. - Dendrites, receive messages from other cells; Soma, contains nucleus and keeps entire cell alive and functioning; Axon, carry messages out to other cells; Axon terminal, responsible for communicating with other nerves cells. 2.2 Describe the action potential. - electrical charge is sent to the axon 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. -neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles to receptor sites on other cells or glands or even muscles causing a reaction. 2.4 Explain how the brain and spinal cord interact, describe some misconceptions about the brain, and explain neuroplasticity....
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...The principal organs that comprise the nervous system are the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. These organs also consist of various tissues including nerve, blood and connective tissue. All together the organs and various tissues carry out the activities of the nervous system. The activities of the nervous system can be grouped together as three overlapping functions. The first of these functions is sensory. There are millions of sensory receptors that detect changes which occur on the inside and outside of the body. They monitor things such as temperature, light and sound from the external environment and from the internal environment they detect variations in pressure, PH, carbon dioxide. All of this gathered information is called sensory output which is converted into electrical signals called nerve impulses which are transmitted to the brain. These signals are then brought together to create sensations, to add a memory or to produce thoughts. The decisions that are made each moment based on the sensory input is the second function, integration. Based on both the sensory and integration functions, the nervous system responds by sending signals to the muscles, causing them to contract, or to glands, causing them to produce secretions. Muscle and glands are called effectors as they cause an effect in response to directions from the nervous system. This provides us with the third function, motor. The nervous system as a...
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...Task 211.4.4-01-05, 07-09, 11 Nervous System Organization of Nerve Tissue Lab Exercise 1: The Multipolar Neuron A. What is the function of a neuron? Neurons carry and transmit electrical impulses generated by both internal and external stimuli. B. What is the difference between a neuron and a nerve? Neurons are the cells that exchange messages from the internal and external environments. Nerves consist of many neurons that transmit different signals to the brain. They form structural and functional units of the nervous system made up of neurons. C. What gives a multipolar neuron its name? It is named multipolar because of the multiple branches, processes, and extensions that stem off the cell bodies. D. What are the functions of the dendrites and axons? Dendrites receive incoming signals for the nerve cell. Axons carry outgoing signals of the cells to other cells in the body. Exercise 2: Structures of selected neurons A. Which slide contained bipolar neurons? The pyramidal cell slide. B. Which slide contained unipolar neurons? The dorsal root ganglion slide. C. What was unique about the dorsal root ganglion compared to the other two slides? The dorsal root ganglion was more round in shape compared to the perkinje and pyramidal cell slides. The nissle substance, nucleus, and satellite cells...
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...Chapter 11 question 9 Describe and give function of a neuron cell body, a dendrite and an axon. Neurons are organized to form complex networks that perform the functions of the nervous system. They are also called nerve cells. The function of neurons is to receive stimuli and transmit the action potential to other neurons or the effector organs. There are three parts to a neuron that include; a cell body and two processes known as axon and dendrites. The cell body is call neuron cell body. It contains a single, relatively large and centrally located nucleus that has a prominent nucleolus. The nucleus is surrounded by rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Cell body also contains other organelles and mitochondria.Cell body differs...
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...Foundations of Psychology PSY/300 General Psychology June 3, 2013 Foundations of Psychology Modern psychology combines four major and distinct schools of thought, with each one containing possessing fundamental assumptions. Even though each individual perspectives maintains it distinction and individuality, they all have made influences to the developing science of psychology. (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). While they each focus on a different domain and function, each of them remain intertwined and attempt to answer basic questions of how the body and mind work together. The Four Major Psychological Perspectives The Psychodynamic Perspective The psychodynamic perspective was developed in the late nineteenth century by Sigmund Freud. He concluded that psychodynamic perspective has three key premises: 1. “People’s actions are determined by the way thoughts, feelings, and wishes are connected in their minds. 2. Many of these mental events occur outside of conscious awareness. 3. These mental processes may conflict with one another, leading to compromises among competing motives.” (Kowalski & Westen, 2011) The Psychological Perspective remains to this day heavily debated with physiologist supporting its study and other calling for its abandonment. The Behaviorist Perspective The Behaviorist Perspective was developed by accident, early in the twentieth century by Ivan Pavlov. McLeod (2007) “Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable...
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...The Foundations of Psychology Psychology is the scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior. Mental processes include how a person thinks, feels, remembers as well as a person’s behavior. When a doctor needs to understand a person they need to know the person’s biology, psychological experience, and cultural context. People’s experiences during their life from birth to adulthood are what shape how they feel and think. Early psychologists established several approaches and schools of thoughts of psychology. These schools of thought are known as the psychodynamic, behaviorist, cognitive and evolutionary perspectives. They came up with these by research and study which will be discussed throughout this paper. In many respects, these perceptions have progressed independently, and at the center of each are singularities the others tend to ignore (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). Despite their differences, each school of thought sought evolution for psychology as well as advancement of human understanding while remaining focused on the unique characteristics of contemporary psychology. Psychodynamic Perspective. The psychodynamic perspective belief is that most of the mental processes and emotions happen at the unconscious or subconscious levels, meaning below conscious awareness. Sigmund Freud was one of the most influential thinkers in the early twentieth century whose work in the psychodynamic...
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...Parkinson's is progressive, meaning the signs and symptoms become worse over time. Although Parkinson's may eventually be disabling, the disease often progresses gradually, and most people have many years of productive living after a diagnosis. We will be going through the organ system Parkinson’s affects as well as the signs, symptoms, and treatements. Organ System Affected With Parkinson’s The major organ system affected by Parkinson’s is the nervous system. The nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body. It is the center of all mental activity including thought, learning, and memory. Together with the endocrine system, the nervous system is responsible for regulating and maintaining homeostasis. Like other systems in the body, the nervous system is composed of organs, principally the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia. These, in turn, consist of various tissues, including nerve, blood, and connective tissue. Together these carry out the complex activities of the nervous system. The various activities of the nervous system can be grouped together as three general, overlapping functions, sensory, integrative, and motor. Functions of the Nervous System Millions of sensory receptors detect changes, called stimuli, which occur inside and outside the body. They monitor such things as temperature, light, and sound from the external environment. Inside the body, the internal environment, receptors detect variations in pressure,...
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...apprehend and supervise observations on the mental technique of a person mind and behavior. Psychology is regularly used to establish the secrecy of the human behavior. Observation was the way to study a person mind to become aware of the mental conscious and unconscious states. As time went by psychology was established, alone with some major schools of thoughts. The paper below will examine the foundation of psychology, identify the major schools of thought in psychology, and examine their major underlying assumptions such as, behaviorism, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive. In addition, it will identify the primary biological foundations of psychology linked to behavior such as, brain, central nervous system, peripheral nervous System, and genetics/evolution. Behavioral Theory Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a learning theory established on the notion that behaviors are gathered by conditioning. Conditioning develops from influenced of the environment. There are two major types of conditioning classical and operant. Classical conditioning is a procedure used in behavioral training where a naturally stimulus is paired with a response. Operant conditioning is a procedure of learning that happens through rewards and punishments for behavior. Behaviorists speculate that a person acknowledgement to environmental stimuli shapes a person behavior. Behaviorism made psychology more scientific by concentrating totally on observable behavior...
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...1.1 Describe the four basic human body structure units and their functions The way in which physical processes and functions take place in the body can be looked at on four main levels, moving progressively from the detailed to the general. At the most detailed level are the cells – the most basic of the physical structure units. Similar cells, when combined and held together, form tissue, the next main structure unit. Organs are collections of tissues that are combined to perform a particular function in the body. Organs do not work in isolation, however, and combine with other organs to create a biological system. Cells The cell is the most basic structural unit in the body. There are around 300 different cell types in the human body. While they differ in function, there are certain fundamental components or features that they generally have in common, such as a nucleus (with the exception of red blood cells), cytoplasm and a cell or plasma membrane. A cell membrane is composed of 60% protein, and 40% lipid, or fat. This membrane is a phospholipid bilayer which contains embedded protein molecules. It is a living boundary separating the living contents of the cell from its environment. Its function is to regulate the passage of molecules into and out of the cell. Within the membrane, the cell consists of cytoplasm, a gel-like substance containing organelles - small structures each with their own function. Common to all human cells except red blood cells, the nucleus is...
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...The Nervous System ORGANIZATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Structural classification-The Nervous System is the master controlling and communicating system in the body. The nervous system has subdivisions- the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system includes the brain and the spinal cord, which interprets incoming sensory information and then acts as the integrating and command centers of the nervous system. The peripheral system includes all of the nerves outside the central nervous system. Spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord and cranial nerves carry impulses to and from the brain. Theses nerves serve as links in the communication network, connecting everything together. Functional Classification- The functional classification deals only with the peripheral nervous system. The sensory (afferent) division consist of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors in various parts of the body. Somatic sensory fibers deliver impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles and joints. Visceral sensory fivers transmit impulses from visceral organs. The sensory division keeps the central nervous system informed about the things going around the body. The motor (efferent) division carries impulses from the central nervous system to the specific organs. The impulses activate muscles and glands. The motor division is broken into a subdivision-somatic and autonomic nervous system. The somatic...
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...the three basic functions of the nervous system Sensory: detects events and changes in existing conditions, either outside our bodies or inside our bodies Integration, interpretation, information storage, decision making: integrate, interpret and store sensory info to decide whether action should be taken, and to determine what that action should be Motor: sends commands to muscle and glands, instructing them to take appropriate actions: this is called motor activity Draw a diagram that shows the basic divisions of the nervous system In addition to astrocytes, name three other types of neuroglia cells and describe the functions that have been suggested for them Oligodendrocyte: give support to neurons by arranging themselves in rows along nerve fibers. They also produce a phospholipid myelin sheath around axons of neurons in the central nervous system Microglia: small cells with few processes. Seem to be the brain’s macrophages - they phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris, and can migrate into an area of damaged nerves tissue. They play a housekeeping role, and eat up neurons that may have been damaged or killed by disease, trauma, etc. Ependyma: Cuboidal or columnar in shape and may have cilia. Form a continuous epithelial limning for the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord Describe all the possible functions of astrocytes important in the uptake of glucose from the capillaries supplying nervous tissue Uptake...
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